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Physics

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Tuesday 23 June

Nuclear Experiment

Low lying excitations in $^{150}$Pm

A. Pal, S. Basak, T. Bhattacharjee et al. (+19 more)

The low lying excitations in odd-odd $^{150}$Pm have been studied through proton induced reaction with an array of five Compton suppressed Clover HPGe and one segmented planar Ge detectors. The relative excitation functions for the observed $\gamma$ rays have been studied using singles data at two beam energies of 8~MeV and 9~MeV. 16 new $\gamma$ rays and 15 new levels have been placed in the level scheme of $^{150}$Pm based on $\gamma-\gamma$ coincidence data. The relative intensities for the observed $\gamma$ rays have been determined using total and gated projections. Tentative spin-parity assignments were made to few low lying excitations of $^{150}$Pm, using limited angular distribution data and other information. Lifetimes were estimated for two excited levels in this nucleus using using generalized centroid difference analysis, applied in the nanosecond range, with Ge detectors. Large basis shell model and projected shell model calculation were performed to interpret the experimentally observed levels. The present work indicates 1$^-$ ground state, a 2$^-$ state close to the ground state ($\sim$50~keV) and a low lying 6$^-$ isomeric state in this odd-odd nucleus along with emerging band structures developed with two quasiparticle configurations.
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All authors A. Pal, S. Basak, T. Bhattacharjee, Nazira Nazir, G. H. Bhat, S. Jehangir, D. Kumar, A. Saha, S. S. Alam, D. Banerjee, A. Das, A. Adhikari, A. Gupta, S. Das, A. Bisoi, Y. Sapkota, S. Sharma, S. Samanta, S. Chatterjee, R. Raut, S. S. Ghugre, J. A. Sheikh

Astrophysics of Galaxies

The Multi-phase HI of the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies

Marc-Antoine Miville-Deschênes, J. R. Dawson, Narendra Nath Patra et al. (+30 more)

Atomic hydrogen (HI) is the dominant baryonic component of the interstellar medium (ISM) in Milky Way-like galaxies and the reservoir from which molecular clouds and stars ultimately form. The condensation of diffuse HI into cold structures is governed by a complex interplay between radiative cooling, turbulence, magnetic fields, stellar feedback, and galactic dynamics, acting over scales ranging from astronomical units to kiloparsecs. Understanding how these processes regulate the thermal structure of the HI, the formation of cold clouds, and the transfer of matter and energy across scales is essential for connecting the small-scale physics of the ISM to the evolution of galaxies. Recent advances from SKA precursors have transformed our view of the atomic ISM, revealing a highly structured and filamentary cold medium, increasing the density of HI absorption measurements by orders of magnitude, and enabling new approaches to infer the thermodynamic and magnetic properties of the gas from spectral-line datasets. SKA-mid will provide the first comprehensive characterization of HI as a multi-phase, turbulent, and magnetized medium across the Milky Way and nearby galaxies. Its combination of sensitivity, angular resolution, spectral resolution, and survey speed will enable matched emission-absorption studies, dense optical-depth grids, and detailed mapping of the atomic-to-molecular transition over a broad range of environments. Combined with polarization, Zeeman, recombination-line, and multi-wavelength observations, SKA-mid will establish a unified observational framework to study the evolution of diffuse matter in galaxies, in connection with star formation, from the Solar neighborhood to galactic scales.
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All authors Marc-Antoine Miville-Deschênes, J. R. Dawson, Narendra Nath Patra, Erwan Allys, Prerana Biswas, Frances Buckland-Willis, Susan E. Clark, James Dempsey, John Dickey, Adriana Gazol, Benjamin Godard, Patrick Hennebelle, Alex S. Hill, Min-Young Lee, Minjie Lei, Callum Lynn, Antoine Marchal, Naomi McClure-Griffiths, Claire Murray, Van Hiep Nguyen, Marta Nowotka, Theo J. O'Neill, Josh E. G. Peek, Nickolas M. Pingel, Mary Putman, Daniel Rybarczyk, Nirupam Roy, Amit Seta, Sarkar Sougata, Juan Diego Soler, Enrique Vazquez-Semadeni, Trey V. Wenger, Catherine Zucker

Quantum Physics

Note About Koopman-von Neumann Theory and Density Matrix

J. Kluson

In this short note we study Koopman-von Neumann theory for N-particle system. We argue that it is natural to identify classical N-particle distribution function as diagonal form of density matrix operator in coordinate representation. We also determine generalized BBGKY hierarchy for reduced density matrix in coordinate representation.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Cosmology from Clustering of Continuum Galaxies

Jacobo Asorey, Catherine L. Hale, Sebastian von Hausegger et al. (+6 more)

The distribution of radio continuum galaxies is a useful, fast, and accessible probe of the matter distribution in the Universe, enlightening us about the Universe's initial conditions, the physics of dark matter, and the nature of the mysterious dark energy. However, radio continuum galaxies alone cannot easily be localised in the radial direction, and cross-identification of host sources from optical catalogues is challenging across wide area surveys. Moreover, there are several redshift-dependent properties of radio galaxy populations that all need accurate modelling to make reliable inferences about fundamental physics. These include accurate measurements of the redshift distribution of radio sources ($dN/dz$), the coupling between radio galaxies and the underlying matter distribution (quantified by the galaxy bias, $b(z)$), and the true flux distribution $N(S,z)$ of the radio sources (magnification bias). The amount of encoded cosmological information depends on the survey properties and the level of homogeneity across its footprint. In this chapter, we demonstrate the cosmological potential of a 20,000 sq. deg survey with the SKAO in AA4 configuration, using 10,000 hours of observations. Such a survey will reach $\mathcal{O}(\mu\mathrm{Jy/beam)}$ sensitivities and detect $\mathcal{O}$(300-400 million) radio sources, the largest sample of radio continuum galaxies to date. This surpasses the number of sources assumed for the previous SKA cosmology Red Book. We predict the angular clustering of such a survey, using mocks accounting for potential telescope systematics, and discuss which data corrections may be needed when these systematics cannot be accurately modelled.}
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All authors Jacobo Asorey, Catherine L. Hale, Sebastian von Hausegger, David Parkinson, Chandra Shekhar Saraf, Jonah D. Wagenveld, Benedict Bahr-Kalus, Syed Faisal ur Rahman, Ziad Sakr

