Quantum Physics
Equality Conditions for an Additive Three-Observable Uncertainty Relation
Yao-Yi Zeng, Zhi-Jie Liu, Jie Zhou et al. (+1 more)
Uncertainty relations play a fundamental role in
quantum mechanics by quantifying the intrinsic limitations on the simultaneous sharpness of incompatible observables. Beyond the standard two-observable product form, additive uncertainty relations for triples of observables provide a natural framework for describing collective constraints among three noncommuting components. In this work, we study an additive uncertainty relation for three Hermitian observables from the viewpoint of rotational
symmetry and covariance geometry. We give a short rotational derivation by rotating the observable triple and applying the Robertson uncertainty relation to the two transverse observables. This derivation makes the saturation mechanism transparent and leads to a necessary and sufficient condition for equality for general density operators. In the nontrivial equality case, the covariance ellipsoid of the observable triple degenerates into a disk perpendicular to the expectation value of the commutator vector. We also discuss an inverse construction based on finite-dimensional representations of the Lie
algebra \(\mathfrak{su}(2)\), which provides a systematic way to construct observable triples with prescribed saturating states. These results clarify the
geometric and representation-theoretic structure underlying the tightness of additive three-observable uncertainty relations.
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All authors Yao-Yi Zeng, Zhi-Jie Liu, Jie Zhou, Jing-Ling Chen
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Multi-height Identification of Sausage and Fluting Eigenmodes in a Solar Pore
Shahin Jafarzadeh, David B. Jess, Marco Stangalini et al. (+34 more)
Magnetic pores are compact, strongly magnetised waveguides in the lower
solar atmosphere and therefore provide favourable conditions for identifying magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave modes. Earlier seeing-free observations revealed concurrent sausage, kink, and fluting modes in photospheric pores, but only at a single sampled layer. In this Letter, we exploit the dense spectral sampling of the near-ultraviolet 327-329 nm window observed by the Sunrise-III UV Spectropolarimeter and Imager (SUSI) to investigate how pore wave modes behave across multiple photospheric and low-chromospheric heights spanning roughly 500 km. We analyse ~75 min of a Sunrise-III/SUSI time series containing a small
solar pore. From eight selected spectral lines sampling different estimated formation heights, we identify the pore boundary at each line and time step and apply proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to the boundary oscillations. In all eight lines, the first POD mode is consistently identified as an axisymmetric sausage mode, with dominant power at ~1-2 mHz, and carries the dominant normalised
eigenvalue fraction, typically about 66-86%, while the second mode is a fluting mode with azimuthal wave number m = 2, dominant at ~2-3.5 mHz, and contributes about 4-10%. Cross-line wavelet phase analysis of the temporal coefficients shows that the sausage mode remains close to zero phase difference across the sampled heights, consistent with standing or near-standing behaviour, whereas the fluting mode displays a modest but systematic increase in phase with height, reaching about 50 degrees, indicative of an upward-propagating component. These observations provide the first multi-height identification and phase characterisation of sausage and fluting modes inferred from pore-boundary oscillations.
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All authors Shahin Jafarzadeh, David B. Jess, Marco Stangalini, Luiz A. C. A. Schiavo, Timothy J. Duckenfield, Suzana S. A. Silva, Gary Verth, Viktor Fedun, Sami K. Solanki, H. N. Smitha, Andreas Lagg, Achim Gandorfer, Alex Feller, Francisco A. Iglesias, Tino L. Riethmüller, Bianca Grauf, Johannes Hoelken, Yukio Katsukawa, Pietro Bernasconi, Thomas Berkefeld, Alberto Álvarez-Herrero, Masahito Kubo, David Orozco Suárez, Michael Carpenter, Alexander Bell, Valentín Martínez Pillet, Francisco Javier Bailén, Julian Blanco Rodríguez, Juan Sebastián Castellanos Durán, Edvarda Harnes, Ryohtaroh T. Ishikawa, Yusuke Kawabata, Takuma Matsumoto, Takayoshi Oba, Azaymi L. Siu-Tapia, Hanna Strecker, Dušan Vukadinović
Popular Physics · Cross-listed from cs.GR
Rendering Coherent Scattering via Quantum Collision Models
João S. Ferreira, Spencer S. Topel, Pierre Fromholz et al. (+1 more)
Traditional light rendering techniques treat the optical properties of materials as static, yet this assumption breaks down in cases where these properties dynamically evolve in response to incident illumination. We present a novel shading framework that combines classical ray-tracing with a
quantum collision model to explore the effect of coherent light-matter interactions in rendering. By treating incident light and material excitations as quantized modes, we model sub-surface scattering as a sequence of
symmetry-constrained
unitary collisions. This formulation allows for the incorporation of non-integrable dynamics and chaotic optical responses due to multi-layer interference effects. We demonstrate how these collision operators can be pre-computed using near-term
quantum computers to generate standard BSDFs, enabling the rendering of new physics-inspired materials with distinct optical signatures.
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All authors João S. Ferreira, Spencer S. Topel, Pierre Fromholz, James R. Wootton
Astrophysics of Galaxies
Kinematics of the Weak Cool-Core Cluster A3571 Observed with XRISM: Low Cooling Rate Balanced by Low Heating Rate?
