Papers

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Physics

Thursday 18 June

Materials Science

Enhanced electronic correlations and altermagnetic ground state of two-dimensional CsCr3Sb5 monolayers

Z. H. Guan, Z. L. Peng, W. Z. Zhuo et al. (+8 more)

Recently, layered corrected kagome metal CsCr3Sb5 have garnered significant attention attributed to its flat bands near the Fermi level (EF) and altermagnetic ground state [ Yi Liu et al., Nature 632, 1032 (2024)]. However, the van Hove singularities (vHSs) in bulk CsCr3Sb5 are far away from the EF, while an effective modulation of VHS toward the EF is essential for exploring intriguing electron transport properties. In this work, using first-principles calculations, we investigate electronic structures of two-dimensional (2D) Cr3Sb5 and CsCr3Sb5 monolayers which may be mechanically exfoliated from bulk materials. Notably, it is revealed that both flat bands and vHSs simultaneously reside in close proximity to the EF in Cr3Sb5 monolayer, signifying enhanced electronic correlations. Importantly, a tensile strain further shifts the incipient flat bands and vHSs of two monolayers simultaneously to the vicinity of the EF, suggesting strain tunable electronic correlations and concomitant quantum effects. Furthermore, altermagnetic ground state is also revealed due to retained mirror symmetry between two sublattices in these two monolayers. Thus, this work advances understanding and modulations of electronic properties of 2D CsCr3Sb5 monolayers, strengthening their great potential for exploring unconventional quantum phenomena and altermagnetism.

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All authors Z. H. Guan, Z. L. Peng, W. Z. Zhuo, G. Tian, Z. P. Hou, D. Y. Chen, Z. Fan, X. B. Lu, X. S. Gao, M. H. Qin, J. M. Liu

High Energy Physics (Theory)

Quantum models with the Yang-Lee phase transition

Erick Arguello Cruz and Grigory Tarnopolsky

In this article, we present four different $1+1$D quantum models that realize the Yang-Lee (YL) phase transition under a deformation that preserves $PT$ symmetry. These are the antiferromagnetic Ising spin chain in transverse and longitudinal magnetic fields, the massive Schwinger model, the Blume-Capel model, and the three-state quantum clock model. Using the state-operator correspondence, we identify the YL critical point, compute the scaling dimensions of the lowest operators in each model, and find perfect agreement with the exact results for the YL criticality in two dimensions. Using bosonization for the Schwinger model and the Polyakov-Hubbard transformation for the other models, we show that in all of these quantum models the YL critical point is described, as expected, by a massless bosonic field with an $i \phi^3$ interaction. In the quantum clock model, this critical field interacts with a massive bosonic field, and we identify the massless and massive states in the Hamiltonian spectrum. In addition, we numerically compute the two-point function of $\phi$ at the Yang-Lee critical point and show that it grows with distance, in agreement with theoretical expectations.

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Fluid Dynamics

Forcing-informed resolvent analysis: Identification of input-output relations in self-sustained flows

Yuta Iwatani, Kunihiko Taira and Soshi Kawai

We present a forcing-informed (FI) resolvent analysis framework to identify input-output relations for statistically stationary self-sustained unsteady flows. The central idea of this method is to inform the resolvent operator about the spatiotemporal structures of the nonlinear terms that act as exogenous forcing with respect to the mean flow. To construct the FI resolvent operator, we estimate the basis vectors for the input subspace spanned by forcing snapshots and, similarly, for the output subspace, from simulation data. The extracted FI response and forcing modes are expressed through the estimated bases of the output and input subspaces, respectively, and the singular values of the FI resolvent operator correspond to the actual output amplitudes. These properties ensure that the extracted modes are consistent with the actual self-sustained flow fields. Additionally, the forcing snapshots can be used to construct the linear operator, enabling a fully data-driven FI resolvent analysis. The proposed framework is validated using the Stuart-Landau oscillator and demonstrated for a two-dimensional cylinder wake and a three-dimensional transitional boundary layer. We successfully identify the gains and the corresponding pairs of forcing and response modes, even at frequencies where the nonlinear amplification mechanism is crucial. Furthermore, leveraging the balance between the time-averaged energy amplification/attenuation by the linear operator and nonlinear forcing, we introduce a nonlinear energy transfer map that identifies the spatial domains where the extracted forcing mode injects or removes fluctuation energy, thereby providing key physical insight into the self-sustaining mechanisms.

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Quantum Physics

Topological Quantum Interferometry

Tianyou Ying, Yufeng Zhou, Chengwei Pan et al. (+5 more)

Structured light provides high-dimensional Hilbert spaces holding tremendous potential for fundamental quantum optics and quantum technologies. However, existing characterization methods, like Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference, typically assume perfectly tuned conditions, overlooking the geometric physics governing spatial mode evolution. Here, we establish topological quantum interferometry driven by an interaction-based geometric phase, the exchange Berry phase (BPX). Our formalism generalizes $q$-plate state generation and characterization to arbitrary topological charges and (de)tuning conditions, demonstrating that BPX acts as a geometric marker governing spatial interference. We show BPX serves as a deterministic control parameter, decomposing two-photon spatial patterns into geometry-dictated fundamental modes. This mapping reveals topological invariants and phase singularities that function as a non-tomographic witness for state dimensionality estimation, circumventing full-state reconstruction. Being device-independent and highly scalable, this approach enables scalable high-dimensional characterization and topologically protected state selection, with direct applicability to quantum metrology and high-capacity quantum networks.

