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Physics Astrophysics

astro-ph Watch Astrophysics

Thursday 18 June

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Molecular cloud dispersal traced by the ionized carbon 158 micron line

L. Bonne, N. Schneider, S. Dannhauer et al. (+14 more)

Feedback from massive stars in the form of radiation and winds impacts the associated host molecular cloud. Feedback can disperse cloud material and lead to the destruction of the cloud. Recent observations of the ionized carbon CII 158 micron line in high-mass star-forming regions have demonstrated that this line is an excellent tracer of the gas dynamics in such environments. Expanding CII shells have been detected, along with high-velocity gas escaping the natal cloud through low-density channels. Motivated by these results, we conducted a systematic analysis of spectrally resolved CII maps obtained with SOFIA towards ten high-mass star-forming regions hosting at least one O-type star. Across all regions, we identify high-velocity CII line wings with velocities that exceed the cloud escape velocity, indicating that this gas is not gravitationally confined. We show that the high-velocity gas exhibits a complex velocity structure and cannot be attributed solely to a single, coherent expanding CII bubble. The amount of material in these erosion flows depends on the evolutionary stage of the molecular cloud and its associated HII region. Once the initial bubble around the cluster ruptures, typically after 0.1 Myr, gas is expelled from the cloud. The resulting cloud erosion timescales based on these directly observed mass ejection rates typically vary between 2 and 10 Myr after the formation of the first O stars, similar to other indirect measures of molecular cloud life times. These results suggest that stellar feedback is able to remove enough molecular gas to terminate the star formation in the host cloud.
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All authors L. Bonne, N. Schneider, S. Dannhauer, E. Keilmann, J.M. Jackson, R. Simon, A.G.G.M. Tielens, E. Chambers, C. Buchbender, J. L. Verbena, S. Kabanovic, T. Faerber, L. D. Anderson, R. Guesten, A.M. Jacob, C. Guevara, F. Wyrowski

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Radio Spectral Imaging and MHD Modeling of a CME-Driven Shock: Connecting Solar Type II Radio Bursts with Shock-Surface Magnetic Geometry

Peijin Zhang, Weihao Liu, Bin Chen et al. (+3 more)

Solar type II radio bursts are widely regarded as signatures of shock waves propagating in the solar corona and are of particular importance for understanding shock-driven particle acceleration processes. Type II radio bursts often exhibit complex multi-lane and split-band features. The detailed spectral, temporal, and spatial structures carry key information about the shock properties and evolution. However, the physical origin of the multi-lane and split-band features remains unclear, largely due to a lack of spatially resolved data and understanding of the concurrent shock morphology and its magnetic-field context. In this work, we combine radio imaging spectroscopy of a multi-lane, split-band type II burst event with a three-dimensional global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the associated coronal mass ejection-driven shock using the Alfvén Wave Solar atmosphere Model-Realtime. In this event, the burst intensity evolves from fundamental-emission dominated to harmonic-emission dominated. Meanwhile, the preferential emission source region moves from the Earth-facing side to the limb or far side, coinciding with quasi-perpendicular shock regions with enhanced Mach numbers. The observed spatial offset between the fundamental and harmonic sources is generally aligned with the projected shock-surface magnetic field from the simulation, consistent with anisotropic scattering in a magnetized turbulent plasma. These results establish a physical connection between type II radio sources and coronal shock magnetic geometry, providing new insight into the origin of the multi-lane features and their diagnostics of coronal shocks.
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All authors Peijin Zhang, Weihao Liu, Bin Chen, Ward B. Manchester IV, Surajit Mondal, Sijie Yu

Astrophysics of Galaxies

LEGGOS I: The JWST LEGGOS Survey – LEnsing and Galaxy Growth: Observing Substructures – Unpacks the Nature of Clumpy Star Formation and Quenching in Gravitationally Lensed Galaxies beyond Cosmic Noon

Gourav Khullar, Michael Florian, Matthew B. Bayliss et al. (+34 more)