Quantum Physics

Quantum Primitive for Output-Hiding Function Sharing

Olivia R. Hartzell

A quantum information-theoretic primitive is introduced for determining a discrete-valued function that depends on multiple parties' local private inputs. The primitive permits the parties to mutually learn each others' local inputs, and thereby determine function values, while their individual systems remain independent of these inputs. The resulting function values are shared among the parties, but may remain information-theoretically hidden from any external observer, as well as from adversarial state-preparation or measurement processes within the quantum system, in every iteration. In particular, while classically producing a shared function with these information-theoretic properties requires the use of private keys or hidden randomness, in the proposed setting it is achieved using quantum resources alone. I outline the primitive's general properties while applications across a broad range of secure quantum communication and computation settings including: quantum key distribution, multi-party coordination and decision schemes, function evaluation, and in some settings, protocols for fairly generated private coins, are relegated to further publications.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Neutron-Skin Sensitivity and Calibration Requirements in Coherent Quarkonium Diffraction

Lei Wang

Coherent quarkonium spectra probe the spatial gluon distribution and, under specified assumptions, the neutron skin of $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. For three accessible channels at the Electron–Ion Collider, a joint spectral fit with specified selected-event totals and auxiliary constraints gives a coherent-only local uncertainty of 0.02458 fm, increasing to 0.03120 fm with a residual incoherent yield equal to 5% of the coherent yield. To interpret the spectra in terms of a neutron radius, we examine separately the finite-dipole response and the relation between gluon and nucleon distributions. We test response changes and calibration offsets in the presence of background using direct nonlinear Poisson fits. The full spectrum distinguishes a specified density-dependent gluon deformation, whereas a constructed displacement of the gluon edge is exactly degenerate with the neutron skin. An independent 0.03 fm calibration uncertainty in this direction raises the background-inclusive local width to 0.04328 fm; the construction does not predict the physical size of such a displacement. The results show how the conditional sensitivity depends on an external calibration of the spatial gluon distribution.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

Small-scale Magnetic Fields in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies

Yik Ki Ma, Amit Seta, Aritra Basu et al. (+13 more)

Magnetic fields in galaxies span decades in physical scale, from the coherent magnetic fields on galactic scales (> kpc) to the random magnetic fields from 100 pc to the resistive scale of the galactic plasma (i.e. ~1e6 cm). While many radio studies to date have placed more emphasis on the large-scale galactic magnetic fields than the small-scale counterparts, the emerging SKA will greatly facilitate accurate, detailed studies of the small-scale (< 100 pc) galactic magnetic fields. In this Chapter, we highlight the importance of understanding the small-scale galactic magnetic fields in furthering our understanding of star formation, galaxy evolution, and the fundamental physics of magnetohydrodynamics. Furthermore, we discuss some open questions in the research field and outline several possible large observation programmes with the SKA Array Assembly 4 (AA4).
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All authors Yik Ki Ma, Amit Seta, Aritra Basu, Sebastian Hutschenreuter, Marco Padovani, Georgia V. Panopoulou, Jeroen M. Stil, Craig S. Anderson, Lucia Armillotta, Jennifer Y. H. Chan, Marijke Haverkorn, Roland M. Crocker, Timea O. Kovacs, Sunil Malik, S. A. Mao, Kierra J. Weatherhead

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics

Machine learning is revolutionizing weather forecasting – the next step is a change in how we work

Peter Dueben, Peter Bauer, Oliver Fuhrer et al. (+2 more)

Following the success of machine learning in producing weather predictions with competitive skill compared to complex traditional systems, this article shifts attention from forecast output to the working practices that make prediction systems possible. We argue that machine learning and recent digital technologies will reshape the forecasting value chain: how models are coded and developed, how observations and Earth-system data are exploited, how data and computing are managed, how systems are verified, and how information is created, evaluated and turned into services. We discuss six non-exhaustive areas in which agentic software engineering, open and compressed data, shared verification workflows, interactive computing and generative methods may make modelling, evaluation and service creation faster, more interactive and more widely accessible. These changes will require weather and climate centres to adapt their infrastructures, data stewardship, trust and quality-assurance frameworks, skills and service delivery while maintaining scientific understanding, operational reliability, human expertise and their public-service role.
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All authors Peter Dueben, Peter Bauer, Oliver Fuhrer, Nikolay Koldunov, Jørn Kristiansen

Fluid Dynamics

Solver Exactness, Learned Flexibility: Equivariant Boundary-Correction Operators for Stokes Flow

Denis Gueyffier

Computing the viscous Stokes flow around a shape requires solving a boundary-integral equation, and for a new shape the solve must begin from scratch. Learned operators promise to spread this cost across shapes, but it is not clear what such an operator retains of the solver it replaces, or what determines whether it transfers to shapes it was not trained on. We make both questions answerable by choosing a problem which is exactly solvable except for a single term: a second-kind boundary-integral problem is solved exactly using a kernel-independent fast summation, while the boundary correction, which has no closed form, is learned. The solver's guarantees carry over unchanged: exactness on the closed-form part, $O(N)$ scaling, $SO(3)$-equivariance to machine precision, and an $O(N)$ differentiable adjoint. We then make precise what the learning contributes. It does not contribute to accuracy, differentiability, or scaling $O(N)$, all of which are provided by the solver. Learning contributes a one-time cost in that the forward map is trained once and then evaluated on a new shape in a single pass rather than resolved. Measured against baselines, the learned map is $5$ to $16\times$ more data-efficient than a black-box DeepONet and maintains a $\sim\!2.5\times$ lower in-distribution error than a geometry-aware operator, although that operator is stronger in the low-data limit and the learned map is less reliable out of distribution. We trace this fragility to the global parameterization and reduce it with a local equivariant kernel. The exactly-solvable setting yields clarity about the mechanism: geometric generalization is governed by invariance and coverage, not by conditioning or by capacity.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Diffeomorphism-Invariant Quantities in Phase Space: More than Correlations

