Papers

In this manuscript, we consider a common modeling framework for Arctic landfast ice based on the work of Lemieux et al. [27], which is designed for use in large-scale climate models. This approach extends the classical viscous-plastic sea-ice model introduced by Hibler [18], which remains the most widely used model for simulating large-scale sea-ice dynamics. In particular, landfast ice refers to sea-ice that is attached to the coastline or grounded and therefore exhibits nearly vanishing motion. The model considered in this manuscript augments Hibler's viscous-plastic sea-ice model by tensile strength and a threshold-dependent basal stress. We present a rigorous analytical and numerical study of this landfast ice model. The analytical contributions are the local strong well-posedness, the global strong well-posedness in the absence of external forces and for initial data close to constant equilibrium solutions, and the existence of time-periodic solutions. The limiting case $k_{\mathrm{t}} \equiv 1$ is treated separately, since the pressure coupling then vanishes and a new smallness condition on the stress regularization parameter is required. For the system without scalar diffusion, we establish local strong well-posedness through a Lagrangian formulation and anisotropic maximal $\mathrm{L}^p$-regularity. Finally, we perform numerical simulations that illustrate key qualitative differences between landfast ice and classical viscous-plastic sea-ice models. The simulations reveal the formation of stationary equilibrium states characterized by vanishing ice velocity. These observations are consistent with the global-in-time existence result close to equilibria established in Theorem 4.1 and the time-periodic result in Theorem 5.2. The combined analytical and numerical results provide new insight into the structure, stability, and long-term behavior of landfast ice dynamics.

We establish regularity results for viscosity solutions to a class of quasilinear parabolic equations exhibiting nonhomogeneous degeneracy or singularity (a double phase regime) of the form \[ u_t - \big(|Du|^{\mathfrak{p}} + \mathfrak{a}(x,t)|Du|^{\mathfrak{q}}\big)\Delta_p^{\mathrm N} u = f(x,t) \quad \text{in } Q_1, \] where $-1 < \mathfrak{p} < 0$, $\mathfrak{p} \leq \mathfrak{q}$, and $\mathfrak{a}, f : Q_1 \to \mathbb{R}$ are prescribed functions. Using the Jensen–Ishii method, we prove Lipschitz regularity for appropriately translated solutions. Moreover, combining this approach with intrinsic scaling techniques, we establish interior Hölder continuity estimates for the gradient. Our results extend recent work of Fang and Zhang on the homogeneous case via a different approach.

In this paper, we study the interior $C^{2}$ estimates for Hessian quotient equations $\frac{\sigma_{3}(D^{2}u)}{\sigma_{l}(D^{2}u)}=1$ for $l=1, 2$, in arbitrary dimensions, under the natural ellipticity and semi-convexity conditions. We further derive analogous results for the corresponding sum Hessian equations. In addition, we establish several rigidity results.

In this paper, we study the Dirichlet elliptic problem $(\mathcal{P}_\varepsilon)$: $-\Delta u +V\,u = u^{p-\varepsilon}$, $u>0$ in $\Omega$, $u=0$ on $\partial\Omega$, where $\Omega\subset \R^n$ ( $n\geq 3$) is a bounded domain, $V$ is a smooth positive function on $\overline{\Omega}$, $p+1= 2n/(n-2)$ is the critical Sobolev exponent, and $\varepsilon >0$ is a small parameter. First, we show that, unlike the case of weak convergence to zero, interior bubbling solutions with a nonzero weak limit cannot occur in low dimensions. We then treat the general setting by removing the restriction that blow-up points are confined to the interior. Using delicate asymptotic expansions of the gradient of the associated functional, we prove that in dimensions $n=4$ and $n=5$, single blow-up point cannot coexist with residual mass.\\ We further elucidate the role of the sign of the normal derivative of the potential $V$ on the boundary: if it is positive, any single blow-up solution with residual mass must occur in the interior; if it is negative at some boundary point, boundary blow-up solutions with residual mass can be constructed. Finally, we construct both simple and non-simple interior blow-up solutions exhibiting residual mass, without any assumption on the sign of the normal derivative of $V$. These results provide new insights into the interaction between the potential, the geometry of the domain, and the critical nonlinearity.