We present first results from the JWST LEGGOS Survey (LEnsing and Galaxy Growth: Observing Substructures), aimed at studying the physics of clumpy star formation and quenching in eight lensed galaxies at $z\sim2$–4. LEGGOS combines multiple Cycle 2 JWST GO programs (GO 4125, GO 3843) and Cycle 1 archival data, and utilizes strong gravitational lensing with NIRCam imaging and NIRSpec integral-field spectroscopy. LEGGOS targets UV-bright, highly magnified systems to resolve $\sim$10–200 pc regions in both rest-frame optical continuum and nebular emission. This overview paper describes the survey design, data reduction and calibration strategy, and science-quality data products, and highlights early examples demonstrating how spectroscopy breaks key degeneracies inherent to photometry-only clump studies, including identifying recent quenching in previously-thought UV star forming galaxies. We introduce a uniform analysis framework that jointly models lensing reconstruction, multi-band photometry, and integral field spectroscopy to disentangle multiple stellar populations within individual clumps and their surrounding diffuse regions. Using maps of Balmer recombination lines and key emission line diagnostic ratios, we connect star formation histories, dust attenuation, and nebular conditions on sub-kpc scales – LEGGOS galaxies range from uniform metallicities across the whole galaxy, to having higher clump metallicities and harder ionization conditions relative to diffuse regions. The full survey dataset, with simultaneous flux and morphology constraints on clumpy source-plane regions, and a flexible spectrophotometric SPS modeling approach, provides a direct bridge between parsec-scale star formation physics and galaxy assembly at and beyond cosmic noon, offering a robust and efficient means of resolving star formation in the first galaxies.
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All authors Gourav Khullar, Michael Florian, Matthew B. Bayliss, Taylor A. Hutchison, Brian Welch, Keren Sharon, Jane R. Rigby, Dylan Berry, T. Emil Rivera-Thorsen, Håkon Dahle, Sedona H. Price, Nikko J. Cleri, Julissa Sarmiento, Guillaume Mahler, Michael D. Gladders, Rachel Bezanson, Alex Ross, Pedram Abedi, Rion Oh, John Chisholm, Keunho Kim, Katherine E. Whitaker, Aleena Ebey, Cole Panzer, Jacqueline Antwi-Danso, Catherine Cerny, Suhyeon C. Choe, Juliana S. M. Karp, James W. Kulp, Tim B. Miller, Grace M. Olivier, M. Riley Owens, David J. Setton, Irene Shivaei, Erik Solhaug, Amritaansh Srivastava, Sierra Bet

2606.20845 · 18 Jun · v2: updated LEGGOS + JWST/MAST citations based on new policies. v1: 42 pages, 13 figures, 11 tables. Submitted to ApJ. Data products, including NIRSpec IFS cubes + gravitational lens models will be released upon pub. acceptance (contact gkhullar@uw.edu). Zenodo link for LEGGOS logo files (CC-BY-NY-SA usage): https://zenodo.org/records/20721247. Intentionally submitted during LGBTQIA+ pride month

Abstract PDF $GLXY ×9$STAR ×6$LENS ×4$CSMC ×2 +4

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Ground control to major time-lag: on-sky results of data-driven predictive wavefront control at Keck Observatory

Jules Fowler, Rebeca Jensen-Clem, Sylvain Cetre et al. (+12 more)

Directly imaging and characterizing exoplanets requires extreme adaptive optics (XAO), which achieves exquisite wavefront correction over a small (<5") field of view. Temporal errors, where the wavefront evolves faster than the lag between wavefront sensing and control, are often a leading term in the error budget for these XAO systems. Predictive control mitigates temporal errors by predicting where the wavefront will be by the time the system correction is applied. In particular, empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) learn linear correlations in a wavefront using previous states in the wavefront sensor history. We present on-sky results of a new implementation of EOF built directly into the Keck-II real time controller. On-sky engineering tests at Keck Observatory of the predictive controller show a 20% performance improvement over a classic integrator according to wavefront residuals from the Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor (SHWFS). Parameter optimization studies show that there is a clear improvement based on varying predictive filter hyper-parameters, but that within a reasonable regime, varying filter parameters does not degrade performance to notably worse than an integrator. NIRC2 imaging through the Brackett Gamma=2190nm filter shows comparable performance between an integrator and predictor, both comparing Strehl Ratio (SR) and coronagraph-free contrast. We also explore power in principal components, and find a modest improvement (on the order of 3% less area under the curve of component strength) from the predictor over the integrator. This work not only improves current observing for the Keck community, but also acts as a pathfinder for predictive control methods with extremely large telescopes.
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All authors Jules Fowler, Rebeca Jensen-Clem, Sylvain Cetre, Maaike A. M. van Kooten, Maissa Salama, Antonin Bouchez, Avinash Surendran, Charlotte Guthery, Eduardo Marin, Mahawa Cisse, Max Service, Charlotte Z. Bond, Emiel Por, Nour Skaf, Will Gauvin