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All authors Tianyou Ying, Yufeng Zhou, Chengwei Pan, Ryan Hogan, Ruoyang Zhang, Hui Liu, Shining Zhu, Xiaoqin Gao

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Charged Lepton Flavor Violation at Neutrino Telescopes

Writasree Maitra, Carlos A. Argüelles, P. S. Bhupal Dev et al. (+2 more)

Any observation of charged lepton flavor violation (CLFV) would be a clear signal of beyond-the-Standard-Model physics. Here, we propose a novel CLFV search using neutrino telescopes with their large cosmic-ray muon samples. Specifically, we use a recent IceCube cosmic-ray muon dataset and propose a new search for muon-to-tau conversion inside the IceCube detector. We illustrate our idea with CLFV interactions described by model-independent Effective Field Theory (EFT) operators and present the IceCube sensitivity on the relevant EFT scale. We also consider a specific realization of the EFT operator in terms of an axial-vector $Z'$ interaction and show sensitivities in the $Z'$ mass-coupling plane. We compare our sensitivities with those from low-energy CLFV searches, as well as from current and future collider experiments. We also show projections from next-generation neutrino telescopes, such as IceCube-Gen2 and HUNT, and demonstrate how neutrino telescopes can provide a powerful complementary probe of CLFV.

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All authors Writasree Maitra, Carlos A. Argüelles, P. S. Bhupal Dev, Ivan Martinez-Soler, Manibrata Sen

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

The stability of voids in the Local Universe: The role of the cosmological constant

V.G.Gurzadyan, N.N.Fimin and V.M.Chechetkin

The Vlasov kinetic formalism is employed to study the evolution and stability of cosmic voids in the Local Universe, taking into account not only the gravitational attraction, but also the repulsive effect of the cosmological constant (i.e., local dark energy). In accordance with the theorem on the general function of the identity between the gravitational fields of a sphere and a point mass, the cosmological constant provides a natural explanation for the Hubble tension, attributing it to local and global flows characterized by different Hubble parameters. The crucial role of the \Lambda-repulsion in maintaining the stability of voids at the present epoch is demonstrated when Landau damping suppresses discrete collapse modes and prevents random local density perturbations inside the voids from growing and incorporating new galaxies into the walls. Inside the voids, the \Lambda-repulsion exceeds the attractive force of the residual matter, driving matter outward and accelerating its migration toward the void boundaries. In the Local (late) Universe, cosmic voids have entered a stage characterized by stable and more pronounced walls, as studied via observational surveys across different redshift ranges.

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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Enhancing the Detection Sensitivity of Primordial Parity Violation using Galaxy Spins

Byoungjo Yu, Junsup Shim and Hyunmi Song

It has been recently demonstrated that the signature of primordial parity violation could be imprinted in halo spins, indicating its potential detectability through the late-time galaxy spin field (Shim et al. 2025). In this study, we develop an optimized halo selection strategy to enhance the detection significance of such a signal, focusing on halo mass and local density. Using N-body simulations with parity-asymmetric initial conditions, we show that the optimized halo sample allows for a higher detection sensitivity than the full halo sample, despite its reduced sample size. Finally, we assess the observational feasibility of our strategy and show that future spectroscopic surveys can provide sufficient data to realize this enhanced sensitivity.

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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

On the Contribution of Local Sources to the Galactic Cosmic-Ray Spectrum: An Exact Series Solution for Two-Zone Diffusion

Zi-Hang Liu, Yiwei Bao and Ruo-Yu Liu

Measurements of cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra below the knee show deviations from simple power laws, including multi-TeV structures. A possible explanation is that one or a few nearby sources contribute an additional component to the local spectrum. However, previous study shows that a dominant local contribution is statistically unlikely under a homogeneous diffusion model. In this work, we investigate how this probability changes if cosmic rays experience inefficient transport near their sources, motivated by observations of extended gamma-ray emission around Galactic accelerators. We derive a series Green's function that enables fast calculation of the particle distribution in this scenario, making Monte Carlo calculations for Galactic source populations feasible. The inner slow-diffusion region delays escape and redistributes the arriving particles in time and energy. In Monte Carlo realizations, the probability that the strongest local source becomes comparable to the background at $10\,\rm{TeV}$ increases from about $0.4\%$ in homogeneous diffusion to $1.7$–$2.2\%$ in the two-zone models. Thus inhibited near-source transport weakens, but does not remove, the statistical difficulty. We then examine cataloged nearby candidate supernova remnants and show that a $10\,\rm{TeV}$ feature can be reproduced only with additional assumptions, especially a harder local injection spectrum and a favorable diffusion coefficient. The predicted contribution of a given source changes strongly among different particle transport model. Therefore, the local source interpretations are plausible but highly model dependent, and require independent constraints on source injection history, particle transport mechanisms, and local interstellar turbulence.

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Astrophysics of Galaxies

PMO Polaris CO survey. II. Where is the dust?

