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Physics High Energy Physics (Experiment)

hep-ex Watch High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Tuesday 29 September

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Irradiation Studies and Design Optimization of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter for the High-Luminosity LHC

Róbert Astaloš

The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is a sampling hadronic calorimeter covering the central region of the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It employs steel as the absorber material and plastic scintillators as the active medium. The High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), scheduled to start operation in 2030, will deliver instantaneous luminosities significantly exceeding the baseline LHC design, imposing more stringent requirements on detector readout and trigger systems. Consequently, TileCal has to be capable of reliable operation under increased radiation levels and very high particle flux, while maintaining full compatibility with the upgraded ATLAS trigger architecture. During the Long Shutdown period (2026-2030), the TileCal readout electronics will be entirely replaced with radiation-tolerant systems designed to handle data rates approximately an order of magnitude higher than those of the baseline LHC configuration. The photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in the most highly irradiated regions will also be replaced with improved devices exhibiting enhanced stability and radiation tolerance. To meet these challenges, the system design has been correspondingly optimized to ensure improved performance, efficiency and robustness in high-radiation environments, and an extensive irradiation testing program has been carried out. This contribution presents the resulting design developments of the TileCal system, together with the results obtained from the irradiation tests.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Measurement of Neutrino Oscillation Parameters at JUNO and Indication of the Neutrino Mass Ordering

The JUNO Collaboration

We report an improved measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) and the consequent indication of neutrino mass ordering. The analysis is based on 207.2 live days of data, comprising 8,294 inverse beta-decay candidates collected at an average reactor baseline of 52.5 km. A world-leading precision of approximately 1% was achieved for the atmospheric neutrino mass splitting $\Delta m^2_{31}$, with $\Delta m^2_{31}=+2.509^{+0.027}_{-0.025}\times10^{-3}\,\mathrm{eV}^2$ for normal ordering and $\Delta m^2_{31}=-2.482^{+0.025}_{-0.026}\times10^{-3}\,\mathrm{eV}^2$ for inverted ordering, using the Daya Bay constraint in the fit to resolve the correct physical minimum under each mass-ordering hypothesis. We further improved the world's most precise measurements of the solar oscillation parameters, obtaining $\sin^2\theta_{12}=0.3036\pm0.0064$ and $\Delta m^2_{21}=(7.388\pm0.078)\times10^{-5}\,\mathrm{eV}^2$, corresponding to relative precisions of 2.1% and 1.1%, respectively. Incorporating constraints on $\Delta m^2_{31}$ from long-baseline accelerator neutrino experiments into our analysis favored normal ordering over inverted ordering, with a one-sided significance of at least $2.1\sigma$ across all possible CP-violating phases; a Bayesian analysis yielded a Bayes factor of 10.18 in favor of normal ordering.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from astro-ph.HE

ALMA - CTAO synergies

Paola Andreani and Maria Diaz-Trigo

This article aims to raise awareness within the ESO astronomical community of the scientific opportunities offered by the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array, CTAO, highlighting cases where combining millimetre/submillimetre capabilities of the Atacama Large Millimeter / submillimeter Array, ALMA with the CTAO's very high energy, TeV, observations enables new avenues for discovery. Many astrophysical sources and environments exhibit emission processes detectable in both regimes; however, the synergies extend beyond shared emission mechanisms and include broader physical processes and observational connections linking millimetre, submillimetre and TeV energies.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

First Measurement of the Superscaling Variable as a Function of Visible Kinematics in Charged-Current Quasi-Elastic Neutrino–Nucleus Scattering

The MINERvA Collaboration: L. Giannessi, S. Akhter, Z. Ahmad Dar et al. (+32 more)

We report the first measurement of the superscaling variable $\psi^{\prime}_{\rm vis}$ in neutrino–nucleus scattering, using charged-current quasielastic-like $\nu_\mu$-Carbon interactions collected by the MINERvA experiment in the medium-energy NuMI beam. Originally developed to characterize phenomena of scaling with respect to atomic number and momentum transfer in quasielastic electron-nucleus scattering, $\psi^{\prime}$ is reconstructed here from visible final-state kinematics ($\psi^{\prime}_{\rm vis}$). $\psi^{\prime}_{\rm vis}$ is used here as an externally calibrated variable whose peak position is sensitive to the invisible nuclear missing energy. We measure $\psi^{\prime}_{\rm vis}$ as functions of the hadronic recoil $\Sigma T_p$ and muon transverse momentum $p_{\text{T}\mu}$, comparing background-subtracted data to five neutrino–nucleus interaction models via a forward-folding technique. The predicted $\psi^{\prime}_{\rm vis}$ diverges most strongly among model predictions at low $\Sigma T_p$ and $p_{\text{T}\mu}$, where agreement with data is also poorest, exposing which models fail to capture the phase-space dependence of the missing energy and therefore the neutrino energy as extrapolated from visible kinematics. Among tested models, we find that the Relativistic Mean Field approach predicts more accurately the $\psi^{\prime}_{\rm vis}$ peak position.
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All authors The MINERvA Collaboration: L. Giannessi, S. Akhter, Z. Ahmad Dar, N.S. Alex, M. Sajjad Athar, J. Felix, L. Fields, R. Gran, E.Granados, D.A. Harris, A. Klustová, M. Kordosky, D. Last, and A. Lozano, S. Manly, W.A. Mann, K.S. McFarland, M. Mehmood, O. Moreno, J.G. Morfín, J.K. Nelson, G.N. Perdue, C. Pernas, M.A. Ramírez, R.D. Ransome, N. Roy, D. Ruterbories, F. Sánchez, H. Schellman, C.J. Solano Salinas, D.S. Correia, V.S. Syrotenko, N.H. Vaughan, A.V. Waldron, L. Zazueta