We consider on Riemannian manifolds the Leibenson equation $$\partial _{t}u=\Delta _{p}u^{q}.$$ We prove that a certain upper bound for weak solutions of this equation is equivalent to a euclidean-type Sobolev inequality.

A levelset free but a hybrid image segmentation approach based on a modified version of the piece wise constant shape gradient of an Mumford Shah shape functional and a repulsive function is considered. The segmentation is performed a non-local shape based through an evolution of discrete curves driven by a non local shape based energy to segment images containing disjoint regions and multiple boundaries. This formulation has a novel additional component as a multivariable function dependent on a few sampled points of the curves that handles the occurrence of self intersection during boundary curves evolution. The method is applied to a few gray scale and color images, including images with nested structures and astronomical objects. The results indicate effective segmentation in complex scenarios with absolute control on the topology of the segments and self-intersections of the boundaries

We consider the Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation in space dimension 3: \[ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \partial_t u + \partial_x \Delta u + \partial_x \frac{u^2}{2} = 0 \\ u(t = 0) = u_0 \end{array} \right. \] where $u : (t, x, y) \in \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^2 \mapsto u(t, x, y) \in \mathbb{R}$, and $\Delta = \partial_x^2 + \Delta_y$ is the full Laplacian. We show that, for any $u_0$ satisfying \[ \Vert (1 + x^2 + |y|^2) u_0 \Vert_{H^1} \ll 1 \] then the global solution exhibits scattering in $H^1$. This is done using the method of space-time resonances, and more precisely the partial symmetries approach [GPW23] in order to treat the anisotropy. We introduce well suited anisotropic weighted norms, prove dispersive decay estimates adapted to these norms and an a priori estimate allowing to close by a bootstrap argument.

We first prove a homogenization result for the fundamental solution of the linear kinetic Fokker Planck equation. We show that this solution converges, in an averaged $L^2$ sense, to the fundamental solution of an effective heat equation with constant effective diffusivity determined by corrector functions solving associated cell problems on the torus. A key feature of the proof is the necessity of second-order correctors to control the averaging of the velocity variable, and the handling of a non-divergence form error term arising from limited spatial regularity of solutions. Additionally, building on this homogenization result, we establish a large-scale regularity result for solutions of this Fokker Planck equation. More specifically, we show that solutions by heterogeneous polynomials, analogous to Taylor polynomials, with an explicit error on large scale domains. Furthermore, we show that in a larger regime, this approximating polynomial solves this Fokker Planck equation.

We prove a Nash-Aronson-type upper bound on the fundamental solution of the linear kinetic Fokker Planck equation with friction term, distinguishing two regimes. For long times, we derive a Gaussian upper bound matching the classical parabolic estimate, which reflects the averaging of the velocity variable that occurs in this regime. For short times, the fundamental solution is governed by that of the constant-coefficient Kolmogorov equation, with the friction and potential terms negligible.

In this work, we establish continuity properties of strongly singular integral operators for extreme values of $p$. Particularly, weighted $L^\infty$-$BMO$ boundedness is obtained, generalizing Miyachi's result to the context of Muckenhoupt weights. As an application, we get an alternative proof of Chanillo's weighted $L^p$ estimates via extrapolation techniques.

We study a mathematical model of in situ leaching of rare metals, in which the joint filtration of two liquids is governed by the microscopic model $\mathbb{A}^{\varepsilon}$. A key difficulty is the unknown (free) boundary $\Gamma(r)$ between solid and liquid components, determined by an additional condition on $\Gamma(r)$; no standard methods exist for this nonlinear problem. To resolve it, we apply the fixed point theorem. For a given function $r(\boldsymbol{x},t)$ from a set $\mathfrak{M}_{(0,T)}$ of sufficiently smooth functions describing the skeleton structure, we consider the auxiliary problem $\mathbb{B}^{\varepsilon}(r)$: an elliptic system for displacements of the liquid and solid components coupled with parabolic equations for the acid concentration. Selecting the weak solution of minimal smoothness, we apply the homogenization method to pass from the microscopic to the macroscopic description. The resulting macroscopic model $\mathbb{H}(r)$ contains a homogenized boundary condition that expresses the normal boundary velocity $V_{N}=\partial r/\partial t$ as a linear function of the acid concentration $c$. Since $c$ depends on $r$ via an operator $\mathbb{F}\colon\mathfrak{M}_{(0,T)}\to\mathfrak{M}_{(0,T)}$, we prove that $\mathbb{F}$ is Lipschitz continuous and, by Banach's theorem, possesses a unique fixed point $r^{*}$, which yields the unique solution $\mathbb{H}=\mathbb{H}(r^{*})$.