Hannah McCall, Irina Zhuravleva, Kyoko Matsushita et al. (+10 more)
Most XRISM
galaxy cluster observations to date have focused on AGN feedback or actively merging systems. The weak cool-core cluster A3571 was observed in four XRISM Cycle 1 pointings, enabling the study of gas kinematics in a relaxed, AGN-feedback-free system. We present measurements of the velocity dispersion and bulk velocity in the core regions of A3571, out to $120$ kpc. The velocity dispersion is relatively uniform across all regions ($\sim100-120 ~\mathrm{km~s^{-1}}$), except in the northern gas sloshing elongation, where a $68\%$ upper limit of $68~\mathrm{km~s^{-1}}$ is obtained. The core Mach number and non-thermal pressure fraction of A3571 are lower than in the extremely relaxed cluster A2029 and below predictions from cosmological simulation suites. Despite relatively low velocity dispersion values, the derived turbulent heating rate (under the assumption of isotropic Kolmogorov
turbulence) is sufficient to offset cooling losses within the considerable uncertainties in all studied regions. This suggests that sloshing motions may contribute significantly to the heating budget. Comparing XRISM observations of merging and relaxed clusters, we find that mergers exhibit an average Mach number of $0.29\pm0.07$, nearly twice that of the relaxed sample, which is consistent with predictions from non-radiative cosmological simulations. A3571 is a promising target for resonant scattering studies; however, simulations indicate that deeper observations are required to obtain reliable turbulent velocities via the $z/w$ line ratio.
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All authors Hannah McCall, Irina Zhuravleva, Kyoko Matsushita, Annie Heinrich, Congyao Zhang, Eugene Churazov, William Forman, Ildar Khabibullin, Kotaro Fukushima, Daniele Rogantini, Itsuki Aihara, Christine Jones, Kazunori Suda
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Non-thermal Sources from Stereoscopic Hard X-ray and Earth-based Microwave Observations in a Data-Constrained Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation
Keitarou Matsumoto, Satoshi Inoue, Meiqi Wang et al. (+5 more)
We analyze the X7.1
flare on 2024 October 1 from NOAA AR 13842 using hard X-ray (HXR) imaging, microwave observations by the Expanded Owens Valley
Solar Array (EOVSA), and a three-dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation. The
flare was observed from two vantage points, with
Solar Orbiter/Spectrometer
Telescope for Imaging X-rays viewing the
flare near the limb and Advanced Space-based
Solar Observatory/Hard X-ray Imager and EOVSA observing it on the disk. We carried out a data-constrained MHD simulation using a nonlinear force-free field extrapolation as the initial condition and constrained the height of the non-thermal looptop source from stereoscopic HXR and microwave observations. The height is consistent between the stereoscopic analysis and the MHD simulation. A secondary non-thermal microwave source aligned with a southward
plasma ejection corresponds to an elongated current sheet. Although the current sheet grows in multiple directions, the secondary microwave emission is observed only from the southern segment. This localization suggests reconnection in regions with different
magnetic field strengths. Reconnection in strong-field regions produces
flare arcades with dominant looptop emission, whereas reconnection in weaker southern regions gives rise to secondary microwave emission at higher altitudes. The height of the secondary source is consistent between the stereoscopic analysis and the MHD simulation. Microwave spectral fitting suggests a higher low-energy cutoff for non-thermal electrons in the secondary microwave source than in the main looptop source. This may reflect the transport of electrons pre-accelerated near the looptop source by the southward
plasma ejection.
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All authors Keitarou Matsumoto, Satoshi Inoue, Meiqi Wang, Bin Chen, Muriel Zoë Stiefel, Säm Krucker, Satoshi Masuda, Haimin Wang
Materials Science · Cross-listed from cs.LG
Atompack: A Storage and Distribution Layer for Read-Heavy Atomistic ML Training Datasets
Ali Ramlaoui, Daniel T. Speckhard, Sagar Pal et al. (+3 more)
Atomistic machine learning
datasets are increasingly used for training: large immutable snapshots are read repeatedly, shuffled across epochs, staged across clusters' storage systems, and republished as reusable scientific artifacts. This workload differs from interactive scientific curation, where mutable records and ad hoc inspection are often more important than random indexed throughput. We present Atompack, an append-oriented storage format and distribution layer designed around a simple workload: training pipelines usually consume complete molecular records, while the order of records is randomized by the learning
algorithm. Atompack appends records efficiently during
dataset construction, then commits an immutable index and serves records through a
memory-mapped read path optimized for training. We compare Atompack with HDF5, LMDB, and ASE baselines representing array stores, key-value records, serialized records, and object-oriented databases. The
benchmarks measure sequential reads, shuffled reads, shared-filesystem behavior, write throughput, and artifact size. On a representative 64-atom workload, Atompack is 96x faster than ASE LMDB on shuffled training-style reads while producing artifacts about 79% smaller. The results indicate that serving complete molecule records, rather than field chunks or reconstructed objects, improves shuffled training throughput while keeping artifacts compact enough for public distribution.