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Search for compressed electroweak SUSY production in final states with two $\tau$-leptons in $\sqrt{s} = 13$ and $13.6$ TeV $pp$ collisions with the ATLAS detector

ATLAS Collaboration

Searches for the production of $\tau$-sleptons ($\tilde{\tau}$), charginos ($\tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1$), and neutralinos ($\tilde{\chi}^0_2$) in events with at least one hadronically decaying $\tau$-lepton are presented, targeting compressed mass spectra scenarios. For charginos and neutralinos, the cascade decays producing either a $\tau$-slepton or a $\tau$-sneutrino are considered. Two final selections are studied, requiring either one hadronically decaying $\tau$-lepton and one other charged lepton, or two or more hadronically decaying $\tau$-leptons. To enhance sensitivity to the compressed mass spectra, production modes with initial-state radiation (ISR) jets are considered. The searches use 140 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ and 53 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider during 2015-2018 at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV and 2022-2023 at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 13.6$ TeV, respectively. The searches provide sensitivity to the compressed mass spectra scenarios with light $\tau$-sleptons. The results are generally consistent with the Standard Model, although several deviations with local significances of $2.1-2.4 \sigma$ are observed. These deviations weaken the observed exclusion limits. For direct $\tau$-slepton production, in the ISR channel alone the limits are set for $\Delta m(\tilde{\tau}, \tilde{\chi}^0_1) = 30$ GeV for $\tau$-slepton masses up to $115$ GeV at 95% confidence level. Given the observed data, no exclusion limits are set for direct $\tau$-sleptons production when statistically combining all considered channels. For electroweakino production, limits are set for $\Delta m(\tilde{\chi}^0_2, \tilde{\chi}^0_1) = 30$ GeV for $\tilde{\chi}^0_2$ masses up to $200$ GeV. For pure chargino pair-production, limits are set for chargino masses up to $175$ GeV for the same mass splitting.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Measurements of electroweak penguin $B$ decays with missing energy at Belle and Belle II

Lorenz Gärtner

Electroweak penguin $B$ decays with neutrinos or $\tau$ leptons in the final state are sensitive probes of physics beyond the Standard Model. Using the full Belle and Run 1 Belle II datasets, the first search for $B^0 \to K^0_S\tau^+\tau^-$ sets the upper limit on the branching fraction to $\mathcal{B} < 8.3 \times 10^{-4}$, the search for $B^+ \to K^+\tau^+\tau^-$ sets $\mathcal{B} < 5.6 \times 10^{-4}$, and their isospin combination gives $\mathcal{B}(B \to K\tau^+\tau^-) < 5.4 \times 10^{-4}$, all at 90% confidence level (CL$_s$). The first search for inclusive $B \to X_s\nu\bar\nu$ decays at Belle II sets $\mathcal{B} < 3.3 \times 10^{-4}$. Finally, the Belle II $B^+ \to K^+\nu\bar\nu$ result is reinterpreted in the Weak Effective Theory using its published likelihood. The data prefer an enhanced vector contribution and mildly favour a nonzero tensor contribution.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from physics.acc-ph

Input to the SCAC Facilities Subcommittee from the U.S. Muon Collider Collaboration

S.Jindariani, T.Holmes, P.Meade et al. (+5 more)

This document presents input from the U.S. Muon Collider Collaboration to the SCAC Facilities Subcommittee. It outlines the scientific motivation for a future Muon Collider, the R&D and demonstration program needed to establish its feasibility, and its relevance to U.S. facilities planning for 2026-2036. It also discusses opportunities for leveraging existing U.S. capabilities, developing the accelerator workforce, and building synergies with other DOE programs and international efforts.
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All authors S.Jindariani, T.Holmes, P.Meade, K.DiPetrillo, K.Kennedy, L.Lee, S.Pagan Griso, D.Stratakis

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Trace isotopes set the neutron horizon of liquid argon

Yasser Maghrbi

Near 57 keV, destructive interference makes argon-40 almost transparent to neutrons. The 0.4% of argon-36 and argon-38 in natural argon then supply over 90% of its opacity, amplified 230-fold. Published transmission data rule out the argon-36 evaluation FLUKA uses by default, even with every other isotope made transparent, and bound its cross section in the window to 2-11 b. In a DUNE-scale detector, switching to the data-consistent evaluations moves the fiducial fraction of argon-41 calibration captures by 9-13% while the total yield changes by only 2%: the effect is on where captures occur, not how many.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Flavor-resolved four-fermion probes at the FCC-ee $Z$ pole