Álvaro Mozota Frauca

A popular view in the foundations of diffeomorphism-invariant theories is that their physical content is encoded in correlations or `observables': a set of phase space functions that have vanishing Poisson brackets with the constraints related to diffeomorphisms. In this article I study the phase space structure of models with a temporal diffeomorphism invariance and prove a series of formal results that challenge this view in a few ways. First, I show how this view is not applicable to all the phase space trajectories of every diffeomorphism-invariant theory. Second, I show how correlations can be proved to be invariant only in a way that generalizes the standard definition of invariance and in a way that does not provide smooth phase space functions. Third, I prove that spatiotemporal relations are also invariant. Fourth, I prove that spatiotemporal structures are indispensable for defining the invariant content of diffeomorphism-invariant models. Finally, I comment that these results are expected to be generalizable for models invariant under $d$-dimensional diffeomorphisms, which represents a challenge for some views in the foundations of general relativity and quantum gravity.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Layer-tunable Hubbard bands probed via moiré excitons in MoSe$_2$/WS$_2$ heterostructures

Hongyu Yao, Qiao Li, Chih-En Hsu et al. (+5 more)

Moiré superlattices in transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures provide a highly tunable platform for engineering strongly interacting states at the nanoscale. However, quantitatively determining and in-situ tuning of the underlying Hubbard parameters remains experimentally challenging. Here, we report electric-field-driven reordering of layer-specific Hubbard bands by performing optical spectroscopy on a dual-gated, 60{\deg}-aligned MoSe$_2$/WS$_2$ heterobilayer. Using two spatially distinct moiré excitons as local optical probes and tracking them as a function of carrier filling and vertical electric field, we quantitatively extract the layer-dependent on-site Coulomb repulsions, U$_M$~60 meV in MoSe$_2$ and U$_W$~30 meV in WS$_2$. Furthermore, we stabilize generalized Wigner crystal and stripe phases by electrostatically tuning the system to a type-II band alignment, shifting the ground state into the WS$_2$ layer where reduced on-site repulsion allows inter-site Coulomb interactions to dominate. Our results establish vertical electric fields as a deterministic tuning knob for layer-selective Hubbard physics, enabling device-level control of complex many-body phases.
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All authors Hongyu Yao, Qiao Li, Chih-En Hsu, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Hung-Chung Hsueh, Zhenglu Li, Andrew Y. Joe

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

A Look at Eight Outbursts of Comet 7P/Pons-Winnecke

Ky Huynh, Michael S. P. Kelley, Jessica M. Sunshine et al. (+6 more)

Cometary outbursts may be used as a means to infer the physical processes occurring on cometary nuclei. To that end, we studied eight outbursts of comet 7P/Pons-Winnecke identified between 2021 June 3 and 2021 August 31. The data analyzed consisted of optical images and derived photometry of the comet from the Las Cumbres Observatory network of telescopes. The outburst strengths relative to the ambient coma ranged from -0.2 to -1.1 mag, and the ejecta themselves had apparent brightnesses ranging from 17.4 to 13.3 mag. The morphologies of the ejecta varied, suggesting that the events may have originated from different sources across the nucleus. An order of magnitude estimation of the ejecta masses ranged from 10$^{5}$ - 10$^{6}$ kg, similar to other mini-outbursts of comets. The surface-area normalized outburst rate estimated during this time period is similar to comets 41P/Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresák, 9P/Tempel 1 and 46P/Wirtanen, but 10 times larger than that observed at comet 49P/Arend-Rigaux. However, a comparison to the mini-outburst rate of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko reveals significant discrepancies between Rosetta spacecraft results and those from ground-based telescopes. We also investigate whether or not cometary outbursts from 7P in the 19th century are needed to explain outbursts in meteor shower rates observed in the 20th century.
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All authors Ky Huynh, Michael S. P. Kelley, Jessica M. Sunshine, Quanzhi Ye, Tim Lister, Dennis Bodewits, Adam McKay, Megan E. Schwamb, Helen Usher

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

A Potential Signature of HD 7977's Passage Among Observed Long-Period Comet Orbits

Nathan A. Kaib and Sean N. Raymond

It is generally presumed that the tidal field of the Milky Way's disk is the main perturbation that has driven observed long-period comets (LPCs) from the Oort cloud into the inner solar system. The tide's influence on the Oort cloud should produce a distinct anisotropy in the arguments of perihelion ($\omega$) of dynamically new LPCs with semimajor axes ($a$) over 10$^4$ au. Simulating LPC production dominated by the Galactic tide, we find that observed dynamically new LPCs are more isotropic than expected. Meanwhile, our simulation exhibits much better agreement between simulated and observed “returning” LPCs that have made a handful of passages through the inner solar system prior to discovery. The isotropy of new LPCs can be explained if the Oort cloud is much less centrally concentrated than the conventional Oort cloud formation model predicts. However, a second possibility also exists. Additional simulations we perform show that the observed $\omega$ distributions of new and returning LPCs can both be well-replicated if the star HD 7977 passed within $\sim$6000–10000 au of the Sun $\sim$2.5 Myrs ago. In such a scenario, our solar system is still undergoing the latter stages of a comet shower. These simulations imply the modern observed LPC flux is $\sim$twice as high as the longer-term (tide-dominated) rate. This also implies that estimates of the Oort cloud's population should be revised downward by a factor of $\sim$2. Our LPC analysis predicts the upcoming Gaia data release will favor an HD 7977 impact parameter of $\sim$6000–10000 au.
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Quantum Gases

Quantum Geometry in the Continuum: Solitons in Shallow Lattices

Koorosh Sadri and Mikael C. Rechtsman

The quantum geometry of electronic, photonic, and atomic lattice systems quantifies the distance in Hilbert space between Bloch states at neighboring lattice momenta. This quantity has profound implications for flat-band systems especially, characterizing surprising behavior such as superfluidity and superconductivity when the group velocity is zero and no transport would be expected for non-interacting particles. However, when the band is not flat, the effects of quantum geometry are often intertwined with and partly masked by the band dispersion. Here, we show that in weakly interacting bosonic systems in the critical dimension (i.e., two dimensions for Kerr nonlinearity), the deviation from critical behavior due to the presence of the lattice is governed by the quantum geometry, which is directly proportional to the fourth-order dispersion. Furthermore, we identify the family of continuous lattice potentials that saturates the bound on the quantum metric for a given effective mass tensor.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)