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Old and Bright: The Remarkable Radio Brightening of the Engine-driven SN 2012au Several Years After Explosion Signals the Birth of a PWN

Eli Wiston, Raffaella Margutti, A. J. Nayana et al. (+23 more)

We present the results from an extensive broad-band (radio to X-rays) observing campaign of the engine-driven Type Ib SN 2012au in the first 13 years of evolution. The early-time (${\delta}t\leq{190}$ d) radio and X-ray evolution is well-described by conventional models of a forward shock interacting with a wind-like circumstellar medium ($\rho_{\rm{CSM}}\propto{r}^{-2}$). However, starting at $\delta{t}\approx{6.7}$ yr, we detect a significant radio re-brightening. This late-time emission is dominated by a luminous component characterized by a broad and rapidly evolving spectral peak and a shallow optically thin spectral slope, $F_{\nu}\propto{\nu}^{-0.31\pm0.02}$. These properties imply a compact emitting region ($R\lesssim{10}^{16}$ cm) expanding at a remarkably slow velocity ($\lesssim{500}$ km/s) into a high-density environment ($\geq{10}^4 \rm{cm}^{-3}$), accompanied by a hard electron power-law index $p\approx{1.6}$. No soft or hard X-ray emission is detected at any epoch, indicating that high-energy radiation is either strongly absorbed or intrinsically absent. In the context of aspherical shock-CSM interaction models, these observations imply extreme properties of the CSM (geometry, density, total mass) that lack clear astrophysical motivation. Instead, we show that the emergence of radiation from a newborn Pulsar Wind Nebula (PWN) naturally explains the radio spectral evolution and high-energy limits, where the emission is governed by the adiabatic expansion of a relic pair plasma. We conclude that SN 2012au represents the most compelling candidate for a young, newborn PWN discovered to date, a scenario that can be directly tested with pending Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations.
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All authors Eli Wiston, Raffaella Margutti, A. J. Nayana, Brian D. Metzger, Kohta Murase, Dan Milisavljevic, Itai Sfaradi, Ryan Chornock, Deanne L. Coppejans, Joe Bright, Garrett K. Keating, Giacomo Terreran, Mattias Lazda, Maria R. Drout, Michael Stroh, Lauren Rhodes, Ben Margalit, Jonathan Granot, Fabio De Colle, Michael Bietenholz, Daichi Tsuna, Samantha Wu, Tanmoy Laskar, Edo Berger, Daniel Patnaude, Collin T. Christy

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

ReLaTS: a Reinforcement Learning-based method for dynamically determining the coupling Time Step in multi-scale simulations of self-gravitating systems

Veronica Saz Ulibarrena and Simon Portegies Zwart

Astrophysical simulations frequently address multi-scale, multi-physics problems through subsystem decomposition, problem-tailored integration schemes, and coupling on fixed manually set timescales. Here we introduce ReLaTS, a reinforcement learning framework that dynamically selects the coupling time step to optimize the trade-off between accuracy and computational cost. We validate ReLaTS on star clusters containing a planetary system, and test the method by varying the number of stars $N_\star$ in the cluster and the number of planets ($N_{\rm planet}$) orbiting one of them. The method finds the optimal coupling time step that balances speed and accuracy without requiring expert knowledge. In addition, the trained network operates independently of the coupled N-body algorithms, displaying stable performance across a range of setups. We observe that the method is less reliable for cases with infinitesimal masses, as their contribution to the total energy is negligible compared to that of the massive bodies, and the network is not capable of recognizing potential errors generated while integrating them. For long-time integration of large $N$ systems, the error accumulates. The reinforcement learning algorithm, however, manages to keep the energy error below a pre-set threshold. This approach substantially reduces energy errors relative to fixed-time step baselines without substantial additional computational overhead. Once trained, ReLaTS requires no expert tuning and generalizes across diverse astrophysical domains, enabling adaptive multi-scale simulations.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Euclid: Quick Data Release (Q1) – LensMC shear measurement catalogue for cluster lensing science