Syuhei Iguro

The electron-positron Future Circular Collider will provide an unprecedented opportunity for precision studies at the $Z$ pole. In addition to improving the electroweak measurements pioneered at LEP, Tera-$Z$ statistics and modern jet flavor reconstruction could make rare, flavor-resolved final states accessible as precision observables. We study the exclusive four-body processes $e^+e^-\to Z\to Q\bar Q\ell^+\ell^-$ with $ Q=c,\,b$ and $\ell=\mu,\,\tau$ as probes of flavor-specific new physics contact interactions. A fast analysis yields representative multi-TeV reaches for vector-current interactions involving bottom or charm quarks and muons or taus, providing a baseline for future detector-level studies. For charm-current interactions, the projected direct sensitivities are comparable to those obtained indirectly from electroweak precision observables. Two-dimensional fits further show that these processes retain quark-flavor information that can be poorly resolved by the renormalization-group-induced electroweak response. These results illustrate how flavor-resolved four-body $Z$ processes can bridge the electroweak and flavor programs at FCC-ee, opening a new class of complementary precision observables.
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Monday 28 September

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Full-event anomaly detection for new physics searches at the Electron-Ion Collider

Dimitrios Athanasakos, Sebastian Grieninger, Hongkai Liu et al. (+3 more)

The future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) will offer new opportunities to search for physics beyond the Standard Model. We study resonant anomaly detection using machine learning and the full particle content of an event. We consider a new neutral gauge boson and a heavy neutral lepton as illustrative signals with different electron-jet topologies. Weakly supervised learning uses this event information to enhance the sensitivity of an invariant-mass search without identifying individual signal events during training. Comparisons with high-level observables show that the electron kinematics account for an important part of the separation, while correlations among the particles provide further sensitivity. We also construct a conditional full-event generator by adapting a model pretrained on LHC jets to produce EIC background events. A scan over signal fractions demonstrates substantial signal enhancement using the learned background reference, providing a proof of concept for this approach at the EIC. Finally, we consider a fully unsupervised graph autoencoder that provides modest signal enhancement but retains sensitivity at signal fractions too small for effective weak supervision. Our results motivate full-event anomaly detection as part of the EIC physics program and identify directions for developing methods suited to its distinct kinematics.
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All authors Dimitrios Athanasakos, Sebastian Grieninger, Hongkai Liu, Tymothy Mangan, Felix Ringer, Robert Szafron

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

$t\bar{t}$ spin correlations from toponium production scenarios to non-relativistic resummation beyond the standard perturbative baseline

A. Cota Rodríguez, Jesús A. V. Corral, A. Paredes Sotelo et al. (+1 more)

$t\bar{t}$ spin correlations originating from theoretical models assuming on one side toponium bound state formation in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV are compared against predictions from non-relativistic QCD ressumation effects via Green's function formalism that go beyond the perturbative $t\bar{t}$ baseline with no bound state but could justify extra yield of events in the $t\bar{t}$ mass spectrum recently observed by ATLAS and CMS Collaborations, still awaiting an explanation. Toponium production comprises two scenarios, a simplified Effective Field Theory (EFT) with $\eta_t\rightarrow t\bar{t}$ decays and an additional model with scalar and vector toponium states with $\eta_t\rightarrow HZ$ and $J_t\rightarrow ZW^+W^-$ decays. Experimental measurements on $t\bar{t}$ system are added to the comparisons. Fitted diagonal spin correlation $C_{kk}$, $C_{rr}$, $C_{nn}$ matrix terms show a relative increase in value ranging from 200%-2330% for toponium $t\bar{t}$ decays with respect the perturbative NLO baseline. Relative contribution from resummation effect ranges from 0.6% to 10.4% and its combination with perturbative baseline improves agreement with Data distributions, with $\chi^2/N_\mathrm{dof}$ value reduced by $\sim$4.5%-60.0% . Equivalent fitted cross-section for resummation effect $\sigma_{res}$, ranges from 7.3 to 9.1 pb in consistency with excess yield reported by LHC experiments. $\sigma_{res}$ $>$ 50 pb range is excluded at 95% C.L. A classifier performing at detector level achieves a ROC curve area of $0.91$ leading to toponium signal to background significances over 55. These results indicate that efficient isolation of observed $t\bar{t}$ excess events from background is feasible and a characterisation via spin correlation measurements would reveal their consistency with either toponium production or non-relativistic effects beyond the perturbative baseline.
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All authors A. Cota Rodríguez, Jesús A. V. Corral, A. Paredes Sotelo, J. A. Murillo Quijada

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Effective kinematic variables for searching for dark matter mediators in single top quark production processes

E.E. Boos, V.E. Bunichev and L.V. Dudko

Effective kinematic variables are proposed in the rest frame of the common cluster of the top quark and mediator decay products for searching for and determining the type of dark matter mediator particles and measuring their masses in single top quark production processes. The efficiency of the variables is confirmed by full Monte Carlo simulation taking into account the response of the LHC detectors.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Vector Meson Dominance and Vector Meson Production

Craig D. Roberts

Against a background supported by the three pillars of emergent mass, this contribution challenges the fidelity of vector meson dominance as an instrument for relating the electromagnetic vector-meson (V) production reaction $e + p \to e^\prime + V + p$ to the hadronic process $V + p \to V + p$. It also describes a viable reaction model for exclusive photoproduction of light and heavy vector mesons from the proton, which exposes the $q\bar q$ content of the photon. That model's successes reveal that it is premature to link extant $V + p \to V + p$ data with, for instance, in-proton gluon distributions, the QCD trace anomaly, or pentaquark production. Improved reaction theory and more precise data are required before the validity of such links can objectively be assessed.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from physics.ins-det