Supersymmetry at BLTP: Recent Progress in Two Directions

I.L. Buchbinder and E.A. Ivanov

Ten years ago, in a paper \cite{60}, a brief historical survey of the research activity in the Sector “Supersymmetry” at the Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics (BLTP) for more than 50 years of its existence has been given. Here, in commemoration of the 70th jubilee of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, we review some recent sound advancements in this area. Specifically, we consider the issues of constructing the superfield quantum effective actions in $6D, {\cal N}=(1,0)$ supersymmetry and off-shell unconstrained superfield formulations of ${\cal N}=2$ higher spins. In both cases, the harmonic superspace approach plays the decisive role.
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Quantum Physics

Nonlocal Quantum Phase Transitions

Alessandro Coppo, Aanal Jayesh Shah, Hadiseh Alaeian et al. (+3 more)

Phase transitions are paradigmatic examples of emergent phenomena, in which symmetries present at the microscopic level can be spontaneously broken in the thermodynamic limit. Two primary physical mechanisms can drive this symmetry breaking: thermal fluctuations in classical phase transitions and quantum fluctuations in quantum critical phenomena. Here, we introduce $nonlocal$ $quantum$ $fluctuations$ as a new fundamental mechanism to drive phase transitions. We show that entanglement shared between environmental modes can induce a correlated symmetry breaking in remote systems, independent of their spatial separation. Using the framework of driven-dissipative phase transitions, we theoretically investigate a system composed of two nonlinear quantum resonators placed at arbitrarily large spatial separations, each coupled to independent local Markovian baths. We consider the regime in which remote environmental modes are prepared in broadband entangled states. We show that near the critical point, where the susceptibility to weak perturbations diverges, quantum correlations in the environments govern the system critical behavior. While these correlations manifest locally only as effective thermal fluctuations, at the global level they give rise to an emergent nonlocal phase transition, marked by the spontaneous symmetry breaking of a collective mode shared by the two remote systems.
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All authors Alessandro Coppo, Aanal Jayesh Shah, Hadiseh Alaeian, Valentina Brosco, Roberto Di Candia, Simone Felicetti

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Deep Imaging of Grus II and Horologium II: Structure and Extent of Two Ultra-Faint Milky Way Satellites

Deepthi S. Prabhu, David J. Sand, Anirudh Chiti et al. (+29 more)

We present deep, wide-field Magellan/Megacam imaging of the ultra-faint Milky Way (MW) satellites Grus II (Gru II) and Horologium II (Hor II), with the aim of deriving improved constraints on their distances, luminosities, and structural parameters, while also searching for possible signs of tidal disturbance. Our photometry reaches approximately 3 magnitudes deeper than the discovery data, enabling robust measurements of these quantities. Both systems exhibit color-magnitude diagrams consistent with old ($\sim$12.5 Gyr), very metal-poor stellar populations. We find Gru II to be at a distance of $52.3 \pm 1.9$ kpc, with a half-light radius of $6.8 \pm 0.5$ arcmin (103 $\pm$ 9 pc), ellipticity $\epsilon = 0.25 \pm 0.07$, and absolute magnitude $M_V = -4.07 \pm 0.50$ mag. Hor II is further away at a distance of $72.4^{+5.9}_{-5.5}$ kpc and more compact, with $r_h = 2.1 \pm 0.2$ arcmin (44$^{+6}_{-5}$ pc), $\epsilon = 0.32^{+0.20}_{-0.16}$, and $M_V = -2.10 \pm 0.44$ mag. Both galaxies lie within the typical size-luminosity locus of MW ultra-faint dwarfs. Gru II shows an asymmetric morphology including multi-directional clumpy features, some of which may be suggestive of tidal disturbance. We further identify and spectroscopically confirm a new distant member just outside $3r_h$ in Gru II, providing independent evidence for member stars at large projected radii. In contrast, Hor II appears regular, with no significant extended structure detected to the surface-brightness limits of our data.
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All authors Deepthi S. Prabhu, David J. Sand, Anirudh Chiti, Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil, Sasha N. Campana, J. L. Carlin, A. P. Ji, Jaclyn Jensen, C. E. Martínez-Vázquez, Dennis Zaritsky, A. B. Pace, A. H. Riley, D. Crnojević, G. Limberg, Laura Congreve Hunter, Kristine Spekkens, Michael G. Jones, Amandine Doliva-Dolinsky, Paul Bennet, V. M. Placco, Quinn O. Casey, Guinevere Herron, W. Cerny, Nitya Kallivayalil, Y. Choi, Guy S. Stringfellow, D. L. Nidever, J. A. Carballo-Bello, M. Navabi, P. Massana, G. E. Medina, N. E. D. Noël

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Extreme PeV accelerator associated with GRS 1915+105

Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y.X. Bai et al. (+326 more)