Xunchuan Liu, Bing Gang Ju, Fujun Du et al. (+10 more)

Dust plays critical chemical and dynamical roles in the interstellar medium (ISM), but its specific association with molecular and atomic gas remains difficult to isolate. Combining the PMO Polaris CO Survey (PPCOS), EBHIS \ion{H}{I} data, and Planck dust maps, this study investigates dust distributions across multiple gas components in the Polaris Flare. We employ multi-technique linear decomposition – including full-spectrum fitting and a regularization approach – to reconstruct the dust distribution from multi-component gas emissions. This framework quantifies dust contributions from CO-associated, \ion{H}{I}-associated, and CO-dark molecular gas phases. CO-associated dust accounts for 20–40% of the total dust mass, whereas dust in the broad \ion{H}{I} (warm neutral medium, WNM) component is negligible. Instead, \ion{H}{I}-associated dust concentrates primarily within the narrow cold neutral medium (CNM) and a distinct, ultra-narrow component with a velocity width comparable to the \ion{H}{I} spectral resolution. Residual dust at atomic-to-molecular (\ion{H}{I}–CO) interfaces contributes 4–10% to the global dust mass, but exceeds 25% at molecular cloud boundaries, confirming a substantial presence of CO-dark molecular gas. Furthermore, the velocity fields of dust-associated \ion{H}{I} closely match those of CO, indicating active dynamical coupling between CO-emitting gas and the surrounding CNM. Guided by these results, we present a stepwise schematic cartoon illustrating the coupling between multi-phase gas structures, molecular formation, and dust growth.

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All authors Xunchuan Liu, Bing Gang Ju, Fujun Du, Paul F Goldsmith, Tianwei Zhang, Lixia Yuan, Lianghao Lin, Zhihong He, Chao Zhang, Ping Yan, Shengyu Jin, Yongxing Zhang, Dengrong Lu

Optics

Alignment-Controlled Optical Orbital Trapping of Single Airborne Aerosols for Dynamical Particle Sensing

Chun-Yen Wen, Yang-Yi Lee, Chung-Lin Chao et al. (+3 more)

Optical forces in focused-beam traps are generally nonconservative, yet the controlled use of this nonconservative component for airborne single-particle dynamics remains limited. We demonstrate a dual-beam optical trap in which a single aerosol can be switched between localized confinement and sustained orbital motion by tuning the relative positions of two counter-propagating foci. The axial separation controls the onset of nonconservative circulation, while the lateral offset tunes the projected orbit size and causes a monotonic change in the rotation frequency. T-matrix optical force calculations and Langevin simulations support this interpretation by showing that finite axial misalignment activates a circulating force component, whereas near-zero axial separation gives a confinement-dominated force field. Experiments confirm the predicted switching behavior through mean-square displacement and frequency measurements. We further show that the projected orbit geometry provides a particle-dependent observable, with the orbit anisotropy Ay/Ax varying systematically with aerosol diameter. The results provide a compact, low-power platform for controlled orbital dynamics of single airborne particles and for future aerosol measurements based on nonequilibrium trajectory observables.

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All authors Chun-Yen Wen, Yang-Yi Lee, Chung-Lin Chao, Ruei-Ying Jian, Wayne Cheng-Wei Huang, Tzu-Ling Chen*

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Following up the Kepler field with PLATO: Transit Timing Performance

Morgan A. Mitchell, James McCormac, Don Pollacco et al. (+11 more)

The European Space Agency is set to launch PLATO, the third medium-class mission of its Cosmic Vision programme, in early 2027. Using the transit method, PLATO is expected to detect thousands of exoplanets orbiting bright, nearby stars of spectral types F5-K7. Although the mission is primarily designed to enable mass measurements via radial velocities, its precise photometry and long observational baselines may also permit the detection of transit timing variations (TTVs), which can provide complementary dynamical constraints in multi-planet systems. One possible PLATO observing scenario involves a two-year-long observation of a Northern field that may partially or fully overlap with the original Kepler field, creating an opportunity to revisit known multi-planet systems with a photometric baseline exceeding 20 years. We simulate PLATO observations of 152 Kepler host stars containing at least one planet with previously detected TTVs, yielding a sample of 361 transiting planets. Our CCD-level simulations incorporate realistic stellar variability and employ both aperture and point spread function (PSF)-fitting photometry, accounting for each target's real photometric contaminants. While the extended temporal baseline offers the potential for improved dynamical constraints in favourable cases, our simulations show that this potential is strongest for carefully selected systems, as PLATO's smaller collecting area and larger pixel scale limit the achievable per-transit precision relative to Kepler. We identify a subset of systems most likely to benefit from complementary dynamical constraints through PLATO observations.