We consider a power-law thin-film equation for strongly shear-thinning fluids. Weak solutions to this equation have been constructed more than twenty years ago by Ansini and Giacomelli. Here, we pass over to analyzing strong solutions with nonzero contact angle (partial-wetting regime), and place emphasis on studying the behavior of solutions near points where the film height vanishes (the contact-line region) by considering perturbations of a linear profile. The leading-order equation in von-Mises coordinates shows similarities with the evolution equation for the $p$-Laplace, though being of fourth order. Using a time discretization, we reduce the leading-order problem to finding a variational solution, and pass to the limit in the discretization scheme on suitably estimating higher-order nonlinear terms in conjunction with compactness arguments. This proves existence and asymptotic stability of strong solutions that are perturbations of the linear profile, and yields control on the contact-line velocity on carefully tracking singular terms in our estimates. While we believe that the transformed equation shows mathematical features the analysis of which stands on its own merit, it also physically corroborates shear thinning behavior as an alternative in resolving the no-slip paradox, as opposed to more standard approaches like introducing slip at the liquid-solid interface.

We prove dynamical stability and instability theorems for asymptotically hyperbolic static solutions of Einstein's equation with $\Lambda<0$, viewed as self-similar solutions of the Ricci-harmonic flow. More precisely, we show that static metrics are dynamically stable if and only if a positive mass type theorem holds for nearby metrics. Our key tool is a new variant of the expander entropy for the Ricci-harmonic flow.

We study the optimal transport problem on globally hyperbolic spacetimes associated with Orlicz-type Lorentzian cost functions of the form $u \circ \ell$, where $u$ is a suitable monotonically increasing and concave function, and $\ell$ is the time separation. Our work encompasses and generalises the case $u(x) = u_p(x) = p^{-1}x^p$ for $p \in (0,1)$, as well as the more recent $p < 0$, which have been the only examples considered so far in the literature. A fundamental notion for our purposes is the property of $u$-separation for a pair of measures, which generalises McCann's $p$-separation and for which we are able to obtain strong duality to the full Orlicz-type optimization problem. In our main results, we characterise timelike Ricci curvature lower bounds via the convexity of the relative entropy along geodesics arising from the Orlicz-type optimal transport with cost $u \circ \ell$, which is a far-reaching generalisation of McCann's seminal work in the case $u = u_p$, $p \in (0,1)$.

We investigate a bi-directionally coupled system consisting of a Kerr-nonlinear microresonator and a continuous-wave single-mode semiconductor laser. Inside the resonator, a forward-propagating and a backscattered field interact nonlinearly, while a fraction of the backscattered field is fed back into the laser cavity. We show in this paper that the interaction of the laser with the feedback opens up new ways of stabilizing $1$-solitons. Using numerical bifurcation analysis, we systematically identify existence ranges of time-harmonic 1-soliton states in the anomalous dispersion regime. We demonstrate that, in contrast to the uni-directional configuration, the bi-directional coupling introduces a dynamic self-correcting response of the laser frequency that stabilizes $1$-solitons. These enhanced stability properties of $1$-solitons thus enable robust and self-started frequency-comb generation, consistent with the existing experimental observations.

In this paper weighted Dirichlet-type inequalities for the decreasing rearrangement in cylinders are proved. A weighted isoperimetric inequality is also obtained.

We study the efficiency of the first Dirichlet eigenfunction $u$ on bounded convex domains $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^N$, defined as the ratio between the mean value of $u$ on $\Omega$ and its maximum value. By exploiting improved log-concavity estimates, we establish new sharp lower bounds for the first eigenvalue $\lambda_1$ and upper bounds for the efficiency in terms of the geometry of the domain, refining classical inequalities by Payne, Stakgold, and Hersch. Furthermore, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the efficiency for elongating planar convex domains, making use of 1D limit profiles and Schrödinger operators with convex potentials. As a main consequence of our analysis, we prove that among all planar convex domains the Payne-Stakgold upper bound is not optimal, and that there exists a maximizer of the efficiency.