Microquasars, binary systems featuring relativistic jets, have emerged as sources for particle acceleration beyond PeV energies. We present a study of the broadband $\gamma$-ray emission from one of the most prominent Galactic microquasars GRS 1915+105 based on data accumulated by LHAASO and Fermi-LAT over 4 and 17 years, respectively. A joint analysis of LHAASO-WCDA and LHAASO-KM2A data reveals extended $\gamma$-ray emission whose centroid appears significantly shifted, by ~ 0.13{\deg}, from the binary system and its jets. The spectral energy distribution is well described by a curved spectrum with progressive steepening that can be described by a log-parabola function with no evidence for a sharp cutoff, consistent with parent particles reaching multi-PeV energies and an extreme acceleration efficiency approaching the limit set by the available potential drop across the source. Several features, most notably the shift of the emission and single-power-law spectrum down to GeV band, favor radiation by cosmic rays accelerated in the source interacting with the dense ambient medium. Our spectral modeling implies that at least a few percent of the jet mechanical power is transferred to protons, whose maximum energy reaches beyond 5 PeV. These results strengthen the case for microquasars as exceptionally efficient accelerators in our Galaxy.
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All authors Zhen Cao, F. Aharonian, Y.X. Bai, Y.W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X.J. Bi, Y.J. Bi, W. Bian, J. Blunier, A.V. Bukevich, C.M. Cai, Y.Y. Cai, W.Y. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J.F. Chang, E.S. Chen, G.H. Chen, H.K. Chen, L.F. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M.J. Chen, M.L. Chen, Q.H. Chen, S. Chen, S.H. Chen, S.Z. Chen, T.L. Chen, X.B. Chen, X.J. Chen, X.P. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Q.Y. Cheng, Y.D. Cheng, M.Y. Cui, S.W. Cui, X.H. Cui, Y.D. Cui, B.Z. Dai, H.L. Dai, Z.G. Dai, Danzengluobu, Y.X. Diao, A.J. Dong, X.Q. Dong, K.K. Duan, J.H. Fan, Y.Z. Fan, J. Fang, J.H. Fang, K. Fang, C.F. Feng, H. Feng, L. Feng, S.H. Feng, X.T. Feng, Y. Feng, Y.L. Feng, S. Gabici, B. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, W.K. Gao, M.M. Ge, T.T. Ge, L.S. Geng, G. Giacinti, G.H. Gong, Q.B. Gou, M.H. Gu, F.L. Guo, J. Guo, K.J. Guo, X.L. Guo, Y.Q. Guo, Y.Y. Guo, R.P. Han, O.A. Hannuksela, M. Hasan, H.H. He, H.N. He, J.Y. He, X.Y. He, Y. He, S. Hernández-Cadena, B.W. Hou, C. Hou, X. Hou, H.B. Hu, S.C. Hu, C. Huang, D.H. Huang, J.J. Huang, X.L. Huang, X.T. Huang, X.Y. Huang, Y. Huang, Y.Y. Huang, A. Inventar, X.L. Ji, H.Y. Jia, K. Jia, H.B. Jiang, K. Jiang, X.W. Jiang, Z.J. Jiang, M. Jin, S. Kaci, M.M. Kang, I. Karpikov, D. Khangulyan, D. Kuleshov, K. Kurinov, Cheng Li, Cong Li, D. Li, F. Li, H.B. Li, H.C. Li, Jian Li, Jie Li, K. Li, L. Li, R.L. Li, S.D. Li, T.Y. Li, W.L. Li, X.R. Li, Xin Li, Y. Li, Zhe Li, Zhuo Li, E.W. Liang, Y.F. Liang, S.J. Lin, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, D.B. Liu, H. Liu, J. Liu, J.L. Liu, J.R. Liu, M.Y. Liu, R.Y. Liu, S.M. Liu, W. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Y.N. Liu, Y.Q. Lou, Q. Luo, Y. Luo, H.K. Lv, B.Q. Ma, L.L. Ma, X.H. Ma, I.O. Maliy, J.R. Mao, Z. Min, W. Mitthumsiri, Y. Mizuno, G.B. Mou, A. Neronov, K.C.Y. Ng, M.Y. Ni, L. Nie, L.J. Ou, Z.W. Ou, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z.Y. Pei, D.Y. Peng, J.C. Qi, M.Y. Qi, J.J. Qin, D. Qu, A. Raza, C.Y. Ren, D. Ruffolo, A. Sáiz, D. Savchenko, D. Semikoz, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, Y.Z. Shen, X.D. Sheng, Z.D. Shi, F.W. Shu, H.C. Song, Yu.V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Y. Su, D.X. Sun, H. Sun, J.X. Sun, Q.N. Sun, X.N. Sun, Z.B. Sun, N.H. Tabasam, J. Takata, P.H.T. Tam, H.B. Tan, Q.W. Tang, R. Tang, Z.B. Tang, W.W. Tian, C.N. Tong, L.H. Wan, C. Wang, D.H. Wang, G.W. Wang, H.G. Wang, J.C. Wang, K. Wang, Kai Wang, Kai Wang, L.P. Wang, L.Y. Wang, L.Y. Wang, R. Wang, W. Wang, X.G. Wang, X.J. Wang, X.Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.D. Wang, Z.H. Wang, Z.X. Wang, Zheng Wang, D.M. Wei, J.J. Wei, Y.J. Wei, T. Wen, S.S. Weng, C.Y. Wu, H.R. Wu, Q.W. Wu, S. Wu, X.F. Wu, Y.S. Wu, S.Q. Xi, J. Xia, J.J. Xia, G.M. Xiang, D.X. Xiao, G. Xiao, Y.F. Xiao, Y.L. Xin, H.D. Xing, Y. Xing, D.R. Xiong, B.N. Xu, C.Y. Xu, D.L. Xu, R.F. Xu, R.X. Xu, S.S. Xu, W.L. Xu, L. Xue, D.H. Yan, T. Yan, C.W. Yang, C.Y. Yang, F.F. Yang, L.L. Yang, M.J. Yang, R.Z. Yang, W.X. Yang, Z.H. Yang, Z.G. Yao, X.A. Ye, L.Q. Yin, N. Yin, X.H. You, Z.Y. You, Q. Yuan, H. Yue, H.D. Zeng, T.X. Zeng, W. Zeng, X.T. Zeng, M. Zha, B.B. Zhang, B.T. Zhang, C. Zhang, H. Zhang, H.M. Zhang, H.Y. Zhang, J.L. Zhang, J.Y. Zhang, Li Zhang, P.F. Zhang, R. Zhang, S.R. Zhang, S.S. Zhang, S.Y. Zhang, W. Zhang, W.Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.P. Zhang, Yi Zhang, Yong Zhang, Z.P. Zhang, J. Zhao, L. Zhao, L.Z. Zhao, S.P. Zhao, X.H. Zhao, Z.H. Zhao, F. Zheng, T.C. Zheng, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, J.N. Zhou, M. Zhou, P. Zhou, R. Zhou, X.X. Zhou, X.X. Zhou, B.Y. Zhu, C.G. Zhu, F.R. Zhu, H. Zhu, K.J. Zhu, Y.C. Zou, X. Zuo