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All authors Ali Ramlaoui, Daniel T. Speckhard, Sagar Pal, Fragkiskos D. Malliaros, Alexandre Duval, Victor Schmidt
Quantum Physics
Temporal modes of quantum states of light scattered by a two-level system
Yann Bouchereau, Lucas Weitzel, Valérian Thiel et al. (+3 more)
Non-Gaussian
quantum states of light are of paramount importance to
quantum computing. Nevertheless, their deterministic generation is challenging problem due to the difficulty to control nonlinearities in physical systems. In this work, we characterize the light stemming from one of the most fundamental
quantum optics configurations: the unidirectional scattering of multimode and multiphoton light by a two-level system. We provide an analytic and explicit description of the output light solely in terms of the corresponding input temporal modes which allows a straightforward physical interpretation and is computationally more effective compared to numerical methods. Then, we focus on the specific case of the scattering of two
photons in a single mode. By numerically decomposing the output state in terms of its principal modes, we find that it is possible to map single-mode two-
photon inputs to be into two-mode entangled output states, i.e., two-
photon NOON states, to very good approximation. The latter states, in turn, are known to have more Wigner negativity compared to the associated input, which ultimately suggests a potential application of our considered setup in the deterministic generation of non-Gaussian states.
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All authors Yann Bouchereau, Lucas Weitzel, Valérian Thiel, Valentina Parigi, Mattia Walschaers, Nicolas Treps
Chaotic Dynamics
Risk-Sensitive Learning in Population Games under Extreme Events: Bifurcations and Chaotic Dynamics
Konstantinos Metaxas and Themistoklis P. Sapsis
Inspired by nonequilibrium phenomena in game dynamics and behavioral evidence on the impact of extreme events on decision making, we investigate the nonlinear dynamics of a discrete-time multiagent learning rule in population congestion games under extreme events affecting one of the actions. The population state, following a risk-sensitive variant of the Multiplicative Weights Update (MWU), is coupled with a belief variable capturing the
agents perceived risk and updated through an adaptive expectation rule. We perform a two-parameter bifurcation analysis with respect to the
agents controlled parameters, identifying regions of qualitatively distinct behavior.
Equilibria are studied first from both game-theoretic and dynamical perspectives. The resulting two-dimensional system exhibits complex behavior, including multi-stability among fixed points, invariant curves, periodic and chaotic attractors. Despite this complexity, the attractors can be grouped into distinct families, while the Cesàro averages of the trajectories are shown to converge to the stationary
equilibrium. The incorporation of risk associated with the extreme event leads to new dynamical phenomena: attracting invariant curves arise and give rise to phase-locking Arnold tongues, within which the dynamics is qualitatively similar. In this setting, codimension-two resonances are identified as organizing centers, both within individual tongues and along the bifurcation curves associated with the fixed-point family. Chaotic attractors emerge and are destroyed through Feigenbaum cascades and forward or reverse boundary crises, with interior and merging crises also observed, along with transient chaos and narrow periodic windows. For each qualitatively distinct region, representative phase portraits and the associated basins of attraction are examined.
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Quantum Physics
RiverONE: Generating Knowledge-Intensive VLM by Simulated Quantum Machines
Xindian Ma, Xinyu Long, Yefei Zhang et al. (+11 more)
Quantum computing provides a powerful paradigm for representing and transforming high-dimensional information through superposition,
entanglement, and measurement-induced nonlinear features. While current
quantum hardware is not yet practical for direct large-scale
vision-
language model (VLM) inference, simulated
quantum computation can be used during model construction to generate structured parameters for compact classical AI systems. We build RiverONE, a lightweight
vision-
language model for
quantum calibration plot understanding, using simulated
quantum computation. It employs a specialized visual encoder and an InternVL-based
language backbone. To compensate for compression-induced information loss, we introduce
quantum-generated parameters, which are materialized as classical tensors after training. This allows RiverONE to run entirely on classical GPUs at inference time, with no
quantum hardware or runtime
quantum simulation. With approximately 1.9 billion parameters, RiverONE achieves at least 95% of the performance of NVIDIA Ising Calibration 1 on
quantum calibration plot understanding tasks while using less than 10% of its parameter count. These results suggest that simulated
quantum computation can serve as a practical construction-stage mechanism for building lightweight, knowledge-intensive scientific VLMs. Our code is available at https://github.com/THeWakeSystems/RiverOne.