G. Congedo, M. Sereno, H. Miyatake et al. (+140 more)

We present a LensMC lensing analysis of Euclid Quick Release 1 images that were made available in March 2025. We measured shapes, positions, weights, and other morphological parameters of galaxies with a surface number density of $26\;\text{arcmin}^{-2}$ for $I_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}<24.5$, achieving 75 arcmin$^{-2}$ for $I_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}<27$, in 63 deg$^2$ of Euclid VIS images. This is the first shear measurement catalogue produced with \lensmc in anticipation of the Euclid Data Release 1. To within the scope of this work and availability of survey volume, we found no spatial dependency in the additive biases. However, we developed an empirical bias correction based jointly on galaxy sizes and magnitudes, which was applied to the measurement of the lensing signal over the whole area. In order to validate the quality of our measurements, we calculated two-point statistics and cluster profile measurements, and cross-checked results with external cluster catalogues from WISE and the Dark Energy Survey. Additionally, by stacking shear profiles of random clusters we found that the low-redshift, large radii bins may be still contaminated by residual systematic effects. Thanks to Euclid image resolution and depth and overall good control of systematic errors, we are able to constrain the lensing profiles of clusters with masses of $10^{14}M_\odot$ out to $z\approx2$ over nearly 10 Gyr of evolution history.
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All authors G. Congedo, M. Sereno, H. Miyatake, S. Guerrini, M. Kilbinger, M. Radovich, H. Jansen, F. Kleinebreil, T. Schrabback, A. N. Taylor, B. Altieri, L. Amendola, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, R. P. Blake, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, V. F. Cardone, J. Carretero, M. Castellano, G. Castignani, S. Cavuoti, A. Cimatti, C. Colodro-Conde, L. Conversi, Y. Copin, F. Courbin, H. M. Courtois, M. Cropper, H. Degaudenzi, G. De Lucia, C. Dolding, H. Dole, F. Dubath, X. Dupac, M. Farina, R. Farinelli, S. Ferriol, F. Finelli, P. Fosalba, S. Fotopoulou, M. Frailis, M. Fumana, L. Gabarra, S. Galeotta, K. George, B. Gillis, C. Giocoli, J. Gracia-Carpio, A. Grazian, F. Grupp, S. Hemmati, M. S. Holliman, W. Holmes, I. M. Hook, F. Hormuth, A. Hornstrup, K. Jahnke, M. Jhabvala, S. Kermiche, B. Kubik, M. Kümmel, M. Kunz, H. Kurki-Suonio, A. M. C. Le Brun, S. Ligori, P. B. Lilje, V. Lindholm, I. Lloro, M. Magliocchetti, G. Mainetti, O. Mansutti, O. Marggraf, M. Martinelli, N. Martinet, F. Marulli, R. J. Massey, E. Medinaceli, M. Meneghetti, E. Merlin, G. Meylan, A. Mora, M. Moresco, C. Moretti, L. Moscardini, E. Munari, R. Nakajima, C. Neissner, R. C. Nichol, S.-M. Niemi, C. Padilla, S. Paltani, F. Pasian, W. J. Percival, V. Pettorino, A. Pezzotta, S. Pires, G. Polenta, M. Poncet, L. A. Popa, F. Raison, A. Renzi, J. Rhodes, G. Riccio, E. Romelli, M. Roncarelli, C. Rosset, B. Rusholme, R. Saglia, Z. Sakr, A. G. Sánchez, D. Sapone, M. Schirmer, P. Schneider, A. Secroun, E. Sihvola, C. Sirignano, G. Sirri, L. Stanco, P. Tallada-Crespí, I. Tereno, S. Toft, R. Toledo-Moreo, F. Torradeflot, I. Tutusaus, E. A. Valentijn, J. Valiviita, T. Vassallo, Y. Wang, J. Weller, A. Zacchei, G. Zamorani, F. M. Zerbi, E. Zucca, T. Castro

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

WST – Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope: The Next Leap in Wide-field Spectroscopy

Roland Bacon, Olga Bellido, Philippe Dierickx et al. (+52 more)

The Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST) is a concept for a dedicated 12-m spectroscopic survey facility designed to address some of the most important questions in astrophysics in the 2040s. The WST will provide unprecedented spectroscopic survey capabilities by operating simultaneously over a 2-degree diameter field of view with 54 low-resolution spectrographs fed by 30,000 fibres, 8-16 high-resolution spectrographs fed by 2,000 fibres, and a large panoramic low-resolution integral-field spectrograph. Supported by Horizon Europe, the concept study has refined the science cases, facility architecture, operations model, sustainability strategy, and technology roadmap. The resulting reference design demonstrates that the WST is both scientifically transformative and technically feasible, while identifying the developments required to mitigate the remaining risks. The WST is designed as an ESO flagship facility for the post-ELT construction era and a key spectroscopic complement to the major imaging, time-domain, and multi-messenger facilities of the coming decades.
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All authors Roland Bacon, Olga Bellido, Philippe Dierickx, Paolo Franzetti, Roelof S. de Jong, David Lee, Vincenzo Mainieri, Sofia Randich, Richard I. Anderson, Francesco Belfiore, Henri Boffin, Julia Bryant, Kjetil Dohlen, Richard Ellis, Gaston Gausachs, Alexandre Jeanneau, Laura Magrini, Simon O'Toole, Michele Moresco, Arlette Pécontal, Anna Puglisi, Paula Sánchez Sáez, Rodolfo Smiljanic, Stefano Zibetti, Bodo Ziegler, Matthew Colless, Matt Lehnert, Pietro Schipani, Laurence Tresse, Joe Barrow, Nicolas Bouché, Dimitri Buffat, Vincenzo De Caprio, Letizia P. Cassarà, Younes Chahid, Corentin Cudennec, Bianca De Caro, Simone D'Auria, Laurane Fréour, Marco Fumana, Maria Cristina Fortuna, Adriana Gargiulo, Pascale Hibon, Alessandro Meoli, Matteo Munari, Aaron Omadutt, Dinko Milaković, Peder Norberg, Marco Palla, Sébastien Pernecker, Marco Scodeggio, Maxime Rombach, Will Saunders, Elmo Tempel, Nicholas A. Walton

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Warm fermionic dark matter from freeze-in at stronger coupling

Duarte Feiteira and Vinícius Oliveira

We study warm fermionic dark matter (DM) in the framework of freeze-in at stronger coupling, in the minimal Higgs portal scenario. The reheating temperature is taken to be low, so that DM production from the Standard Model thermal bath is Boltzmann-suppressed and the DM stays out of equilibrium even for a sizeable coupling. This opens the possibility of observable signatures, in particular invisible Higgs decays. We compute the DM relic abundance including both the pre- and post-reheating contributions. We find that the fermionic DM production reaction is strongly velocity suppressed, requiring larger reheating temperatures than those obtained for scalar DM in order to reproduce the correct relic abundance. The resulting DM momentum distribution is strongly non-thermal and its shape is not captured by the common $\alpha\beta\gamma$-parametrization. We find that the Lyman-$\alpha$ constraint excludes DM masses below about $100 -180\,\mathrm{keV}$, depending on the reheating history.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

Investigating the Spectral Properties of Dual Nuclei in Galaxy Mergers from the GOTHIC survey: Supermassive Black Hole Growth, metal enrichment and Dual AGN

Prerana Biswas, Mousumi Das, Sudhanshu Barway et al. (+4 more)

Dual nuclei systems are galaxy merger remnants or closely merging galaxies that have two distinct stellar cores separated by ~ 10pc to 10kpc. They are important laboratories for probing the co-evolution of stellar populations, galaxy dynamics, and central black holes during the hierarchical assembly of galaxies. In this study, we present a spectroscopic analysis of a sample of dual nuclei from the GOTHIC survey, using the penalized pixel-fitting (pPXF) code. The sample consists of star forming nuclei pairs, dual active galactic nuclei (DAGN) and mixed pairs. Using the SDSS spectra, we extracted stellar kinematics, emission line fluxes, the star formation history, metallicity of the nuclei, and derived important properties such as the supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses, accretion rates and SMBH ratios. We compared different properties of the nuclei in the dual systems, such as stellar velocity dispersion, stellar masses, black hole masses, age and metallicity. Our results show that the SMBH masses are higher for BHs in galaxy mergers compared to single nuclei for a given stellar mass, thus revealing that SMBHs grow during the galaxy merging process and not only due to the merger of SMBHs. Our study provides new observational constraints on the dynamical and evolutionary states of dual-nuclei systems, offering a deeper understanding of the role these systems play in galaxy evolution and central black hole growth.
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All authors Prerana Biswas, Mousumi Das, Sudhanshu Barway, Françoise Combes, Anwesh Bhattacharya, Snehanshu Saha, C. P. Nehal