Quantum Physics

A Contactless Heat Engine Driven by Nonreciprocal Fluctuation-Induced Torques

Dhruv Shah, Kiryl Asheichyk, David Gelbwaser-Klimovsky et al. (+3 more)

We describe a contactless heat engine in which quantum and thermal electromagnetic fluctuations act as the working medium. The setup consists of two concentric cylinders held at different temperatures. The inner cylinder stably levitates within the outer one due to repulsive nonequilibrium Casimir forces. The chirality of the setup is broken by using nonreciprocal dielectric materials, akin to application of a magnetic field along the common cylinder axis. Using Rytov fluctuational electrodynamics, we show that heat transfer and torque can be expressed in terms of an angular-momentum-resolved heat flux density, $\Phi_n(\omega)$: each exchanged photon carries energy $\hbar \omega$ and angular momentum $\hbar n$. In reciprocal media contributions from modes $n$ and $-n$ cancel and there is no net torque; nonreciprocity breaks this symmetry and powers rotation of the inner cylinder. Even in the absence of contact, electromagnetic fluctuations produce a frictional torque opposing rotation that we compute. This enables computation of characteristic steady state rotations, and estimation of the engine efficiency (which remains bounded by the Carnot limit). The cylindrical setup provides a natural realization of fluctuation-induced angular-momentum transfer and a possible route toward nanoscale contactless engines.
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All authors Dhruv Shah, Kiryl Asheichyk, David Gelbwaser-Klimovsky, Noah Graham, Mehran Kardar, Matthias Krüger

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Shape model and dynamical state of the asteroid (300) Geraldina: Implications for its possible ancient origin

G. Apostolovska, N.Todorovic, E. Vchkova Bebekovska et al. (+3 more)

In this study, we present a comprehensive photometric and physical characterisation of the main-belt asteroid (300) Geraldina. Our analysis includes determining its sidereal rotational period, shape modelling, spin-axis orientation, as well as dynamical and spectral properties. The investigation is based on two decades of archival photometry from the Bulgarian National Astronomical Observatory (BNAO) Rozhen, complemented by dense CCD lightcurve observations obtained since 2017 at the Astronomical Station Vidojevica (ASV), dense data from ALCDEF, and augmented with sparse-in-time measurements from Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3). By combining these heterogeneous datasets within and using the lightcurve inversion method, we confirmed the asteroid's prograde sense of rotation and obtained two symmetrically mirrored pole solutions for the asteroid model. Our dynamical studies show that (300) Geraldina remains stable in 100 Myr. Although close to the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter, it is not captured into it during the observed time. Instead, it exhibits interactions with an unidentified high-order mean-motion resonance, which appears to contribute to its long-term stability. Its spectral type (C) with a primitive carbonaceous composition, in combination with low albedo and long-term stability, is consistent with the assumption that (300) Geraldina is an ancient asteroid.
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All authors G. Apostolovska, N.Todorovic, E. Vchkova Bebekovska, G. Borisov, A. Kostov, Z. Donchev

Astrophysics of Galaxies

The Nearest Galactic Nucleus: Studying the Galactic Centre with SKA-Mid

Rainer Schoedel, Antxon Alberdi, Izaskun Jiménez-Serra et al. (+24 more)

The Galactic Centre is the nearest nucleus of a galaxy and the most extreme environment that we can observe down to physical scales of a few hundred astronomical units. There is no other region in the Milky Way that can match its unique characteristics, such as its stellar density, turbulence and temperature of the interstellar medium, strong large scale magnetic field, concentration of stellar remnants, or mean star formation rate. The Galactic Centre is a unique target to understand the physics of galactic nuclei and study a large number of rare objects, such as extremely massive stars and stellar remnants, at a well-defined distance. The Galactic Centre has been and is being studied intensively with the most advanced facilities. In this chapter, we advocate for a large-area, multi-wavelength continuum survey with the Square Kilometre Array of an area of about 2.0deg x 0.4deg (~290pc x 60pc), centred on the massive black hole Sagittarius A* and for repeated deep observations of the nuclear star cluster over a decade, which will allow the community to address multiple science problems with single dataset.
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All authors Rainer Schoedel, Antxon Alberdi, Izaskun Jiménez-Serra, Michael Kramer, Farhad Yusef-Zadeh, Miguel Pérez-Torres, Mark R. Morris, Rob Fender, Jan Forbrich, Adriano Ingallinera, Miguel Cano-González, Jonathan D. Henshaw, Steven Longmore, Javier Moldón, Angela Gardini, Ian Heywood, Isabella Rammala, Fatemeh Tabatabaei, Farideh Mazoochi, Veena Vadamattom, Alessio Traficante, Michal Zajacek, Jaroslav Haas, Lourdes Verdes-Montenegro, Susana Sánchez-Expósito, Alvaro Martínez-Arranz, Francisco Nogueras-Lara

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Probing Scalar Non-Standard Neutrino Interactions using High-Energy Astrophysical Neutrinos

Ankur Verma, Carlos A. Argüelles, P. S. Bhupal Dev et al. (+2 more)

Scalar non-standard interaction (SNSI) of neutrinos contributes as modifications to the neutrino mass matrix in the oscillation Hamiltonian and can induce a small active-sterile mass splitting due to the matter effect induced by the relic neutrino background via a Majorana-type interaction. This framework leads to pseudo-Dirac behavior of neutrinos, introducing rich phenomenology in neutrino oscillations, particularly for high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. We show that these hyperfine active-sterile splittings imprint themselves in two complementary ways on high-energy astrophysical neutrino flux, namely, in modifying the flavor composition and energy distribution. In this work, we perform both flavor and spectral analyses of the high-energy astrophysical neutrino flux to probe SNSI. We confront the predicted flavor ratios with current IceCube measurements and with the projected reach of next-generation detectors such as IceCube-Gen2. For the spectral analysis, we use the diffuse-flux ESTES (tracks) and cascade data sets, together with point-source spectral shape analysis based on a recent catalog of neutrino-bright sources. The regions excluded by the combined flavor and spectral analyses are translated into limits on the underlying SNSI parameters, namely, Yukawa couplings and scalar mass, providing new sensitivities on the SNSI parameter space for ultra-light mediators.
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All authors Ankur Verma, Carlos A. Argüelles, P. S. Bhupal Dev, Bhaskar Dutta, Ivan Martinez-Soler