A portable neutron scatter camera with isotropic sensitivity

S. G. Yoon, L. Larizgoitia, C. M. Lewis et al. (+2 more)

We describe the design and characterization of a neutron scatter camera specifically developed for the study of neutron fields (flux, energy, direction) in experimental areas of spallation facilities, where multiple neutron sources can simultaneously contribute. A combination of hardware and logic triggers provides the isotropic response required for this application. Neutron source locations are accurately reconstructed on images from a built-in 360$^\circ$ panoramic camera. The full understanding of neutron fields that the device provides can be used for site selection and abatement of neutron backgrounds affecting sensitive instruments such as coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CE$\nu$NS) detectors to be located at the upcoming European Spallation Source.
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All authors S. G. Yoon, L. Larizgoitia, C. M. Lewis, F. Monrabal, J. I. Collar

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Hybrid Neural Simulation-Based Inference for Robust Applications and Limited-Budget Scenarios

Sean Benevedes, Mani Dehghan, Aishik Ghosh et al. (+1 more)

We develop two hybrid techniques that approach the performance of neural simulation-based inference (NSBI) analyses while substantially reducing the computational cost of inference and preserving some or all of the reliability guarantees of parametric methods. The first approach is broadly applicable, while the second is tailored to a class of particle physics analyses that admit a semi-parametric NSBI formulation. With only a modest compromise in raw sensitivity, these methods represent an important step toward computationally efficient NSBI in offline analyses and also open the door to the exploration of trigger-level applications in the future. Based on our comparison studies, we recommend the use of our first approach, Latent Categories, for robust and efficient inference.
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All authors Sean Benevedes, Mani Dehghan, Aishik Ghosh, Tae Hyoun Park

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Measurements of the inclusive Branching fractions of the $D_s^+ \to \eta (\eta^\prime) X$ decays

BESIII Collaborations

Using $e^+ e^-$ collision data collected with the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies between $4.128$ and $4.226$ GeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $7.33~{\rm fb}^{-1}$, the inclusive branching fractions of the decays $D_s^+ \to \eta X$ and $D_s^+ \to \eta^\prime X$ ($X$ denotes any possible particles) are measured to be $(30.72 \pm 0.90 \pm 0.46)\%$ and $(12.30 \pm 0.94 \pm 0.37)\%$, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The results are consistent with the previous CLEO measurements, with precision improved by factors of 2.8 and 1.9 for $D_s^+ \to \eta X$ and $D_s^+ \to \eta^\prime X$, respectively.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

High-energy logarithms and precision at the LHC

Jeppe R. Andersen, Sebastian Jaskiewicz, Andreas Maier et al. (+1 more)

We address the breakdown of fixed-order perturbation theory due to logarithms in $s/p_t^2$ for processes involving two jets or more at the energies currently explored at the LHC. The problem manifests itself in various ways: an obvious breakdown of the perturbative series for some kinematic distributions, highly asymmetric scale variations in other distributions, and the need for an artificially large renormalisation scale to even achieve numerical stability. As we demonstrate, the problem is solved through the resummation of these high-energy logarithms. The customary choice of a large renormalisation scale of $m_{j_1j_2}$ offers no systematic resolution. This breakdown in fixed order predictions is illustrated for the production of $Z$+dijets. We show that resummed predictions obtained using \HighEJ matched to fixed order obtain accurate predictions for all the relevant distributions investigated in a recent ATLAS measurement.
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All authors Jeppe R. Andersen, Sebastian Jaskiewicz, Andreas Maier, Jennifer M. Smillie

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Electric Dipole Moments as Precision Probes of CP-Violating Top-Quark Interactions in SMEFT

Subhajit Kala, Soumitra Nandi and Sonakshi Saha

Electric dipole moments (EDMs) provide some of the most sensitive probes of CP-violating interactions beyond the Standard Model (SM). Within the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT), we investigate constraints on CP-violating top-quark interactions using current and projected leptonic and hadronic EDM measurements. Our analysis incorporates the complete chain of relevant effects, including one- and two-loop matching, Barr-Zee contributions, Weinberg operator and heavy-quark threshold corrections, and renormalization-group induced operator mixing. We demonstrate the strong complementarity between leptonic and hadronic EDM observables and show that future proton EDM searches could significantly strengthen constraints on several CP-violating top-quark interactions.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Infrared Subtraction with Artificial Intelligence

Wenjie He, Xiaohui Liu, Yandong Liu et al. (+1 more)