Astrophysics of Galaxies

The Lifecycle and Emission Properties of PAHs in Cosmological Hydrodynamic Galaxy Formation Simulations

Desika Narayanan, Paul Torrey, Massimiliano Parente et al. (+16 more)

We present the first cosmological model for the lifecycle and luminous properties of PAHs in galaxies as they evolve from z=6–>0. We model 40 zoom-in galaxies, coupled with an on-the-fly model for the evolution of dust grains in the ISM. We approximate PAHs as ultrasmall (a < 13 Angstrom) carbonaceous dust grains, and couple this model with single-photon excitation calculations to compute the emergent mid-infrared spectra. (1) If we assume that dust is large upon formation, then PAHs are naturally able to form in situ in the ISM via grain-grain shattering. Interstellar collision velocities increase in low density, diffuse gas in our model; as galaxies evolve, the increase in fractional mass of diffuse gas drives an increase in grain-grain collision velocities and a corresponding rise in the PAH mass fraction (qPAH) from ~5 x 10^{-4} at z~4 to ~10^{-2} at z~0. (2) Increased PAH production in the diffuse ISM results in an inverse relationship between qPAH and the molecular gas fraction. (3) The PAH light-to-mass ratio scales linearly with the radiation field intensity (LPAH/MPAH ~ G_0) but anti-correlates with qPAH, because high-Sigma_SFR galaxies have a denser ISM that suppresses shattering. This means the physical qPAH and observed LPAH/LFIR do not evolve in lockstep. (4) The PAH-metallicity relationship (PZR) arises naturally in this framework: galaxies enrich and grow their diffuse ISM fraction simultaneously, linking rising metallicity to rising qPAH. Our models represent the first to reproduce the PZR observed across z=0-2. (5) The LPAH-SFR and LPAH-M_mol relations emerge from two effects: more massive galaxies have larger PAH reservoirs, and higher-SFR galaxies excite their PAHs more efficiently per unit mass. Taken together, these results suggest that grain-grain shattering in the diffuse ISM is the main driver behind the evolution of cosmic PAH abundances.
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All authors Desika Narayanan, Paul Torrey, Massimiliano Parente, Grant Donnelly, Dhruv Zimmerman, Alex Garcia, Helena Richie, J.-D. T. Smith, Brandon Hensley, Federico Marinacci, Jed McKinney, Alexandra Pope, Gergo Popping, Laura Sales, Karin Sandstrom, Ethan Savitch, Irene Shivaei, Justin Spilker, Corey Whitcomb

Astrophysics of Galaxies

LEGGOS II: A Strong Lens Model and Source-Plane Projection of the Clumpy Star-Forming Galaxy SGASJ111020.0+645950.8 at z=2.48

Pedram Abedi, Keren Sharon, Taylor A. Hutchison et al. (+18 more)

Strong gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters combined with the resolution of JWST enables studies of star formation on ~10-100 pc scales in galaxies at z~2-4. As part of the LEnsing and Galaxy Growth: Observing Substructures survey (LEGGOS), we present an updated strong lensing model of the galaxy cluster SDSSJ1110+6459 (z=0.659), which lenses the clumpy star-forming galaxy SGASJ111020.0+645950.8 at z=2.481 into a highly magnified giant arc. Using JWST NIRCam imaging, NIRSpec spectroscopy, and archival HST data, we confirm and refine the identification of four multiply imaged background sources, including one newly identified system, and map over 20 luminous regions between each image of the primary arc. Spectroscopy confirms that several previously ambiguous edge "clumps" belong to the main arc at z=2.481. Despite the limited number of strongly lensed sources in the field, the resulting lens model has high precision, owing to the high density of JWST-resolved clump constraints that tightly probe the lensing potential near the giant arc. The model yields a projected lens mass of $M(<250~\mathrm{kpc}) = 1.21^{+0.09}_{-0.04} \times 10^{14}~M_\odot$, an Einstein radius of $\theta_\mathrm{E} = 10.8^{+0.3}_{-0.4}~\mathrm{arcsec}$, and a total effective magnification of $\mu_\mathrm{tot}=24.2^{+3.4}_{-1.2}$ for the giant arc. Across the arc, individual clump magnifications span $\mu_\mathrm{clump}\sim4-19$, with fractional magnification uncertainties of $\sigma_\mu/|\mu_{\rm best}|\sim0.03-0.09$. We report a $\sim2-8\times$ improvement in magnification precision over previous models. Ongoing and future analyses of this arc will enable robust measurements of star-forming structure, building on the lensing foundation established here for LEGGOS studies of galaxy growth and feedback during cosmic noon.
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All authors Pedram Abedi, Keren Sharon, Taylor A. Hutchison, Matthew B. Bayliss, Michael Florian, Gourav Khullar, Michael D. Gladders, Dylan Berry, Catherine Cerny, Håkon Dahle, Aleena Ebey, Juliana S.M. Karp, Keunho Kim, James W. Kulp, Guillaume Mahler, Jane R. Rigby, T. Emil Rivera-Thorsen, Amritaansh Srivastava, Brian Welch, Alex Ross, Julissa Sarmiento