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Observational Frontiers in the post-EoR 21-cm Intensity Mapping: Lessons from the SKA Pathfinders

Khandakar Md Asif Elahi, Somnath Bharadwaj, Philip Bull et al. (+21 more)

The 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen has long been recognised as a promising tracer of the large-scale structure of the Universe. The line is weak however, making individual galaxy detections quite inefficient, especially at higher redshifts. The technique of 21-cm intensity mapping has been pioneered over the last two decades to address this limitation. Instead of detecting individual galaxies, the brightness temperature field from the combined 21-cm emission of many unresolved galaxies is mapped as a function of angle and frequency, resulting in 3D tracer maps of the large-scale structure. In this chapter, we review the major pioneering efforts to develop this observable into a competitive cosmological tool, paying particular attention to the status of pathfinder observations that have paved the way for a large and highly sensitive 21-cm intensity mapping survey with the SKA-Mid telescope.
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All authors Khandakar Md Asif Elahi, Somnath Bharadwaj, Philip Bull, Stefano Camera, Arnab Chakraborty, Tzu-Ching Chang, Xuelei Chen, Samir Choudhuri, Devin Crichton, Abhirup Datta, Simon Foreman, Wenkai Hu, Yichao Li, Kiyo Masui, Ainulnabilah Nasirudin, Samit Kumar Pal, Rashmi Sagar, Seth R. Siegel, Lister Staveley-Smith, Eric Switzer, Yougang Wang, Laura Wolz, Wenxiu Yang, Shifan Zuo

Quantum Physics

Majorana-Pauli stabilizer codes and duality webs of fermionic topological phases

Meng Sun, Zongyuan Wang, Nathanan Tantivasadakarn et al. (+1 more)

Stabilizer codes provide exact lattice realizations of bosonic topological orders. In contrast, systematic stabilizer descriptions of intrinsically fermionic topological phases remain much less developed. In this work, we introduce Majorana-Pauli stabilizer codes, a class of exactly solvable fermionic lattice models whose stabilizers are built from both generalized Pauli operators and Majorana operators. As a main example, we construct an exactly solvable stabilizer realization of the fermionic toric code: an intrinsically fermionic $\mathbb Z_2$ topological order in $(2{+}1)$ dimensions, using $\mathbb Z_8$ Pauli operators coupled to Majorana modes. Within this stabilizer framework, the anyons, string operators, fusion rules, and braiding statistics all follow naturally from the stabilizer algebra. More broadly, we show that the fermionic toric code belongs to a duality web generated by anyon condensation and by gauging or ungauging bosonic or fermionic symmetries. This web connects bosonic topological orders, symmetry-enriched topological (SET) phases, and both bosonic and fermionic symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases, all within a common stabilizer description. We extend this construction to all Abelian fermionic topological orders with gapped boundaries and to fermionic SPT phases whose fully gauged theories are Abelian. Going beyond Majorana operators, we introduce fermionic versions of the clock and shift operators and use them to construct an exact bosonization map for $\mathbb Z_D^F$ symmetries for $D$ even. Using this, we realize a stabilizer model for a nontrivial $\mathbb Z_8^F$ fermionic SPT phase with no free-fermion analog. Altogether, these results extend the stabilizer-code paradigm to a broad class of intrinsically fermionic phases bridging fermionic quantum many-body physics to quantum error correction.
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All authors Meng Sun, Zongyuan Wang, Nathanan Tantivasadakarn, Yu-An Chen

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Characterizing the Formation and Evolution of S0-galaxies (CaFES-0): Revealing the origin of the mass-size relation for S0 galaxies

Diego Pallero, Yara L. Jaffe, Amelia Fraser-McKelvie et al. (+6 more)

We investigate the structural evolution and formation pathways of lenticular (S0) galaxies using the Hydrangea suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. Simulated galaxies reproduce the observed mass-size relation from the SAMI and MaNGA surveys, enabling a direct comparison between morphology, angular momentum, and size growth. We show that the S0 population occupies a characteristic V-shaped locus in the mass-size plane, which arises from the superposition of two physically distinct channels. Low-mass S0s are predominantly faded-formed S0s, quenched after infall into their present-day host halo and retaining the disk sizes of their star-forming progenitors. In contrast, high-mass S0s formed through mergers exhibit structural properties and size evolution similar to ellipticals, and typically quench before infall, consistent with pre-processing in group environments. By tracing their histories back to $z=1$, we find that faded-formed S0s experience minimal structural evolution after quenching, whereas merger-formed S0s grow significantly in size through dissipationless interactions. These divergent evolutionary pathways explain both the slope break and the overall scatter of the S0 mass-size relation, demonstrating that lenticular galaxies arise from multiple formation mechanisms that leave distinct structural imprints.
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All authors Diego Pallero, Yara L. Jaffe, Amelia Fraser-McKelvie, Lodovico Coccato, Facundo A. Gomez, Evelyn J. Johnston, Ciria Lima-Dias, Maria Emilia De Rossi, Gissel P. Montaguth

Optics

Generation of continuous-wave laser light at 148.4 nm using cavity-enhanced second harmonic generation in $BaMgF_4$

Keerthan Subramanian, Hiroki Tanaka, Simon J. Herr et al. (+22 more)