We present AI-developed local infrared subtraction, building on projection to Born and EFT matching. The framework separates an integrable radiation term from a finite contribution at Born kinematics, referred to as the Born contact. The contact is determined using the EFT singular distribution in a resolution observable such as N-jettiness $\tau_N$. Under human physics guidance, an LLM develops two implementations. One uses a neural network for phase space projection and fits the contact by matching to EFT cumulants. The other uses an analytic construction that keeps the Born momenta fixed while integrating over radiation. It combines the EFT $\delta(\tau_N)$ coefficient with finite 4-dimensional radiation integrals to calculate the contact term directly. This gives a local subtraction formula without a slicing parameter, while reusing existing lower-order radiation calculations and EFT singular predictions. As a demonstration, we reconstruct the full NLO correction for massless 3- and 4-jet production in electron-positron annihilation. The attempt to the NNLO dijet production is also made by recursively using the NLO P2B construction with the LLM designing machine-learning controls to reduce the variance of the contact integral. The tested predictions are in good agreement with EERAD3. The numerical calculation and projection-network training use a 2020 Apple M1 MacBook, without GPU acceleration, illustrating the feasibility of the construction with modest computing resources. The appendices develop an extension of the local subtraction to 3-jet NNLO, giving explicit radiation maps and a proposed contact formula. We also show how to integrate over NNLO radiation while keeping the Born momenta fixed, for any number of massless final-state jets. Our results demonstrate how AI can help higher-order calculations by constructing infrared subtraction and improving its numerical integration.
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All authors Wenjie He, Xiaohui Liu, Yandong Liu, Zhan Wang

2609.36007 · 28 Sep · 31 pages, 11 figs. References and text updated, including the analytic NNLO di-jet contact term calculated by the LLM directly within the P2B+EFT subtraction in 4 dimensions. Prompts and pseudocode for LLM-based agents to reproduce the figs are available in the Ancillary Files section. Prompts for reproducing the analytic contact term can be provided upon request

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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from physics.ins-det

A high-flux electron detection system to measure non-linear Compton scattering at LUXE

Antonios Athanassiadis, Oleksandr Borysov, Florian Burkart et al. (+16 more)

This paper presents the development and testing of a high-flux electron detection system designed to measure the energy spectrum of more than $10^9$ electrons from laser-electron collisions at the LUXE experiment, planned at DESY. The system is intended to enable precision measurements of non-linear Compton scattering in the strong-field regime of quantum electrodynamics. It combines a scintillating screen observed by a camera system with a spatially segmented detector based on the Cherenkov effect. Prototype tests were conducted at two accelerator facilities, where the performance of the system was evaluated under realistic beam conditions. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the detector concept, characterize its current performance and limitations, and provide input for the optimization and final design of the detection system to be used in the experiment.
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All authors Antonios Athanassiadis, Oleksandr Borysov, Florian Burkart, Hannes Dinter-Habermeier, John Hallford, Beate Heinemann, Louis Helary, Luke Hendriks, Ruth Jacobs, Max Kellermeier, Willi Kuropka, Jenny List, Frank Mayet, Gudrid Moortgat-Pick, Evan Ranken, Stefan Schmitt, Ivo Schulthess, Thomas Vinatier, Matthew Wing

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from physics.ins-det

Event-by-event track imaging of charged particles with an ultrafast plenoptic camera

Till Dieminger, Marco Barbieri, Vincenzo Berardi et al. (+8 more)

Modern elementary particle detectors often require high-resolution three-dimensional particle tracking in large dense active volumes, which is difficult to achieve in standard devices without an extremely fine segmentation. In recent work, a plenoptic camera instrumented with a single-photon avalanche-diode array, called PLATON, demonstrated to image individual visible photons generated in monolithic scintillating material and reconstruct their three-dimensional origin from a single-event exposure, opening a route to high-spatial-resolution detection of elementary particles in unsegmented scintillator. However, those tests aimed to address photon sources of essentially zero geometric extent. In this work we close the gap to the tracking regime. First, we calibrated the PLATON prototype using light tracks in an organic plastic scintillator induced by a femtosecond infrared laser via two-photon absorption and characterised its capability to reconstruct photon-starved 3D lines with a novel algorithm, achieving good agreement with custom Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the PLATON prototype was exposed to a test beam of pions at the CERN Proton Synchrotron. For the first time, a plenoptic detector system was successfully used to detect and reconstruct the 3D tracks of elementary particles from 2D photon-starved images on an event-by-event basis marking a transformative approach to high-resolution measurements.
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All authors Till Dieminger, Marco Barbieri, Vincenzo Berardi, Saúl Alonso-Monsalve, Kodai Kaneyasu, Paul Mos, Tim Weber, Johannes Wüthrich, Claudio Bruschini, Edoardo Charbon, Davide Sgalaberna

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Muon Detection and Direction Reconstruction with the Upgraded 1-ton Water Cherenkov Prototype Detector at CJPL-I

Yapeng Wang, Yuzi Yang, Shaomin Chen et al. (+35 more)