We consider the characteristic problem for the ultrahyperbolic equation in the Euclidean space. The value of a solution is prescribed on the characteristic hyperplane. A well-posed set-up of the problem is discussed. We obtain a certain representation for a solution suitable for analysis of its asymptotics at the infinity.

This paper is devoted to investigating the interior $C^{1, \alpha}$ regularity of viscosity solutions to the nonlocal double phase equations $$ \int_{\mathbb{R}^d} \left(\frac{|u(x)-u(y)|^{p-2}(u(x)-u(y))}{|x-y|^{d+sp}}+a(x,y)\frac{|u(x)-u(y)|^{q-2}(u(x)-u(y))}{|x-y|^{d+tq}}\right)dy=0, $$ where $2\le p\le q$, $0<s\le t<1$, and $a(x, y)\ge0$. By assuming the Lipschitz continuity of $a(\cdot)$, we show that the gradient of solution is Hölder continuous, provided the distance of $tq$ and $sp$ is suitably small. As a key ingredient to this conclusion, the Lipschitz property of solutions is also established under weaker assumptions on the modulating coefficient $a(\cdot)$, which is of independent interest. Our results develop a nonlocal counterpart of the gradient regularity theory for classical double phase problems due to Colombo & Mingione [Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 2015] and solve the higher regularity issue raised by De Filippis & Palatucci [J. Differential Equations, 2019]. The core challenges consist in precisely characterizing the subtle interaction among the pointwise behaviour of the coefficient $a(\cdot)$, the growth exponents and the differentiability orders.

For $L^2$-normalized joint eigenfunctions in a quantum integrable system, [GT20] gave polynomial improvements over the standard Hömander bounds for typical points. In this paper, we improve their result by establishing a sharp bound of $h^{\frac{-n+k+1}2}$ for the points satisfying a rank $k$ non-degeneracy condition.

The large time behavior of solutions to the following generalized Burgers-Fisher-KPP equation $$ \partial_tu=u_{xx}+k(u^n)_x+u^p-u^q, \quad (x,t)\in\mathbb{R}\times(0,\infty), $$ with $n\geq2$, $p>q\geq1$ and $k\in\mathbb{R}$, is considered in this work. Denoting by $H(x,t)$, respectively $\widetilde{H}(x,t)$ the solutions having as initial condition the Heaviside, respectively the “anti-Heaviside" functions $$ H_0(x)=\begin{cases} 0, & \mbox{if } x<0 1, & \mbox{if } x\geq0. \end{cases}, \quad \widetilde{H}_0(x)=1-H_0(x), $$ critical velocities $\overline{c}$, respectively $\widetilde{c}=kn+2\sqrt{p-q}$, are identified such that $H(x,t)$, respectively $\widetilde{H}(x,t)$ approach the unique traveling wave solution of the equation with these critical velocities as $t\to\infty$. The critical velocity $\overline{c}$ is anomalous, that is, it cannot be made explicit by an algebraic expression. Assuming for simplicity $k>0$, a remarkable fact is that, while $\widetilde{H}(x,t)\to0$ as $t\to\infty$ uniformly on compact subsets of $\mathbb{R}$, the Heaviside solution $H$ might tend either to zero or to one as $t\to\infty$, depending on the sign of the critical velocity $\overline{c}$. This sign vary with respect to the exponents $n$, $p$, $q$ and the coefficient $k$ and, in fact, we prove that given $p$, $q$, $n$, there exists a critical coefficient $k^*(n,p,q)$ such that $\overline{c}>0$ if $k>k^*(n,p,q)$ and $\overline{c}<0$ if $k<k^*(n,p,q)$. The convergence to either zero or one reflects the sharp influence of the convection term, since in the absence of it (that is, $k=0$), $H(x,t)$ would always tend to zero as $t\to\infty$. The results include more general initial conditions than the Heaviside-type functions, and sharp estimates of the threshold coefficient $k^*(n,p,q)$ are also given.