The development of a nuclear optical clock based on \textsuperscript{229}Th is expected to influence the next generation of time and frequency standards. At its heart is the need for a continuous wave (CW) at laser at 148.4~nm to drive the clock transition between the ground and excited isomeric state. In this work we experimentally investigate the potential of BaMgF\textsubscript{4} crystals to create a CW solid state laser at the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) wavelength of 148.4~nm via cavity-enhanced second harmonic generation. For this purpose, a BaMgF\textsubscript{4} crystal was grown, optically polished and periodically poled. The crystal was inserted into a power-enhancement cavity, resonant at the fundamental wavelength of 296.8~nm and the generated laser light at 148.4~nm was characterized. Within this proof-of-concept investigation, a VUV output power of typically ($16\pm1$)~pW is obtained. This marks the first time that this type of crystal is used to generate VUV laser light. The experimental findings are compared to theoretical expectations and provide a clear path for future improvements, which could have implications not only for compact laser sources in the VUV but also solid-state as well as single-ion based \textsuperscript{229}Th nuclear clocks.
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All authors Keerthan Subramanian, Hiroki Tanaka, Simon J. Herr, Nutan Kumari Sah, Gaurav Jha, Florian Zacherl, Srinivasa Arasada Pradeep, Valerii Andriushkov, Ke Zhang, Darius Fenner, Yumiao Wang, Milena Hugenschmidt, Frank Kühnemann, Gaetano G. M. Bonetti, Shoichi Ui, Matthias Bickermann, Chenxi Ma, Xian Zheng, Michael Zopf, Bettina Lommel, Jan C. Müller, Stephan Hannig, Dmitry Budker, Ferdinand Schmidt-Kaler, Lars von der Wense

Instrumentation and Detectors

Machine Learning Approaches for Improved Scalability of Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters

Marc Oliver Herdrich, Toni Mattis, Günter Weber et al. (+3 more)

Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters (MMCs) are a promising new tool for high precision X-ray spectroscopy. However, the complexity of the detector response and the need for scalable processing pipelines pose significant challenges for their widespread adoption. In this work, we explore the application of Machine Learning (ML) methods to address these challenges and enhance the performance of MMCs. We demonstrate how ML can be used for pulse classification and artifact rejection, as well as for pulse shape analysis and feature extraction. By leveraging unsupervised learning techniques for label auto-discovery and supervised learning for classification and regression tasks, we show that ML can provide robust and scalable solutions for MMC signal processing. Our results indicate that ML-based approaches can achieve comparable performance to traditional methods while offering greater adaptability and efficiency, paving the way for the next generation of high-precision X-ray spectroscopy with MMCs.
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All authors Marc Oliver Herdrich, Toni Mattis, Günter Weber, Daniel Aaron Schnauß-Müller, Johanna Hanke Walch, Thomas Stöhlker

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Evolution of AGN Across Cosmic Epochs with the SKAO

R. Kondapally, V. Singh, G. Mazzolari et al. (+10 more)

Understanding the evolution of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and their host galaxies across cosmic epochs is one of the key science drivers of extragalactic astronomy. The detection of AGN residing in dusty environments and at high redshifts is difficult due to obscuration and faintness which poses a challenge in understanding AGN evolution across cosmic time. Deep radio continuum surveys (rms noise $<$ 1 $\mu$Jy~beam$^{-1}$) from the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) will be an efficient means to detect and study a broad population of AGN across cosmic history. In this chapter, we present radio luminosity functions, source counts, and detection rates of AGN based on the SKAO simulated radio source catalogues. We demonstrate that the SKA-Mid multi-tiered surveys, in particular, reaching sub-$\mu$Jy depths, will allow us to characterise the bulk of the radio-AGN complete down to $L_{\rm{1.4\,GHz}} \sim 10^{23}\,\rm{W\,Hz^{-1}}$ and enable us to probe the evolution of radio-AGN across a wide range of luminosities and all galaxy environments up to $z \sim 6$. Overall, our work highlights the importance of deep multi-tiered SKAO radio continuum surveys for studying the evolution of radio-AGN activity across cosmic time.
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All authors R. Kondapally, V. Singh, G. Mazzolari, I. Delvecchio, A. Datta, A. Kayal, B. Mingo, J. Moldon, J. Petley, I. Prandoni, K. Rubinur, S. Shabala, F. Shankar

Superconductivity

Exactly solvable pair-density wave in topological flat bands from magnetic translation symmetries

Zhengzhi Wu, Zhou-Quan Wan and Steven H. Simon

Pair-density wave (PDW) superconductors are exotic phases in which Cooper pairs carry finite center-of-mass momentum. Despite a variety of theoretical and experimental reports on PDW states, exact PDW ground states in topological bands have remained elusive. Here we construct exactly solvable models with PDW ground states in topological flat bands using a generalized version of the recently proposed quantum geometric nesting (QGN) framework. Our construction broadly applies to systems with non-commuting magnetic translation symmetries (MTS) and time-reversal symmetry, exemplified by the time-reversal invariant version of the Kapit-Mueller model with two ideal flat Chern bands with opposite Chern number. Our construction thus provides a platform for further studies of band topology and quantum geometry in PDW superconductors.
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Quantum Physics

Arbitrarily Loss-Tolerant Quantum Position Verification in a Single Execution

Llorenç Escolà-Farràs, Boris Škorić and Florian Speelman

Quantum position verification (QPV) aims to certify the location of an untrusted prover, but faces two major obstacles: fundamentally, entanglement-based attacks and, experimentally, photon loss. A commitment-based modification introduced in Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 260801 addresses both in sequentially repeated protocols. Its security analysis, however, relies on the sequential structure and does not extend to parallel repetition. We use a different proof approach to establish security of the commitment modification for a parallel BB84-based QPV protocol. Against bounded-entanglement adversaries, the acceptance probability decays exponentially in the minimum number $k$ of successfully committed qubits. The protocol tolerates arbitrary transmission loss and noise rates up to 3.7%, while allowing arbitrarily slow quantum communication. This yields a fully loss-tolerant, single-execution QPV protocol secure against bounded-entanglement attacks, removing transmission loss as a fundamental limitation on verification distance. We also revisit sequential repetition, correcting the treatment of conditioning on commitment and replacing the earlier conditional guarantee with an unconditional security bound, without the finite-size correction to the correctness gap. The resulting bound provides improved quantitative security parameters for experimental implementations.
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