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All authors Morgan A. Mitchell, James McCormac, Don Pollacco, Emmanuel Grolleau, Nicholas Jannsen, Daniel R. Reese, Réza Samadi, Yoshi Nike Emilia Eschen, Ioannis Apergis, James A. Blake, David J. A. Brown, Lauren Doyle, Isobel S. Lockley, Lixian Shen

High Energy Physics (Theory)

Operational Tube-Sector Theory of Quantum State Distinguishability Under Generalized Symmetries

Song He

A variational principle for quantum-state distinguishability is established in many-body systems with generalized symmetries, including noninvertible cases described by fusion categories. Standard fidelity and symmetry-resolved diagnostics emerge as coarse-grained limits of a more refined operational structure. When symmetry actions terminate at entanglement cuts, distinguishability is governed by boundary tube algebras within a symmetry-constrained measurement resource theory. The physically admissible instruments are characterized by complete positivity, entanglement-cut locality, boundary-module covariance, and sequential stability. The resulting optimal measurement structure is uniquely fixed by the center of the boundary tube algebra, $\mathcal{A}_{\mathrm{phys}} = Z\!\left(\mathrm{Tube}_{\mathcal{C}}(\mathcal{M}_A)\right)$, whose primitive dempotents define tube-sector probabilities that refine fidelity-based and symmetry-resolved descriptions. The associated tube positive-operator-valued measures (POVMs) are extremal and yield optimal one-shot hypothesis-testing distinguishability under symmetry constraints. The categorical selection rule is universal across fusion categories and independent of microscopic realization; microscopic models enter by choosing the boundary module and the protocol family used to witness a nontrivial tube fiber.

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Optics · Cross-listed from cs.ET

Design Considerations for Phase Modulation in Testable Photonic Systems and Co-packaged Optics

Pratishtha Agnihotri, Priyank Kalla and Steve Blair

As silicon photonic integrated circuits (PICs) scale in complexity, testing and calibration increasingly depend on effective phase modulation mechanisms. This work compares thermally induced phase modulation and carrier-based electrical modulation in Mach-Zehnder and microring modulators. The devices are designed and evaluated for extinction ratio, tuning efficiency, power consumption, and modulation bandwidth. The study identifies key trade-offs among modulation speed, energy consumption, and tuning controllability that directly influence the suitability of these methods for test signal generation and calibration tasks. The results highlight the relative advantages and limitations of thermal and electrical approaches across different operating regimes. These findings provide practical design guidance for selecting phase modulation strategies in scalable silicon photonic systems with integrated test and calibration requirements.

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Fluid Dynamics

Phonon-mediated stabilization of first and second modes in hypersonic boundary-layer flows

Christoph Brehm, Connor W. Klauss and Mahmoud I. Hussein

Laminar-to-turbulent transition delay is a key challenge in hypersonic boundary-layer flows. Unstable disturbances-most prominently the first and second modes-trigger the onset of turbulence and pose a fundamental technological barrier to hypersonic transport. While existing control strategies target the second mode, simultaneous mitigation of the first mode has long appeared physically impossible. A new flow-control concept is introduced in which phase relations between wall pressure and velocity fluctuations are tailored using subsurface phonon engineering to control both modes concurrently. The outcome is substantial drag reduction and alleviation of the extreme thermal loads associated with turbulence.

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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Upper Limits on Planet-Induced GHz Radio Emission from Inactive M Dwarfs

Jackie Villadsen, Carter Russell, Luna Guerrero et al. (+9 more)

Nearby short-period exoplanet systems may produce detectable stellar radio emission due to sub-Alfvénic star-planet interaction (SPI), but there are no confirmed cases yet. We targeted five slowly-rotating M dwarfs with transiting terrestrial planets, observing at GHz frequencies throughout their sub-day orbital periods. We did not detect any bursty SPI-like emission, but detected two stars in quiescence: LHS 3844 (unpolarized) and LHS 1678 (circularly polarized). These detections imply persistent magnetic activity at Gyr ages, especially notable for LHS 1678 given its low photometric variability, and can serve as targets for radio transit experiments. Our SPI non-detections may be due to radio beaming geometry, a sub-GHz maximum emission frequency, or undetectable flux density. If the last case applies, then flux density upper limits constrain the exoplanet magnetosphere. GJ 367 b has the tightest constraints – no extended magnetosphere and an exoplanet field <0.8 G – although these results depend strongly on unknown stellar wind parameters inferred from stellar rotation period. Due to their small orbital distance, our non-detection systems a priori appear to have more favorable conditions for SPI than most radio-detected SPI candidate systems in the literature, a tension that can either be resolved by favorable wind/geometry conditions on the detected candidates or by a non-SPI (stellar activity) explanation for those candidate detections. Our results favor the approach of sub-GHz searches for radio SPI, especially with the sensitivity of new/upcoming facilities such as MeerKAT, and underscore the need for observational and theoretical work to constrain the magnetized stellar wind parameters.

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All authors Jackie Villadsen, Carter Russell, Luna Guerrero, Ethan Harvie, Ariana Watson, Arjun Anand, John Sebastian Pineda, Vanessa Moss, Daniele d'Antonio, Louisa Canepa, E. Cappellazzo, Andrew Zic

Instrumentation and Detectors

PiMiX 2.0: AI-enhanced Data Fusion for Radiographic Imaging and Tomography

Zhehui Wang, Shanny Lin, Nicholas Amano et al. (+8 more)

Extending earlier work in Physics-informed Meta-instrument for eXperiments (PiMiX) [1], PiMiX~2.0 is an artificial-intelligence (AI)-enhanced data-fusion and analysis framework that integrates multi-experiment multi-modal radiographic imaging and tomography (RadIT) with physics-informed reasoning and agentic AI workflows. The framework supports automated data ingestion, multimodal image processing from one or more experiments, three-dimensional (3D) and time-resolved three-dimensional (4D) reconstruction, and physics-aware interpretation of experimental observations. The PiMiX agents are designed for deployment on desktop and laptop systems commonly used in experimental workflows, while remaining scalable to high-performance computing environments for computationally intensive tasks. By coupling RadIT instrumentation and measurements with geometry, physics, computation, and statistical inference, PiMiX 2.0 aims to accelerate RadIT data processing, knowledge extraction, improve reproducibility, and enable more integrated analysis and workflows in high-temperature plasmas, nuclear fusion, advanced manufacturing, other static and dynamic experiments.