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All authors Xindian Ma, Xinyu Long, Yefei Zhang, Yanchen Liu, Xianghao Li, Yufu Wen, Yike Hu, Yuedong Zhu, Zeyang Ma, Wen Qin, Yikun Wang, Peng Yang, Monan Wang, Teng Yu
Quantum Physics
BPBO: Blindness-Preserving Brickwork Optimization by Certified Region Resynthesis
Youngkyung Lee, Juyoung Kim and Doyoung Chung
Universal blind
quantum computation (UBQC) hides a client's computation by using a computation-independent BFK09 brickwork graph and encoding the computation in measurement angles, which limits the use of graph-changing optimizations. We study blindness-preserving brickwork optimization (BPBO): certified local resynthesis of BFK09-compatible brickwork patterns below the blinding layer. BPBO detects one-, two-, and three-wire regions; for each candidate region it either proves a semantic floor or supplies an executable witness, and it accepts a replacement only after its branch-frame, output-frame, and blinding behavior have been checked. The optimized outputs remain standard brickwork patterns and are evaluated with a logical
qubit-recycled UBQC execution stack that runs arbitrary-length patterns using n x 2 active logical
qubits. The layer evidence includes a one-wire H-count floor, a two-wire CNOT-cost floor, a three-wire parity-ledger floor, a clean three-
cell CCZ witness whose optimality claim is scoped to the CNOT+T phase-gadget family, and an endpoint-target three-
cell CCX/Toffoli application witness; the fixed middle-target CCX case is retained as a four-
cell fallback. The security statement is a compatibility result: BPBO preserves UBQC blindness at the declared optimized dimensions and remains compatible with inherited verification guarantees under explicit test-round conditions, without introducing a new trap-soundness
theorem. On Bell/CX, Grover-2, endpoint-Toffoli, and Grover-3 evaluation cases, BPBO demonstrates certified local reductions; in the largest case, Grover-3, the materialized pattern is reduced from 3 x 725 to 3 x 98 while preserving the expected marked-state statistics up to sampling noise.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Cross-listed from math.AP
Wave decay and horizon instability on strongly charged extremal Kerr-Newman black holes
Allen Juntao Fang, Elena Giorgi and Jingbo Wan
We prove the first boundedness and pointwise decay result for the scalar wave equation on rotating extremal black holes without any
symmetry assumptions. The result applies to slowly rotating (equivalently, strongly charged) extremal Kerr-Newman spacetimes. We establish uniform energy boundedness, integrated local energy decay, and a hierarchy of boundary-weighted estimates at the extremal horizon and at null infinity, from which inverse-
polynomial pointwise decay follows in the entire exterior region. As a consequence, we also prove the expected Aretakis instability: for generic initial data, suitable transversal derivatives fail to decay along the event horizon, and higher transversal derivatives blow up asymptotically. The proof uses the $b$-structure of the wave operator near the two boundary hypersurfaces, together with a treatment of normally
hyperbolic trapping on extremal Kerr–Newman.
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Medical Physics
Prediction of biological radiation effects based on ionization clusters (nanodosimetry)
Hans Rabus
This article reviews approaches that link the formation of ionization clusters in nanometric volumes to radiobiological effectiveness. The corresponding models were developed as the field of nanodosimetry developed. Some address early biological radiation effects, such as DNA damage, while most aim to predict
cell survival or inactivation. The models also differ in the nanodosimetric quantities considered, with many based on the probability distribution of ionization cluster formation in a single target. Some models account for the synergistic effects of pairs of ionization clusters formed in different targets. Several models feature macroscopic aggregation frameworks based on particle fluence, which are proposed for use in radiotherapy treatment planning, particularly in ion-beam radiotherapy. The models are presented here using harmonized terminology and notation for nanodosimetric quantities. An extension of the conceptual framework of nanodosimetry is also discussed. This extension transitions from a target-centered description to a track-centered description. It also introduces nanodosimetry-based analogs of dosimetric concepts, such as dose and linear energy transfer. This paper traces and summarizes the historical development of nanodosimetry-based biological effect models and discusses conceptual aspects of the models to reveal their underlying assumptions and the extent to which they are mechanistic or merely elucidate correlations. Eventually, an attempt is made to identify the key open questions in this field that still need to be addressed.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Soft-Radiation-Induced Decoherence of Heavy-Quark Spin Entanglement at the Electron-Ion Collider
Sanskriti Agrawal, Muneeb Zahoor and Raktim Abir
Using the soft-
gluon theorem, we identify a soft-
recoil mechanism by which unresolved
gluon radiation induces decoherence in the
spin correlations of heavy
quark-antiquark pairs produced by longitudinally polarized virtual
photons in deep-inelastic scattering. Upon tracing over the unresolved
gluon, the reduced
spin density
matrix is block diagonal in the mirror parity of the production plane and is governed by two coefficients: a parity-odd normal-
spin flip, which reduces the normal-axis correlation, and a parity-even
stochastic rotation of the
spin-correlation plane about its normal, which suppresses the in-plane
spin coherences while leaving the normal-axis correlation unchanged. From the complete tree-level next-to-soft amplitude with the exact color-octet structure we derive both coefficients, together with the trace and antisymmetric in-plane terms, in closed form. The parity-odd coefficient is the larger one, by a factor of at least $3.5$, and grows as the inverse square of the heavy-
quark transverse momentum. We estimate the resulting reduction of concurrence and Bell-CHSH violation, and propose an infrared-safe, radiation-binned EIC observable, formed at fixed Born kinematics after longitudinal-transverse separation, which isolates the two channels. We estimate its size, including multiple wide-angle emissions in an independent-emission model, the conditions under which detector and kinematic effects cancel, and the statistics required. The latter, however, exceed the yield of exclusive heavy-
baryon pairs at nominal EIC luminosity by several orders of magnitude, makes the observable elusive for the measurement accessible in that channel.