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Planet-Planet Secular Migration Predicts a Stellar Obliquity-Period Anti-Correlation

Hareesh Gautham Bhaskar, Cristobal Petrovich and Diego J. Muñoz

Stellar obliquities provide a fossil record of hot Jupiter (HJ) migration. An emerging observational trend in single-star systems is that strongly misaligned HJs are largely confined to short orbital periods, while longer-period HJs are preferentially aligned. This pattern cannot be explained by tidal dissipation in the star and may instead preserve clues to the migration pathway. We show that secular high-eccentricity migration driven by a distant planetary companion naturally produces such an obliquity–period correlation. In our simulations, the shortest-period HJs tend to be produced by the von Zeipel–Lidov–Kozai mechanism driven by highly inclined companions, which results in a broad range of final stellar obliquities. The longest-period HJs, on the other hand, are produced over longer timescales by coplanar high-eccentricity migration, which preserves low obliquities. The transition between these two limits is not abrupt, with intermediate-period HJs displaying a moderate range of obliquities. According to this interpretation, we predict that the shortest-period HJs should have distant planetary companions with broadly distributed mutual inclinations, whereas the companions of longer-period HJs should reside in nearly coplanar orbits. Upcoming Gaia astrometric constraints will provide a key test of this picture.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

LEGGOS III: Mapping Star Formation and Dust in Gravitationally Lensed Galaxies with $\textit{SUMAC}$, a UMAP and Clustering Framework

Alex Ross, Gourav Khullar, Taylor Hutchison et al. (+10 more)

Strong gravitational lensing combined with JWST's spatio-spectral resolution enables resolved studies of star-forming regions in $z\sim$ 2-4 galaxies, but identifying and characterizing such regions in lensed integral-field and multi-band data remains a manual, observer-dependent process. We present $\texttt{SUMAC}$ (Software for the Uniform Manifold Approximation of Clumps), an unsupervised learning pipeline that segments JWST imaging and spectroscopy at the "spaxel" level by combining $\texttt{UMAP}$-based manifold embedding with $\texttt{HDBSCAN}$ density clustering applied to spectral energy distributions/spectra. We demonstrate the pipeline on JWST/NIRSpec PRISM IFS observations of the lensed galaxy SGAS111020.0+645950.8 at $z = 2.481$, recovering six physically distinct stellar/nebular populations. The cluster median SEDs separate cleanly on the presence and strength of H$\beta$+[OIII], H$\alpha$+[NII], $\beta_{NUV}$ slope, Balmer break strength, and the Balmer decrement, with bluer clusters tracing unobscured star-forming regions and progressively redder clusters tracing dusty star-forming regions.
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All authors Alex Ross, Gourav Khullar, Taylor Hutchison, Dylan Berry, Aritra Ghosh, T. Emil Rivera-Thorsen, Guillaume Mahler, Brian Welch, Pedram Abedi, Cole Panzer, Michael Florian, Julissa Sarmiento, the JWST LEGGOS Collaboration

Astrophysics of Galaxies

No hidden monsters: Probing recently-quenched galaxies for obscured AGN with JWST-PRIMER MIRI and NIRCam

Guillaume Hewitt, Omar Almaini, David Maltby et al. (+13 more)