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All authors Zhehui Wang, Shanny Lin, Nicholas Amano, Susan S. Glenn, Ramya Gurunathan, Katie Liu, Nathan E. Peterson, Michelle A. Espy, Adam Thompson, Amy J. Clarke, Ray T. Chen

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

The Effects of Energy Conservation in Simulating Solar Eruptions

Xianyu Liu, Spiro K. Antiochos, Nishtha Sachdeva et al. (+6 more)

Strict energy conservation is, perhaps, the most basic principle in all physics, but has proven to be difficult to satisfy in numerical simulations of solar eruptions. The Alfvén Wave Solar atmosphere Model (AWSoM) is used to perform a rigorous comparison of CME simulations whose only difference is the use of a conservative vs. non-conservative scheme for the energy equation. A simple, symmetric active region is assumed for the initial magnetic field. As expected, the different numerical schemes result in very different plasma thermal energy, but surprisingly, we also find a factor $>2$ difference in the final kinetic energy, with the energy substantially larger in the energy-conservative scheme. The increase in thermal energy is comparable to the increase in kinetic energy in the conservative simulation. Our analysis reveals that the flare reconnection and increase of kinetic energy terminate earlier with the non-conservative scheme. We conclude that the plasma thermodynamics plays a critical role in the flare reconnection, with the thermal pressure gradient in the current sheet slowing down the reconnection. Our results imply that using strict energy-conservative numerics is critical for space weather modeling of CMEs and for understanding the CME energy budget partitioning.

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All authors Xianyu Liu, Spiro K. Antiochos, Nishtha Sachdeva, Gábor Tóth, Ward B. Manchester IV, Bart van der Holst, Igor V. Sokolov, Tamas I. Gombosi, Lulu Zhao

Quantum Physics

Quantum Dynamics from Lax Pair Theory: A Reconstruction from Spectrum Preservation

Péter Szabó

We reconstruct unitary quantum dynamics from a minimal axiomatic foundation built on Hilbert-space observables and isospectral evolution. The only dynamical assumption is that physical time evolution is a continuous one-parameter flow of Hermitian observables that preserves their spectra, i.e. the possible outcomes of measurement. We show that this assumption is already sufficient to force the Lax form of quantum dynamics. The Heisenberg equation, the time-dependent and time-independent Schrödinger equations, conservation laws, and good quantum numbers then follow as theorems rather than postulates. In this formulation, Lax pair theory supplies the missing dynamical bridge between the measurement structure of a Hilbert space and standard quantum evolution: the Hamiltonian is not assumed, but emerges as the generator required for an isospectral observable flow.

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Materials Science

HEACalculator: An Open-Source Python Tool for Thermodynamic Property Calculation and Solid Solution Prediction in High-Entropy Alloys

Doğuhan Sar{\i}türk, Yunus Eren Kalay and Raymundo Arróyave

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted sustained interest since their introduction by Cantor et al. and Yeh et al. because multi-principal-element compositions can exhibit unusual combinations of strength, thermal stability, and functional performance. A recurring problem in HEA design is determining whether a candidate composition is likely to form a single-phase solid solution or instead separate into multiple phases or intermetallic compounds. That question sits early in the alloy-design workflow because it shapes which compositions require further thermodynamic analysis, synthesis, and experimental validation. HEACalculator is an open-source Python package for calculating thermodynamic and structural descriptors used in HEA research and for evaluating published solid-solution formation rules in a single place. It computes sixteen commonly used quantities, including mixing enthalpy, configurational entropy, valence electron concentration, Hume-Rothery electron-to-atom ratio, atomic size mismatch, electronegativity mismatch, and derived stability parameters such as Omega, Lambda, and Phi, and it evaluates eight published prediction criteria. The package combines a curated elemental and binary-interaction dataset with three access modes: a command-line interface (CLI), a desktop graphical user interface (GUI), and a Python application programming interface (API) for programmatic use in notebooks and screening workflows.

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Wednesday 17 June

Physics and Society · Cross-listed from cs.CL

Enhancing Extubation Failure Prediction with LLM-Derived Features from Respiratory Therapy Clinical Notes

Izzy Chaiken, Aditya Khowal, Neha A. Sathe et al. (+2 more)

Invasive mechanical ventilation is a lifesaving therapy, but timely, safe discontinuation is essential to preventing extubation failure (EF) and related risks to health. We present a novel approach to EF prediction that leverages features classified in free-text respiratory therapy notes using a large language model and logistic regression pipeline. Applied to a patient cohort from University of Washington Medicine, our method identifies clinically meaningful EF-related features that improve EF prediction performance when included alongside structured patient data. We further highlight how differences in target populations in prior EF prediction studies, such as heterogenous inclusion criteria and EF definition, can lead to systematic differences in model performance and hinder generalizability between studies.