The 1-ton prototype detector for Jinping neutrino experiment (JNE-1ton) has completed its hardware upgrade and has been successfully operated in both water and liquid-scintillator modes at CJPL-I, which is situated under a 2400-m rock overburden. During the upgrade, the detector's mechanical support structure and PMT layout were redesigned. The original Hamamatsu PMTs were replaced with 8-inch MCP-PMTs from North Night Vision, increasing the PMT count from 30 to 60. The detector was then operated in water mode for 85 days (Water-I) and 79 days (Water-II). From the accumulated water-mode data, we derive a muon detection efficiency (Water-II) that is approximately 59% higher than that of the pre-upgrade liquid scintillator detector. The measured muon flux is $\phi_{\text{I+II}} = (3.55 \pm 0.43_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm 0.28_{\mathrm{syst}}) \times 10^{-10}~\mathrm{cm}^{-2}\mathrm{s}^{-1}$, which is consistent with the previous measurement. Owing to the characteristic angular dependence of Cherenkov radiation and the increased PMT coverage, the uncertainty in muon direction reconstruction is approximately 6$^\circ$, which corresponds to a reduction to 30% of its previous value. Notably, one rare up-going muon event was clearly identified. It is excluded from the cosmic-ray muon flux sample and opens a new window for neutrino-induced event studies in the deepest underground laboratory in China. This work marks the first time that CJPL has employed a cost-effective water detector for muon flux measurement.
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All authors Yapeng Wang, Yuzi Yang, Shaomin Chen, Wei Dou, Haoyang Fu, Guanghua Gong, Lei Guo, Ziyi Guo, XiangPan Ji, Jianmin Li, Jinjing Li, Bo Liang, Ye Liang, Ling Liu, Qian Liu, Zhiyi Liu, Wentai Luo, Ming Qi, Wenhui Shao, Haozhe Sun, Jian Tang, Yuyi Wang, Zhe Wang, Changxu Wei, Jun Weng, Yiyang Wu, Benda Xu, Chuang Xu, Tong Xu, Tao Xue, Haoyan Yang, Aiqiang Zhang, Bin Zhang, Xinshun Zhang, Yang Zhang, Zhicai Zhang, Lin Zhao, Yangheng Zheng

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Parameter degeneracy and information loss in inverse flavor mapping for high-energy astrophysical neutrinos

Zi-Qiang Chen, Zhi-zhong Xing and Ye-Ling Zhou

Given a high-energy astrophysical neutrino flux, its source flavor ratios $\eta = \{\eta^{}_e, \eta^{}_\mu, \eta^{}_\tau\}$ are correlated with the ones $f = \{f^{}_e, f^{}_\mu, f^{}_\tau\}$ measured at a neutrino telescope via $f = P \eta$, where the elements of $P$ consist of four lepton flavor mixing parameters. But realistic inverse flavor mapping $\eta = P^{-1} f$ encounters unavoidable parameter degeneracy and information loss, especially in or near the $\det P = 0$ limit allowed by current neutrino oscillation data. In this work we explore the parameter correlation condition for $\det P = 0$ including the $\mu$-$\tau$ reflection symmetry case, formulate the corresponding constraints on $f^{}_e$ and $f^{}_\mu$ versus $\eta^{}_e$ and $\eta^{}_\mu$, and illustrate to what extent the source flavor distribution can be mapped by using the recent IceCube all-sky neutrino flux data ranging from 5 TeV to 10 PeV under the assumption that the relevant sources have a common flavor composition.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Meson photoproduction at Jefferson Lab: from two-meson final states to meson-baryon spin-density matrices

Vincent Mathieu

Recent progress in the understanding of meson photoproduction, obtained from the joint effort of the Joint Physics Analysis Center (JPAC) and the GlueX and CLAS experiments at Jefferson Lab, is reviewed. The photoproduction of the $\eta\pi$ system is now well understood, from the $a_2(1320)$ resonance region to the high-mass region dominated by double Regge exchanges. Since the lightest hybrid meson, the $\pi_1(1600)$, is expected to decay predominantly into $b_1\pi$, reactions with a recoiling $\Delta^{++}$ are promising channels for exotic searches. As a first step towards $\gamma p \to b_1 \pi \Delta^{++}$, the complete angular distribution of $\gamma p \to \rho^-\Delta^{++}$ with a linearly polarized photon beam is derived. It involves 56 double-index spin-density matrix elements, which describe the correlations between the $\rho$ and the $\Delta$ decays. When the production amplitudes factorize, as is the case for the exchange of a single Regge pole, the intensity reduces to the product of the standard $\rho$ and $\Delta$ decay distributions and depends on only 14 parameters.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

A study of CMS analysis pipelines through the Integration Challenge

Mohamed Aly, Peter Elmer, Peter Fackeldey et al. (+1 more)

The upcoming High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN will deliver an unprecedented volume of data for High Energy Physics (HEP). This wealth of information offers significant opportunities for scientific discovery, but its scale challenges traditional analysis workflows. In this paper, we present CMS analysis pipelines being developed to meet HL-LHC demands. These pipelines build on the broader scientific Python ecosystem, complemented by solutions specifically designed for HEP. A central focus of this work is the Integration Challenge, an IRIS-HEP led effort aimed at assessing the readiness of developed software stack to be used in real world physics analysis and improving the readiness of analysis facilities for the HL-LHC era. The Integration Challenge acts as an end-to-end integration test: by implementing a complete physics analysis pipeline, it evaluates tool interoperability and the overall user experience for analysts. The current pipeline includes columnar data processing, machine learning, statistical inference, and visualization tasks covering a variety of CMS analysis scenarios. In addition, the Integration Challenge explores efficient strategies for delivering skimmed data using diverse tools and data formats, as well as evaluating the ServiceX data-delivery system for HEP analyses. Throughout the testing phase, we also investigated several prototype services, such as histogram-as-a-service capabilities, along with other emerging services that may support future HL-LHC analysis workflows.
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All authors Mohamed Aly, Peter Elmer, Peter Fackeldey, Oksana Shadura