We consider the compressible Euler system for ideal gas flow in the absence of any forces except the internal thermodynamic pressure. In this setting, and in dimensions higher 1, it is known that wave-focusing can drive Euler solutions to amplitude blowup in finite time from bounded initial data. In the known cases (self-similar, radial flows \cites{gud,hun_60,jt3,laz,mrrs1,jls}) the primary flow variables are standard functions at time of blowup. It is natural to ask if the Euler system admits even more singular behavior, and specifically whether accumulation of mass, i.e., the appearance of a Dirac delta in the density field, is possible. We consider the class of radial affine motions \cites{mcvittie,sed, kell,sid_2014} which are conveniently obtained via a Lagrangian formulation. This class does include examples of cumulative behavior, and we observe that there are two distinct mechanisms for accumulation, due to inertial effects or adverse pressure gradients, respectively. However, we show that all affine cumulative solutions necessarily exhibit unphysical behavior due to initially unbounded velocity and/or acceleration in the far-field. We also analyze the behavior of characteristics in cumulative flows and consider concrete examples, including a class of 1-dimensional, non-affine flows. Finally, we discuss the possibility of modifying the known examples to obtain physically acceptable gas flows displaying accumulation.

Molluscan shells come in various shapes and sizes. Despite this diversity, each species produces a shell with a characteristic shape that is independent of environmental conditions. We seek to understand this robust complexity. We are guided by two principles in the spirit of D'Arcy Thompson. First, the growth is governed by the repeated and continuous application of a fixed growth law, even as the shell evolves in overall shape, without any complex biological machinery to monitor and control the growth. Second, the growth law depends solely on local geometry at the shell's growing edge. The first principle naturally leads to the mathematical statement that the shape of the shell is generated by the action of a Lie group on a protoconch. The second naturally leads to a particular representation of the Lie group. We use this representation to show that the shapes of nearly all known molluscan shells can be described by essentially three parameters: a scalar (scaling), a vector (orientation), and a curve (edge of the protoconch). We relate these parameters to the phylogenetic tree. In addition to the morphogenetic insight, our results potentially point to a new approach to engineering complex structures.

We consider the mathematical model of gas trapping in deep polar ice (firns), which consists of a parabolic partial differential equation, that can degenerate at one boundary extreme. In [1], we considered all the coefficients to be constants, except the diffusion coefficient D(z) that is to be reconstructed. In this paper, we assume both the diffusion coefficient D(z) and the volume fraction f(z) are functions. The difficulty in this problem, both theoretically and computationally, arises from the fact that D(z) and f(z) may be zero at bottom of the firn. To handle such degeneracy, we defined appropriate weighted Sobolev spaces and used Lion's theorem to prove existence and uniqueness of the semi-variational formulation of the Firn PDE. A full discrete system is obtained through a P1 Finite element Galerkin procedure in space and an Euler-Implicit scheme in time. Sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the solution for the discrete system are obtained.

We study a nonlinear coupled system of partial differential equations arising from thermo–reaction–phase models. The system combines a heat diffusion equation, temperature-dependent chemical reactions of Arrhenius type, and a phase variable, and is formulated as a strongly coupled parabolic problem with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. We first establish a maximum principle ensuring the positivity of the temperature on a suitable time interval, as well as the invariance of the physically admissible domain. In particular, we prove that the internal variables remain in the interval [0,1]. We then analyse the asymptotic behaviour of the system in the free regime, that is, in the absence of external forcing. By introducing a relative energy functional and exploiting the structure of the coupling terms, we obtain local asymptotic stability of a homogeneous stationary state. The model belongs to a broader class of coupled diffusion–reaction–phase systems.

We establish local Calderón-Zygmund type estimates for weak solutions to nonlinear parabolic systems with $p$-growth and VMO coefficients. In particular, we prove that if the right-hand side belongs locally to $L^{\mu s}$, where the exponent $\mu$ depends explicitly on $p$, $N$, and a prescribed target exponent $s>p$, then the spatial gradient of the solution enjoys improved integrability $Du \in L^s_{\rm{loc}}$. The result provides a sharp transfer of integrability from the data to the gradient, consistent with the natural parabolic scaling, and recovers the optimal exponents in the linear case $p=2$. The proof combines intrinsic scaling techniques with a Calderón-Zygmund type iteration scheme.