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All authors Izzy Chaiken, Aditya Khowal, Neha A. Sathe, Mark M. Wurfel, Lucy Lu Wang

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Circumstellar Disc and X-ray Variability in the Be/X-ray Binary SXP 5.05 During its 2024 Outburst

Chintan Patel, Sayantan Bhattacharya, Karan Akbari et al. (+3 more)

Be/X-ray binaries provide a unique opportunity to study the interaction between neutron stars and circumstellar discs. SXP 5.05 is a particularly rare system, exhibiting eclipse-like X-ray variability attributed to obscuration by the Be star disc rather than a simple stellar eclipse. Motivated by its unusual geometry and the well-studied 2013 outburst, we present a multiwavelength analysis of its 2024 outburst using NICER X-ray observations and long-term optical monitoring from OGLE. The X-ray light curve shows a declining outburst with lower peak intensity and shorter duration compared to 2013, indicating a reduced accretion episode. The spectral evolution, characterized through hardness ratios, reveals a transition from a soft, high-intensity state to a harder, low-intensity state. Coherent pulsations near 5.05 s are detected throughout the observations, with properties consistent with previous measurements. The optical light curves show a reduced variability amplitude relative to 2013, possibly from a less extended or less dense circumstellar disc. Orbital-phase-folded optical profiles reveal a persistent, phase-locked dip structure, indicating a stable non-axisymmetric disc component that evolves across outburst phases. Together, these results support a picture in which the observed variability is driven by changes in disc structure and viewing geometry. SXP 5.05 thus remains a key system for probing the time-dependent properties of Be star discs through combined X-ray and optical observations.

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All authors Chintan Patel, Sayantan Bhattacharya, Karan Akbari, Rajapandi Nadar, Sudip Bhattacharyya, Manojendu Choudhury

Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems · Cross-listed from math.AP

Exact self similar solutions for nonlinear coupled heat elastic wave systems with temperature dependent material properties

Manjit Singh and Radhika

In this work, we study a coupled nonlinear thermoelastic system in which the heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and elastic modulus are all temperature-dependent. The thermal conduction equation is formulated in a generalized radial geometry governed by a parameter $\nu$, which encompasses planar, cylindrical, and spherical configurations as special cases. A complete Lie symmetry classification of the admissible constitutive functions is carried out, yielding three principal classes: exponential laws, power laws, and a unified class that contains both as limiting cases. For each class, the admitted symmetry algebras are determined, optimal systems of one-dimensional subalgebras are constructed, and the governing partial differential equations are reduced to coupled ordinary differential equation systems via similarity transformations. Exact closed-form solutions are obtained for each class using a combination of integrating factor methods, flux-variable substitutions, and power-law and logarithmic ansätze. For the exponential class, the thermal field exhibits a logarithmic similarity profile while the displacement field decays algebraically, with the geometry parameter absorbed into the leading-order transformation. For the power-law class, the thermal field follows a self-similar power-law profile and the displacement field decomposes into distinct elastic, self-similar, and thermoelastically driven modes. Travelling-wave solutions are also constructed, with elementary forms recovered in limiting cases. The influence of geometry, particularly the structural distinction between cylindrical and other configurations, is identified and physically interpreted. All solutions are discussed in terms of the interplay between thermal diffusion, elastic stiffness, and thermoelastic coupling.

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Physics and Society

Modeling the Performance of the Burevestnik Nuclear-Powered Cruise Missile

Jake J. Hecla and R. Scott Kemp

In the last decade, Russia's strategic arsenal has pivoted towards a reliance on exotic nuclear-weapon delivery systems. One such system, the Burevestnik (NATO: 9M730) is claimed to be a nuclear-powered, nuclear-armed cruise missile capable of nearly indefinite flight. The air-breathing nuclear propulsion system used in this missile is unique, and its attributes are generally unfamiliar to both the aerospace and nuclear-security communities. To better understand the Burevestnik, and the potential of air-breathing nuclear propulsion systems generally, we have developed a nuclear-aircraft modeling toolkit capable of constraining the missile's performance characteristics. Using this framework, we conclude that the Burevestnik is a subsonic cruise missile system measuring $9.5 \pm 0.32$~m in length, with a $5.6 \pm 0.18$~m wingspan, likely powered by a direct-cycle nuclear turbojet (our calculations almost entirely exclude the possibility of a nuclear ramjet). Under these assumptions, our models predict a reactor thermal power of $4.3\pm 1.3$~MWth at cruise, with peak power demand during climb and terminal maneuvering exceeding $15$~MWth, which may be met with a supplemental chemical interburner. Monte Carlo simulations show that escaping neutrons will generate in excess of 5~TBq of gaseous radionuclides per MW-hr of flight, including isotopes such as $^{41}Ar$, $^{85m}Kr$, $^{83m}Kr$ and $^{14}C$, some of which may be detectable using existing monitoring networks.