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Quantum Physics
Finite-key security analysis of decoy-state QKD with source and detector imperfections
Xoel Sixto, Guillermo Currás-Lorenzo, Margarida Pereira et al. (+3 more)
Decoy-state
quantum key distribution (QKD) is the most widely adopted approach for overcoming the limitations of imperfect single-
photon sources. However, existing security proofs typically either neglect important device imperfections or rely on assumptions that are difficult to justify in realistic high-speed implementations, such as the independent and identically distributed nature of the emitted signals. In this work, we combine and extend several recent theoretical advances to provide a comprehensive analytical finite-key security proof for decoy-state QKD that simultaneously incorporates multiple practically relevant transmitter and receiver imperfections, including state-preparation flaws, bit and basis side-channel leakage and correlations, setting-independent intensity fluctuations, and detection-efficiency mismatches.
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All authors Xoel Sixto, Guillermo Currás-Lorenzo, Margarida Pereira, Víctor Zapatero, Álvaro Navarrete, Marcos Curty
Materials Science
Consistent transition model for Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 from temperature-dependent structural and electrical properties
Thomas Fourgassie, Omar Ibder, Cosme Milesi-Brault et al. (+5 more)
BNT based solid solutions are promising parent materials for lead free dielectric capacitors, thanks to their high recoverable energy densities and breakdown strengths. However, the ambient temperature
symmetry and high temperature phase
evolution of BNT remain unclear. Crucially, structural transformations and electrical ordering are most often considered independently, hindering a coherent understanding of the BNT phase transition. In this work, we combine X ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, impedance spectroscopy, and high field polarization cycling to establish a unified picture of the structural and dielectric response of BNT. Based on these results, we propose a consistent transition model for BNT that reconciles previously conflicting interpretations. This integrated structure property study provides a rationale for developing high performance, lead free energy storage materials.
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All authors Thomas Fourgassie, Omar Ibder, Cosme Milesi-Brault, Anna Katharina Ott, Eric Bourhis, Pascal Andreazza, Pierre-Eymeric Janolin, Cécile Autret-Lambert
High Energy Physics (Experiment)
Tracking performance study of the LHCb UP Detector
Yisheng Fu, Jianchun Wang and Xuhao Yuan
This work presents the layout design of the LHCb UP detector, a MAPS-based pixel tracker composed of four detection planes, and several approaches for its standalone track reconstruction. The dedicated UP tracking
algorithms demonstrates that efficient standalone reconstruction can be achieved for LHCb Upgrade II with high purity, reaching efficiencies close to $98\%$ while maintaining a ghost rate below $4\%$. These results indicate that UP standalone tracks can provide high-quality inputs for global LHCb reconstruction and offer a viable solution for future high-luminosity tracking and real-time reconstruction challenges.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)
Influence of the KK graviton decay into hh on the triple Higgs measurement at LHC
Alain Le Yaouanc and François Richard
Evidence for two KK graviton candidates has been previously reported at 380 GeV and 700 GeV. They would provide graviton factories in an e+e-
collider. Following a Randall Sundrum interpretation, two extra resonances should appear at 1000 GeV and 1322 GeV. Recently ATLAS, in its search for triple
Higgs coupling, has reported an excess in that mass region which comforts this prediction. Local cross sections are therefore clearly in excess of the standard predictions which implies muHH>1. While still marginally significant, this effect appears in a mass region with low background which allows to expect good prospects of discovery with RUN3 data. Such a result could therefore allow to confirm the existence of a series of KK graviton resonances observable at LHC. An optimised strategy, which includes H(95) is proposed to do so. Other opportunities appear in searches for heavier KK graviton recurrences decaying into ZZ/WW in semi-leptonic and fully hadronic modes. Prospects for measuring heavy KK graviton decays GKKi->G380G380 at HL-LHC are discussed. Indirect evidences for the RS model coming from precision measurements are also presented. KK lower mass limits for other KK particles are deduced from precision measurements at LEP/SLC and LHC.
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Optics
Bifurcation structure of soliton self-injection locking in microresonators
S. Deshmukh, T. M. Schneider and A. Tikan
Self-injection locking (SIL) of a diode
laser to a high quality-factor microresonator has recently become increasingly important in hybrid integrated photonics, providing access to compact sub-Hz linewidth
lasers. It was also shown to facilitate the access to dissipative Kerr
solitons - the key to a low-noise coherent frequency comb on a photonic chip. However, the existence and stability ranges of SIL
soliton states in experimentally controlled parameters are still not fully understood. Here we study the bifurcation structure of solutions in a model of
soliton SIL in the weak-backscattering limit. We show that SIL produces
soliton-number-dependent existence ranges of multi-
soliton solutions in free-
laser detuning and feedback phase parameters. We identify exclusive single-
soliton existence regions and demonstrate dynamical access to single
solitons in this region by direct numerical simulations using prescribed parameter sweeps.