We derive the classical Gibbs measure on $\mathbb{T}^2$ associated with the fractional Bessel interaction potential $\widehat{v}_\beta(k)=\langle k\rangle^{-\beta}$ from a renormalized grand-canonical quantum Bose gas with the same interaction. Our result covers the whole range $\frac32<\beta\leq2$, where $\widehat{v}_\beta(k)$ is not summable and the quantum model cannot be written in the usual density-square form, as the associated self-energy diverges. We therefore need to renormalize the zero mode by a centered number-fluctuation term and then develop a detailed analysis for the high-frequency remainders. All this allows us to implement a low-frequency localization and obtain the convergence of the quantum relative free energy to the classical fractional-Bessel free energy, as well as the convergence of the reduced density matrices to the limiting Gibbs measure.

We study the vanishing-regularization limit of entropically regularized optimal transport (EOT) for the Euclidean distance cost $c(x,y)=\|x-y\|$ in dimension $d>1$. We develop a comprehensive variational convergence framework that entails two main results. First, we resolve the longstanding entropic selection problem: the EOT minimizer converges to a distinguished optimal transport plan that is characterized explicitly as the solution of a constrained EOT problem on each transport ray. Denoting by $\varepsilon>0$ the regularization parameter, this selection holds for all $o(\varepsilon)$-approximate minimizers, with sharp failure at the $O(\varepsilon)$ scale. Second, we establish an explicit second-order expansion of the entropic transport cost. The second-order term encodes the geometry of the regularization and reveals the optimal asymptotic tradeoff between entropy and transport cost.

For $0<\delta,\tau<1$ and $1\le s\le \frac{n}{n-\delta}$, we prove that for a given $s$-John domain $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^n$, the following Boxing inequality holds for every Lebesgue measurable set $U\subset\Omega$ with $|U|/|\Omega|\le\gamma<1$: \[ \mathcal{H}^{s(n-\delta)}_{\infty}(U\setminus\mathcal{N}_U)\le C(1-\delta)\int_\Omega\int_{|x-y|<\tau\operatorname{dist}(y,\partial\Omega)}\frac{|\chi_U(x)-\chi_U(y)|}{|x-y|^{n+\delta}}\,dx\,dy, \] where $\mathcal{H}^{s(n-\delta)}_{\infty}(U)$ denotes the $s(n-\delta)$-dimensional Hausdorff content of $U$, $\mathcal{N}_U$ is a set of Lebesgue measure zero and the constant $C$ depends only on $n,\tau,s,\gamma$, the John constant and the diameter of $\Omega$. Moreover, we establish the functional formulation of the above Boxing inequality and discuss the equivalence between these two formulations. Based on the Boxing inequality, we prove the fractional Poincaré–Wirtinger trace inequality on $s$-John domains, of which the fractional Sobolev–Poincaré inequality and fractional Hardy-type inequality are special cases. Notably, we prove all of the aforementioned inequalities with the Bourgain–Brezis–Mironescu (BBM) factor $1-\delta$. Furthermore, with the aid of the Bourgain–Brezis–Mironescu formula, we recover the Poincaré–Wirtinger trace inequality. Finally, by showing that, under the separation property, any domain supporting the Boxing inequality is necessarily a John domain, we conclude that the John domain condition is essentially sharp for the above inequalities. All the above inequalities with the BBM factor are new even for Lipschitz domains.

The time-periodic problem for the Boltzmann equation with a prescribed time-periodic external force in the three-dimensional whole space has remained open since it was first treated in [15], where the result was restricted to spatial dimensions not less than five. This paper gives an affirmative answer when the force is sufficiently small in $\mathcal{C}(\mathbb{R};\dot{B}^{-3/2}_{2,\infty}\cap\dot{H}^N)$ with $N\geq 4$. The proof follows Serrin's method, through the global stability of the Cauchy problem for a time-periodic force. As a direct consequence, the same argument yields the existence and stability of stationary solutions in three dimensions for a time-independent force, which is not required to be a gradient and may therefore be rotational.