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Using Graph Neural Networks for the segmentation of overlapping objects in high granularity calorimeters

Matthieu Melennec and Frédéric Magniette

High-granularity calorimeters at the High-Luminosity LHC require novel algorithms to resolve overlapping particle showers. We present an optimised Graph Neural Network (GNN) segmentation block that predicts node-level energy fractions to disentangle overlapping two-photon showers. By accelerating graph construction and convolution operations, our pipeline achieves competitive separation efficiency with significantly reduced algorithmic complexity.
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Sunday 27 September

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

First measurement of the antihydrogen production cross section through the charge-exchange reaction of low-energy antiprotons with orthopositronium

GBAR Collaboration: P. Adrich, I. Belosevic, M. Chung et al. (+41 more)

The GBAR experiment has measured the formation rate of antihydrogen from antiproton impact on a positronium cloud for antiproton kinetic energies of 4 and 6 keV. This is the first charge-exchange cross section measurement performed using antiproton beams, which are provided by the AD-ELENA facility at CERN. The measured cross section values are $(14.1 \pm 1.3 \mathrm{(stat)} ^{+2.2}_{-1.4} \mathrm{(sys)}) \times 10^{-16}$~cm$^2$ at 6.2 keV energy and $(8.7 \pm 2.4 \mathrm{(stat)} ^{+1.5}_{-0.09} \mathrm{(sys)}) \times 10^{-16}$~cm$^2$ at 4.15 keV energy, and agree with recent theoretical three-body calculations for antihydrogen formation. These measurements are an important input for experiments with antimatter, e.g the planned measurements of antihydrogen gravitational acceleration in the GBAR collaboration.
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All authors GBAR Collaboration: P. Adrich, I. Belosevic, M. Chung, P. Cladé, P. Comini, P. Crivelli, P. Debu, A. Douillet, S. Geffroy, S. Guellati-Khelifa, P. Guichard, P.-A. Hervieux, L. Hilico, P. Indelicato, S. Jonsell, J.-P. Karr, B. Kim, S. Kim, E.-S. Kim, N. Kuroda, B. Lee, L. Liszkay, D. Lunney, G. Manfredi, B. Mansoulié, V. Martimort, M. Matusiak, V. Nesvizhevsky, F. Nez, K. Park, N. Paul, E. Perez, P. Pérez, C. Regenfus, C. Roumegou, J.-Y. Roussé, F. Schmidt-Kaler, K. Szymczyk, T. A. Tanaka, B. Tuchming, D. P. van der Werf, D. Won, S. Wronka, P. Yzombard

High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Gottfried-Jackson polarization filters for holographic dilaton and transverse-traceless gluon responses in near-threshold $J/\psi$ photoproduction

Arkadiy I. Syamtomov

Within the Hatta-Yang holographic graviton-dilaton amplitude for near-threshold $J/\psi$ photoproduction, we identify exact dilaton-null spin-projection channels in the Gottfried–Jackson basis. The $m=0$ and $m=-\lambda_\gamma$ amplitudes receive no dilaton contribution; for photon polarization normal to the reaction plane the $m=0$ channel further isolates $A_g(t)+B_g(t)$ and requires nucleon spin transfer. Standard beam-polarization spin-density-matrix elements then furnish a TT-sensitive combination and a second bilinear containing linear dilaton-TT interference. Comparison with modern GlueX and CLAS12 cross sections shows substantial sensitivity to the shape of the original holographic parameterization. The polarization observables therefore provide direct probes of the tensor structure of the production amplitude.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment) · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Constraining Ultra-Light Vector Bosons via Solar Neutrino Oscillations: The Gauged $L_\mu - L_\tau$ Model and Prospects for JUNO and XLZD

Ilídio Lopes

We present an extension of the Standard Model based upon the gauged $U(1)_{L_\mu - L_\tau}$ symmetry, featuring an ultra-light vector boson that couples to the difference of muon and tau lepton numbers. This anomaly-free construction, historically motivated by the muon's anomalous magnetic moment, is employed here as an independent phenomenological framework for solar neutrino physics. Through kinetic mixing with the photon, the $Z^\prime$ boson generates an effective matter potential within the solar interior, thereby modifying neutrino flavour oscillations via the Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein mechanism. Utilising recent solar neutrino measurements from Borexino, SNO, and Super-Kamiokande, together with an up-to-date standard solar model, we constrain the boson mass to be below $5.7\times 10^{-17}\,{\rm eV}$, a potential ultra-light dark matter candidate. The optimal model, with coupling parameter $\eta_o \approx -2$, yields $\chi_\nu^2 = 2.7$, compared with $\chi_\nu^2 = 3.1$ for the standard three-flavour scenario. This best fit corresponds to an effective four-fermion coupling $g_{Z^\prime}^2 \varepsilon / m_{Z^\prime}^2 \approx 6.6 \times 10^{-23}\,{\rm eV}^{-2}$, approximately $5.7$ times the Fermi constant, equivalent for $\varepsilon \approx 1$ and a reference mediator mass of $1\,{\rm eV}$ to a gauge coupling $g_{Z^\prime} \approx 8\times 10^{-12}$. We also present projections for forthcoming experiments: the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), operating since August 2025 with world-leading precision on oscillation parameters, together with the XLZD consortium, should substantially refine these constraints. Such ultra-light particles may address long-standing discrepancies in galaxy simulations within the cold dark matter paradigm, whilst terrestrial long-baseline neutrino experiments provide complementary probes of this parameter space.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Improved search for $\psi(3770) \to \gamma \eta_{c}(1S, 2S)$ radiative transitions

BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson et al. (+779 more)

Based on an integrated luminosity of $20.3~\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ of $e^{+}e^{-}$ annihilation data collected at a center-of-mass energy of $3.773~\rm{GeV}$ with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider, an improved search for the radiative transitions $\psi(3770) \to \gamma \eta_{c}(1S, 2S)$ is performed using the hadronic decays $\eta_{c}(1S, 2S) \to K^{0}_{S} K^{\pm} \pi^{\mp}$. No significant signal is observed. The corresponding 90$\%$ confidence level upper limits on the product branching fractions are set to be $5.0 \times 10^{-6}$ for the $\eta_{c}(1S)$ transition and $3.7 \times 10^{-6}$ for the $\eta_{c}(2S)$ transition. The 90$\%$ confidence level upper limits on the partial decay widths are also reported to be $\Gamma(\psi(3770) \to \gamma \eta_{c}(1S)) < 5.5$ keV and $\Gamma(\psi(3770) \to \gamma \eta_{c}(2S)) < 29.4~\rm{keV}$. With about seven times larger integrated luminosity than used previously, these results lower the upper limits by approximately a factor of three and two for the $\eta_{c}(1S)$ and $\eta_{c}(2S)$ transitions, respectively.
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All authors BESIII Collaboration: M. Ablikim, M. N. Achasov, P. Adlarson, X. C. Ai, C. S. Akondi, R. Aliberti, A. Amoroso, Q. An, Y. H. An, M. S. Anderson, Y. Bai, O. Bakina, H. R. Bao, X. L. Bao, M. Barbagiovanni, V. Batozskaya, K. Begzsuren, N. Berger, M. Berlowski, M. B. Bertani, D. Bettoni, F. Bianchi, E. Bianco, A. Bortone, I. Boyko, R. A. Briere, A. Brueggemann, D. Cabiati, H. Cai, M. H. Cai, X. Cai, A. Calcaterra, G. F. Cao, N. Cao, S. A. Cetin, X. Y. Chai, J. F. Chang, T. T. Chang, G. R. Che, Y. Z. Che, C. H. Chen, Chao Chen, G. Chen, H. S. Chen, H. Y. Chen, M. L. Chen, S. J. Chen, S. M. Chen, T. Chen, W. Chen, X. R. Chen, X. T. Chen, X. Y. Chen, Y. B. Chen, Y. Q. Chen, Z. K. Chen, J. Cheng, L. N. Cheng, S. K. Choi, X. Chu, G. Cibinetto, F. Cossio, J. Cottee-Meldrum, H. L. Dai, J. P. Dai, X. C. Dai, A. Dbeyssi, R. E. de Boer, D. Dedovich, Z. Y. Deng, A. Denig, I. Denisenko, M. Destefanis, F. De Mori, E. Di Fiore, X. X. Ding, Y. Ding, Y. X. Ding, J. Dong, L. Y. Dong, M. Y. Dong, X. Dong, Z. J. Dong, M. C. Du, S. X. Du, Shaoxu Du, X. L. Du, Y. Q. Du, Y. Y. Duan, Z. H. Duan, P. Egorov, G. F. Fan, J. J. Fan, K. X. Fan, Y. H. Fan, J. Fang, Jin Fang, S. S. Fang, W. X. Fang, Y. Q. Fang, L. Fava, F. Feldbauer, G. Felici, C. Q. Feng, J. H. Feng, Q. X. Feng, Y. T. Feng, M. Fritsch, C. D. Fu, J. L. Fu, Y. W. Fu, H. Gao, Xu Gao, Y. Gao, Y. N. Gao, Y. Y. Gao, Yunong Gao, Z. Gao, S. Garbolino, I. Garzia, L. Ge, P. T. Ge, Z. W. Ge, C. Geng, A. Gilman, K. Goetzen, J. Gollub, J. B. Gong, J. D. Gong, L. Gong, W. X. Gong, W. Gradl, M. Greco, M. D. Gu, M. H. Gu, C. Y. Guan, A. Q. Guo, H. Guo, J. N. Guo, L. B. Guo, M. J. Guo, R. P. Guo, X. Guo, Y. P. Guo, Z. Guo, A. Guskov, J. Gutierrez, J. Y. Han, T. T. Han, X. Han, F. Hanisch, J. Y. Hao, K. D. Hao, X. Q. Hao, F. A. Harris, C. Z. He, K. K. He, K. L. He, F. H. Heinsius, C. H. Heinz, Y. K. Heng, C. Herold, N. D. Hoffman, P. C. Hong, G. Y. Hou, X. T. Hou, Y. R. Hou, Z. L. Hou, H. M. Hu, J. F. Hu, Q. P. Hu, S. L. Hu, T. 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