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Quantum Physics

A Hybrid Quantum-Classical Approach for Melt Pool Prediction in Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Matthew M. Sato and Kincho H. Law

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a promising additive manufacturing technique that suffers from quality assurance concerns. Predicting melt pools from process parameters is crucial for assessing quality prior to manufacturing but remains a difficult problem because of the complex physical processes underlying LPBF. Quantum computers present a new computing paradigm, providing a new approach to information processing using quantum entanglement and superposition. This paper presents a practical demonstration of a hybrid quantum-classical model that leverages quantum computing to improve process parameter feature extraction with a quantum feature encoder. To make the quantum approach computationally feasible for large datasets, we first employ a clustering algorithm to reduce the number of expensive quantum computations. These quantum features are then processed by a classical neural network to predict the melt pool morphology, allowing for more accurate predictions of melt pools. We demonstrate the method using a quantum simulator, analyze the effect of measurement shot noise on the predictive performance of the network, and verify the results using quantum hardware. Finally, by examining which quantum features are most important, we provide insights that can inform the future design of more effective quantum encoding circuits. Ultimately, the performance improvement over purely classical networks validates the hybrid approach, demonstrating an engineering application of quantum computing using noisy and intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) devices.

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Quantum Physics

Dimensionality Reduction of QAOA Parameter Space with Kernel PCA for Max-Cut

Sidharth Brahmandam and Vayd Ramkumar

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a leading variational algorithm for combinatorial optimization on near term quantum devices. As circuit depth increases, the number of optimization parameters grows, making the search landscape increasingly nonlinear and difficult to optimize. Previous studies have shown that optimal QAOA parameters often lie on a low dimensional manifold that can be approximated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) at shallow circuit depths. However, the effectiveness of PCA decreases at higher depths because the underlying parameter manifold becomes increasingly nonlinear. In this work, we investigate Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) with a radial basis function kernel as a nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique for QAOA parameter optimization. The model is trained using 200 graphs from each of 3 graph families, namely Erdos-Renyi, Barabasi-Albert, and Watts-Strogatz, with graph sizes ranging from 7 to 10 nodes. Performance is evaluated on 30 test graphs containing 12 nodes at circuit depths 1, 2, 4, and 8. Experimental results demonstrate that KPCA consistently outperforms PCA at deeper circuit depths across all graph families. At depth 8, KPCA achieves approximation ratios above 0.86, while PCA declines to approximately 0.81 to 0.83. Both methods reduce the number of quantum circuit evaluations by more than 93 percent relative to unrestricted QAOA optimization. These findings suggest that nonlinear kernel methods more effectively capture the structure of the QAOA parameter manifold and provide a practical approach for scaling variational quantum optimization to deeper circuits.

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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Charged kaon and proton multiplicities in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering with 11 GeV electrons

P. Bosted, W. Armstrong, H. Bhatt et al. (+67 more)

Measurements of SIDIS multiplicities for charged kaons and protons from proton and deuteron targets are reported on a grid of hadron kinematic variables $0.3<z<0.7$ and $P_{t}<0.6$ GeV for leptonic variables $0.3<x<0.6$ and $3<Q^2<6$ GeV$^2$. Data were acquired in 2018-2019 at Jefferson Lab Hall C with 10.2 and 10.6~GeV electron beams impinging on 10-cm-long liquid hydrogen and deuterium targets. Electrons (hadrons) were detected in the HMS (SHMS) spectrometers. Multiplicities were fitted for each bin in $(x,~Q^2,~z,~P_{t})$ as $M_0[1+A\cos(\phi^*)+B\cos(2\phi^*)]$. The kaon kinematic range spans the regions where transverse-momentum-dependent factorization can be applied in SIDIS, and a `soft' central region where other processes are of critical importance. The kaon to pion ratios of $M_0$ are in reasonable agreement with predictions using the DSS fragmentation functions for $K^+$, but are mostly well below them for $K^-$. The kaon azimuthal modulations are consistent with zero. The kinematic range for protons is centered on the `soft' central region. The proton-to-pion multiplicity ratios are more than an order-of-magnitude larger than TMD predictions at the lowest value of $W^2$, decreasing to as little as a factor of two at the highest value of $W^2$. No significant difference is observed between proton and deuteron targets. These trends are consistent with Lund Monte Carlo predictions. The proton values of $A$ are consistently positive, with an average value of approximately 0.01, while $B$ is consistent with zero.

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All authors P. Bosted, W. Armstrong, H. Bhatt, D. Dutta, R. Ent, D. Gaskell, S. Jia, E. Kinney, H. Mkrtchyan, S. Ali, R. Ambrose, D. Androic, C. Ayerbe Gayoso, A. Bandari, V. Berdnikov, D. Bhetuwal, D. Biswas, M. Boer, E. Brash, A. Camsonne, M. Cardona, J. P. Chen, J. Chen, M. Chen, E. M. Christy, S. Covrig, S. Danagoulian, M. Diefenthaler, B. Duran, C. Elliot, H. Fenker, E. Fuchey, J. O. Hansen, F. Hauenstein, T. Horn, G. M. Huber, M. K. Jones, M. L. Kabir, A. Karki, B. Karki, S. J. D. Kay, C. Keppel, V. Kumar, N. Lashley-Colthirst, W. B. Li, D. Mack, S. Malace, P. Markowitz, M. McCaughan, E. McClellan, D. Meekins, R. Michaels, A. Mkrtchyan, C. Morean, G. Niculescu, I. Niculescu, B. Pandey, S. Park, E. Pooser, B. Sawatzky, G. R. Smith, H. Szumila-Vance, A. S. Tadepalli, V. Tadevosyan, R. Trotta, H. Voskanyan, S. A. Wood, Z. Ye, C. Yerom, X. Zheng