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Computational Physics
High-order tensor neural network for iteration-free structure relaxation
Shaobo Yu, Haoting Zhang, Yu Han et al. (+5 more)
Structure relaxation is important for the discovery of new materials, yet conventional ab initio optimization remains a major bottleneck in high-throughput screening workflows. Machine learning potentials have accelerated relaxation by orders of magnitude, but they still rely on iterative optimization and high-quality DFT force labels. Here, we present HotRelax, a high-order tensor message-passing neural network for one-shot, end-to-end prediction of relaxed structures. Trained directly on paired unrelaxed and relaxed structures, HotRelax requires no DFT force labels and predicts relaxed structures in a single forward pass, without iterative inference or post-processing. Across five diverse
datasets spanning 3D bulk
crystals, 2D layered materials and catalysts, HotRelax shows strong performance relative to state-of-the-art end-to-end relaxation models, achieving lower prediction errors on several
benchmarks while maintaining a compact model size and efficient inference. Extensive DFT calculations further show that the predicted structures are close in energy to their DFT-relaxed counterparts. When integrated into catalytic workflows, HotRelax also improves the accuracy and generalization of relaxed-state energy prediction models. Together, these results support HotRelax as an efficient and widely applicable framework for end-to-end structure relaxation, with strong potential to accelerate high-throughput materials discovery.
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All authors Shaobo Yu, Haoting Zhang, Yu Han, Zhennan Zhang, Zhiyue Guo, Junjie Wang, Hao Gao, Jian Sun
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
MSFA-Net: An Advanced Deep Learning Model for Identifying Blue Horizontal-Branch Stars from LAMOST DR12
Mingyuan Wang, Xiaoming Kong, Jie Ju et al. (+2 more)
Blue horizontal-branch (BHB)
stars are low-mass, core helium-burning objects with nearly constant luminosities, making them powerful tracers of old, metal-poor populations and valuable standard candles for mapping the
Galactic halo. However, robustly identifying BHB
stars from low-resolution spectra remains challenging. We present MSFA-Net, a two-stage framework developed for the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic
Telescope (LAMOST) DR12. By combining multi-scale convolutions with a soft frequency
attention mechanism, MSFA-Net learns discriminative representations in both the wavelength domain and the
Fourier-frequency domain. On the test set, the framework achieves a precision of 94.67% in the initial multiclass screening and 98.07% in the subsequent binary refinement. Applying the pipeline to LAMOST DR12, we retrieve 27,853 BHB candidate spectra. After spectral deduplication and removal of previously known objects, we identify 3583 new BHB
stars, confirmed via Balmer-line profile fitting. We further estimate atmospheric parameters (Teff, log g, and [Fe/H]) using the machine-learning-based SLAM model and examine their distributions. A non-negligible subset shows unusually high log g and/or
metallicities, which we interpret primarily as inference-related systematics rather than intrinsic properties. Photometric cross-matching with
Gaia DR3 and color-magnitude diagrams provide an additional consistency check for the sample. The resulting catalog substantially enlarges the spectroscopically confirmed BHB sample from LAMOST and offers a homogeneous data set for studies of
Galactic-
halo structure and
stellar populations.
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All authors Mingyuan Wang, Xiaoming Kong, Jie Ju, Yude Bu, Yuchen Liang
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
High-Redshift Signatures from the Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization
Rennan Barkana, Oliver Basquette, Ankita Bera et al. (+22 more)
In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive overview of the astrophysical and cosmological processes that shape the 21-cm signal during
Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization. We investigate both standard and exotic signatures potentially observable with SKA-Low. Standard signatures are those expected within the $\Lambda$CDM framework, including contributions from the first
stars,
galaxies, and black holes. Exotic signatures are more speculative indicating new physics, such as
primordial black holes, modifications to the dark matter sector, non-standard
primordial fluctuations, or strongly emitting
radio galaxies. The effects of these different sources or scenarios are evaluated in the context of the expected sensitivity of SKA-Low, considering the AA* and AA4 configurations. The chapter aims to provide an overview of the theoretical landscape of 21-cm signatures and to highlight how the forthcoming SKA-Low observations will improve our understanding of astrophysical processes at early times and may open the door towards new physics beyond the $\Lambda$CDM framework.
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All authors Rennan Barkana, Oliver Basquette, Ankita Bera, Jennifer Yik Ham Chan, Pravabati Chingangbam, Hector Afonso G. Cruz, Saswata Dasgupta, Kanan K. Datta, Anastasia Fialkov, Sambit K. Giri, Qin Han, Ilian T. Iliev, Bohua Li, Teppei Minoda, Shikhar Mittal, Julian B. Muñoz, Suvedha Suresh Naik, Janakee Raste, Aurel Schneider, Sudipta Sikder, Kinwah Wu, Yidong Xu, Bin Yue, Meng Zhang, Meng-Lin Zhao
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Quantum (non)equivalence of dual massive $p$-form gauge theories
Christian Canete and Elden Loomes
Gauge theories of massive $p$-forms are connected by various dualities, which hold classically but may be broken at the
quantum level. One example is the $BF$ theory of topologically coupled $p$- and $(d-p-1)$-forms in $d$ dimensions, where the coupling between forms results in a manifestly gauge invariant mass term for either form when the other is integrated out classically. We perform the path integral quantisation of this theory; by integrating out one of the forms, the resulting determinants are sensitive to the
topology of spacetime, and counterterms must be introduced to renormalise their divergences. We compute these determinants in terms of the topological numbers of spacetime, showing explicitly how the
quantum duality of the massive theories is broken on topologically non-trivial backgrounds. This is directly related to the
quantum breaking of the massless duality between the form that was integrated out and the longitudinal modes of its partner. In particular, the difference of counterterms is proportional to the Euler characteristic of spacetime. The existence of gravitational instantons suggests that these dualities may be broken even in Minkowski space in the presence of topological fluctuations.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Saeed Noori Gashti, Behnam Pourhassan and İzzet Sakall{\i}
The Weak
Gravity Conjecture (WGC) is a swampland criterion of long standing: any consistent theory of
quantum gravity must contain a charged particle whose charge-to-mass ratio exceeds that of an extremal black hole, so that
gravity remains the weakest force. The AdS/CFT correspondence offers a calculable boundary handle on bulk
gravity, and the imaginary parts of bulk quasinormal modes are read off the boundary as poles of a retarded Green's function. We show that the WGC follows from this boundary calculation in two settings that fall outside the Reissner–Nordström idealisation: static spherically symmetric black holes in dRGT massive
gravity, and dyonic black holes in Einstein–ModMax non-linear electrodynamics. The chain runs from the metric and gauge field, through the charged Klein–Gordon equation, into a near-horizon scaling limit whose radial equation reduces to Whittaker form; the conformal weight $\nu_0$ then enters a damping-time inequality. For the dRGT black hole every massive-
gravity parameter ($\alpha,\beta,m_g,h$) cancels out, leaving the universal saturation $q/(m r_+) \geq 1/\sqrt{2} \approx 0.707$. For the Einstein–ModMax black hole the duality-symmetric non-linearity parameter $\gamma$ survives, and yields $q/(m r_+) \geq e^{-\gamma/2}$, which reduces to the Reissner–Nordström bound $q/(m r_+) \geq 1$ in the Maxwell limit $\gamma \to 0$. Either result is of order unity, and the second weakens monotonically as the non-linearity grows. We then relax three of the simplifying assumptions of the dRGT derivation, namely exact extremality, minimal coupling, and the absence of higher-
curvature terms. The cancellation breaks. Each correction reintroduces $m_g,\alpha,\beta$ into the bound through a controlled functional dependence, and we tabulate and plot the relaxed forms across parameter space.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies
Pristine composition or size evolution: Can current dust models reproduce emissivities observed in nearby protostars?
M.-A. Carpine, A. Maury, N. Ysard et al. (+1 more)
Interstellar
dust is a crucial asset in many astronomical observations. Characterising grains present in the dense gas and in
star-forming environments is also key to constrain the pristine conditions for planetary formation. However,
dust properties remain poorly characterised and are still debated: low
dust emissivities observed in nearby protostars are not completely explained to this day. In this study, we aim to determine whether it is possible to retrieve the
dust properties from multi-wavelength observations of the
dust emission towards embedded protostars, and the extent to which current
dust models can reproduce the observed values of the
dust emissivity index in young protostars. We perform radiative transfer computations of the thermal
dust emission from a model protostellar envelope, considering different
dust optical properties commonly used in the community. This allows us to explore the effects of
dust composition on the spectral index, to try and explain the variation in the emissivity index in nearby protostars observations. We find large variations in the spectral index as the sole result of different
dust models, without the need for
dust grain size
evolution. However, our work does not allow us to reproduce the lowest emissivity index values found in some protostellar envelopes without including unexpectedly large millimetre-sized processed grains. We show that appropriate methods permits to measure the
dust emissivity from observations of the spectral index at millimetre wavelengths with very little uncertainty. Variation in emissivity index between the different observed sources and the
dust models most commonly used by the community implies that the intrinsic composition of
dust is not sufficient to explain the lowest spectral index values. Thus, early
dust evolution producing larger
dust grains may have to be taken into account to obtain a complete picture.
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All authors M.-A. Carpine, A. Maury, N. Ysard, L. Cacciapuoti
Quantum Physics
Preparation-Space Diagnostics and Logical Information Loss in a Driven Kerr-Cat Qubit
Stephen Wiggins
A Kerr-cat
qubit encodes a logical bit in the two wells of a parametrically driven nonlinear oscillator, and a logic gate is a transient change of the drive. In the phase plane the gate deforms the double well and can split its separatrix into a turnstile that carries trajectories across the dividing surface between the wells; the same pulse, acting on the
quantum oscillator, can corrupt the encoded bit. We study this process over a disk of coherent-state preparations, comparing classical phase-space transport diagnostics with the open-system
quantum outcome on a common domain so that the two can be compared point by point. The central finding is that the corruption depends on the full temporal protocol, not on pulse strength alone: a sudden quench erases the bit, whereas a smooth ramp of the same peak amplitude largely preserves it. A finite-time sensitivity field locates the classical transport boundary, and a Loschmidt echo evaluated near the end of the gate predicts the much later
quantum outcome. Sweeps of pulse amplitude and width, of cat size, and of engineered two-
photon dissipation map where the classical transport picture predicts the
quantum loss of the bit and where it does not.