Statistical Mechanics

A hierarchical statistical mechanics approach: hyperstatistics and its applications

Lucas Squillante, Samuel M. Soares, Guilherme Lepski et al. (+1 more)

In a recent paper [arXiv:2604.24783v5 (2026)], we have proposed a general approach to treat systems with inherent non-Boltzmann-Gibbsian behaviour at the domain level. Given the high accuracy of our approach and based on the fact that the generalized Boltzmann factor at the macroscopic level embodies a hypergeometric function, we have adopted the term hyperstatistics. We have applied such a statistical mechanics approach to the discharge of a capacitor in a RC series circuit, pressure decay over time during the pumping of $^4$He lines of a closed cycle cryostat, transverse momentum distribution in midrapidity data of $p$-Pb collisions at the LHC, as well as for the distribution of accelerations in turbulent systems. Here, we discuss into more details the ground of hyperstatistics. We demonstrate the versatility of hyperstatistics upon applying it to the velocity autocorrelation function in Brownian motion and also regarding its potential to describe brain dynamics.

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All authors Lucas Squillante, Samuel M. Soares, Guilherme Lepski, Mariano de Souza

Chaotic Dynamics

Dissecting emerging slow rhythms in delay-coupled neural oscillators

Xinxin Qie, Matteo Martin, Shenquan Liu et al. (+1 more)

Synaptic transmission delays are ubiquitous in neural circuits and can alter the dynamical repertoire of coupled oscillators quantitatively and qualitatively. Here, we demonstrate that delayed coupling in inhibitory networks introduces an effective slow-fast structure in the phase-difference dynamics, generating low-frequency components that are not due to intrinsic cellular properties, and we show that this behavior is not specific to a particular model structure. The origin of this generic phenomenon is analyzed by numerical continuation and bifurcation analysis, which provides a systematic approach to find such delay-induced slow modulating rhythms. We employ phase reduction based on phase response curves to derive a phase-difference model with delay for mutually inhibitory coupled oscillators, where the individual units are given by the FitzHugh-Nagumo model, the Morris-Lecar model, or a next-generation neural mass model derived from quadratic integrate-and-fire neurons. We use phase planes to study multistability and limit cycles, which correspond to slow modulation of fast oscillations in the full model. Treating the synaptic delay as a bifurcation parameter, we apply numerical continuation to construct delay-dependent bifurcation diagrams. The analysis reveals Hopf, heteroclinic, and saddle-node-of-periodics bifurcations that cause and organize slow rhythmic behavior. Our analysis provides a systematic approach to the search for limit cycles in phase-reduction models corresponding to delay-induced slow rhythms in the original model.

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All authors Xinxin Qie, Matteo Martin, Shenquan Liu, Morten Gram Pedersen

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Scalar-scalar-tensor interaction in DHOST theories

S. Mironov and V. Volkova

We derive the general cubic action for perturbations about a cosmological background in the quadratic subclass of degenerate higher-order scalar-tensor (DHOST) theories, focusing on scalar-scalar-tensor interactions. We adopt a fully covariant formulation and implement unitary gauge at the level of perturbations. This mixed sector provides the key ingredient for estimating the decay rate of a gravitational wave into two scalar excitations in the quadratic DHOST models of dark energy in the late-time Universe.

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Chemical Physics

LLM-Guided Test-Time Discovery of Quantum-Chemical Approximation Algorithms

Masaya Hagai, Yuta Suzuki, Tomoya Murata et al. (+2 more)

Quantum chemistry simulations underpin modern materials discovery, yet their impact is limited by steep computational cost and dependence on fixed approximation schemes. Foundation models, such as machine-learned interatomic potentials, have accelerated parts of this workflow, but their reliance on large-scale pretraining restricts adaptability at the frontier of chemical space, where methodological innovation and sparse data are the norm. Agentic AI systems can automate existing simulation pipelines, yet they remain constrained by the predefined tools and algorithms they orchestrate. In response, we introduce LADeQ, an LLM-guided workflow that discovers, implements, and benchmarks candidate approximation algorithms at test-time within existing quantum chemistry codes. Rather than selecting from a predefined repertoire, LADeQ constructs candidate approximation schemes on demand, drawing on techniques from disciplines such as spatial statistics, circuit simulation, and kernel methods that have had little prior presence in electronic-structure theory. Because it builds on an out-of-the-box language model, LADeQ requires no task-specific pretraining or curated data, and the resulting implementations are transparent and inspectable, with explicitly traceable approximation errors that enable principled control of accuracy–efficiency trade-offs. We show that LADeQ accelerates coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) and configuration interaction singles and doubles (CISD) calculations while keeping correlation-energy errors within user-specified tolerances, demonstrating autonomous, objective-driven discovery of approximation algorithms inside existing electronic-structure solvers.

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All authors Masaya Hagai, Yuta Suzuki, Tomoya Murata, Shuhei Kurita, Masaki Adachi