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Lattice Field Theory
The topological susceptibility slope $\chi^\prime$ in the large-$N$ limit
Claudio Bonanno
This paper presents the first non-perturbative
lattice determination of the Yang–Mills topological susceptibility slope $\chi^\prime$ in the large-$N$ limit. This quantity represents the $\mathcal{O}(p^2)$ term of the momentum expansion of the topological charge density two-point correlator, and has important theoretical and phenomenological implications for strong interactions. This calculation is based on a novel
algorithm that avoids topological freezing at large $N$ on fine
lattices, and on a novel method to reliably compute $\chi^\prime$ on the
lattice. The results of this study are relevant for the description of the
proton spin in deep inelastic scattering experiments via the Shore–Veneziano formula.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Photon Motion and Shadows of Rotating Black Holes with Nonlinear Electromagnetic and Anisotropic Matter Fields
Mou Xu, Jianbo Lu, Yu Liu et al. (+1 more)
This paper investigates the effects of the nonlinear electromagnetic field and the anisotropic matter field on
photon motion, shadow structures, and the energy emission rate of a rotating black hole (BH). Using the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism, we derive the
photon motion equations and analyze the distribution and stability of
photon regions. The results show that the anisotropic matter field parameters affect the size and shape of the
photon region outside the event horizon more significantly than the nonlinear electromagnetic field parameter. As the anisotropic matter field parameter $K$ decreases, the unstable
photon region outside the BH gradually expands and becomes increasingly flattened. Furthermore, we construct the BH shadow in terms of the celestial coordinates and obtain the corresponding shadow images by backward ray tracing. Several shadow observables, including the shadow radius, distortion parameter, shadow area, and oblateness, are also analyzed. The results indicate that the anisotropic matter field affects the shadow size more strongly than the shadow shape. Specifically, the shadow radius and area both decrease significantly as the parameter $K$ decreases, but increase markedly as the anisotropic matter state parameter $\omega$ increases. In addition, we analyze the energy emission rate of the BH and find that decreasing $K$ or increasing
magnetic charge $Q$ suppresses its peak value, while the influence of $\omega$ remains comparatively mild. These results provide a useful reference for understanding the effects of nonlinear electromagnetic and anisotropic matter fields on rotating BH shadows and related observational signatures.
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All authors Mou Xu, Jianbo Lu, Yu Liu, Shumin Wu
Optics
Broadband gain characterization of Co:MgF$_2$ for mid-infrared femtosecond pulse amplification
Natsuki Kanda, Kaito Nishimiya and Eiji J. Takahashi
The broadband gain characteristics of Co:MgF$_2$ were investigated to assess its potential as a gain medium for ultrashort-pulse amplification around the 2 $\mu$m spectral region. Single-pass gain measurements performed using femtosecond seed pulses revealed broadband amplification in the 1.5-2.4 $\mu$m region. The temporal dynamics and spectra of the gain were experimentally characterized and utilized for numerical simulations to assess the feasibility of Co:MgF$_2$ as a broadband gain medium for ultrashort pulses. The results indicate its potential for broadband amplification in future short-wave infrared to mid-infrared ultrafast
laser systems, particularly when combined with coherent waveform synthesis or post-compression techniques.
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Optics
Ultrasensitive infrared-to-visible artificial vision via self-evolving projection guided by single-pixel detection
Yao Wang, Baolei Liu, Muchen Zhu et al. (+4 more)
Infrared detection and visualization are essential for augmenting human perception across diverse fields, ranging from night
vision to industrial inspection and bio-imaging. Conventional infrared cameras are often hindered by high cost, bulky architecture, and complex fabrication requirements. Upconversion sensing systems offer a pixel-free and cost-effective alternative solution by upconverting infrared
photons into visible-light signals. However, existing upconversion systems suffer from limitations such as high operating voltages, low
quantum efficiency, which prevent their applications in
photon-starved environments. Here, we report self-evolving infrared-to-visible upconversion with single-pixel detection (SIVIS) that enables real-time upconverted visualization under
photon-starved conditions by integrating self-evolving projection with single-pixel sensing. SIVIS iteratively optimizes illumination patterns with a digital micromirror device based on real-time feedback from a single-pixel infrared detector. This self-evolving process enables the autonomous reconstruction of the target's
geometric profile. Simultaneously, it projects a co-modulated visible beam onto the object itself or an adjacent screen, rendering the infrared target directly perceptible to the naked eye in real-time. SIVIS achieves sensing and projection without latency under an ultra-low infrared detection limit of 0.11
photons per pixel per frame (sub-pW -cm2 level) benefited from the high sensitivity. Furthermore, we also validate SIVIS to decrypt infrared-encoded anti-counterfeiting features and visualize vascular-like structures embedded within biological tissues. This
photon-feedback-driven artificial
vision framework offers a scalable and adaptive solution for ultrasensitive infrared
vision, opening promising avenues for night
vision, biomedical imaging, and sensing under extreme low-light conditions.
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All authors Yao Wang, Baolei Liu, Muchen Zhu, Linjun Zhai, Dajing Wang, Zhaohua Yang, Fan Wang
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Mass-Varying Dark Matter Induced Scalarization and Scalar Clouds around Black Holes
H. Mohseni Sadjadi and M. Navid Gasemi Zad
We consider a black hole solution embedded in a mass-varying dark matter (DM)
halo and study scalarization induced by DM. We derive the required conditions on the scalar DM coupling that allow for a regular bound-state scalar cloud. We find that such configurations exist only for quantized coupling values in terms of the
halo's intrinsic parameters (for Hernquist, this reduces to the inverse of the compactness). This study provides a novel connection between DM phenomenology and scalarization around a black hole.
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