We investigate the role of obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN) in recently quenched post-starburst galaxies (PSBs), using a sample of 65 photometrically selected PSBs in the PRIMER-UDS field at $1 < z < 2$. Combining JWST/MIRI 7.7 $\mu$m and 18 $\mu$m (F770W and F1800W) imaging with eight NIRCam and three HST/ACS bands, we probe hot dust emission to test for hidden AGN or dust-enshrouded star formation. We find strong differences between the low- and high-mass PSBs. Most high-mass PSBs ($ > 10^{10}\textrm{M}_\odot$) show no excess infrared emission (consistent with the quiescent population), indicating little or no dust-obscured activity, while low-mass PSBs display enhanced emission at 18 $\mu$m, which we attribute to residual star formation. AGN template modelling indicates that the absence of mid-IR excess in massive PSBs limits any dust-enshrouded AGN to Eddington ratios of $ < 1\%$. In addition, we show that the F770W–F1800W colour alone is a highly effective diagnostic for separating passive and star-forming galaxies, particularly at high stellar masses. Overall, our results provide further evidence for distinct quenching pathways within the PSB population, and confirm that massive PSBs show no evidence for excess AGN activity relative to older passive galaxies.
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All authors Guillaume Hewitt, Omar Almaini, David Maltby, Emma Chapman, Thomas de Lisle, Pallavi Patil, Kate Rowlands, Maya Skarbinski, Elizabeth Taylor, Vivienne Wild, Adam C. Carnall, James S. Dunlop, Norman Grogin, Anton M. Koekemoer, Derek J. McLeod, Pablo G. Pérez-González

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Raising the reionization optical depth with inflationary CMB features

Tanisha Jhaveri, Wayne Hu and Vivian Miranda

Within the highly successful $\Lambda$CDM paradigm established with cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy measurements, the optical depth through reionization $\tau$ is the most uncertain due both to the difficulty in measuring large-angle polarization and the assumptions made in their interpretation. Currently, for the Planck primary data in the flat $\Lambda$CDM cosmology with slow-roll inflation and standard reionization, the one-sided 95% upper limit for $\tau$ is $\tau_{\rm max}=0.0696$. Yet when all current CMB measurements excluding large-angle polarization are combined with baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements, the one-sided 95% lower limit is an incompatible $\tau_{\rm min}=0.074$. If the long-standing low-power feature of the temperature measurements is interpreted as physically originating from inflation then $\tau$ inferred from large-angle polarization becomes larger. Marginalizing over templates of the low-power feature based on the generalized slow-roll formalism of inflation raises the Planck maximum to a more compatible $\tau_{\rm max}=0.075$ which further increases to $\tau_{\rm max} = 0.082$ with the inclusion of all CMB+BAO data. This marginalization does not assess the statistical significance of the low-power feature itself; rather, it shows that allowing a higher $\tau$ is a consequence of interpreting the anomaly as a physical feature instead of a statistical fluctuation.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Constraints on Horndeski gravity with phantom crossing

Krishna Naidoo, James Hallam, Tessa Baker et al. (+1 more)

Gravity models in which the dark energy equation of state crosses $w=-1$, also known as the phantom divide, have received extensive interest due to recent analyses favouring this behaviour. We introduce a new subclass of Horndeski scalar-tensor models capable of generating phantom crossing, whilst remaining minimally coupled to matter: the Asymptotic Cubic Galileon (ACG) models. We show that ACG models can jointly fit the expansion history inferred from observations of the Planck cosmic microwave background, baryon acoustic oscillation measurements from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, and distance-ladder supernovae measurements from the Dark Energy Survey. We then demonstrate that requiring a positive galaxy-ISW cross-correlation, together with physically viable screening behaviour, substantially restricts the viable ACG parameter space. Model comparison metrics, including $\chi^{2}$ and Bayesian evidence, favour both ACG and $w_{0}w_{a}$CDM models over $\Lambda$CDM, with ACG providing a fit of comparable quality to $w_{0}w_{a}$CDM. Crucially, ACG models ground the observationally preferred $w_{0}w_{a}$CDM behaviour in a robust Lagrangian formulation. This enables interpretation beyond mere phenomenological fits, and motivates further tests of these models on nonlinear scales.
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All authors Krishna Naidoo, James Hallam, Tessa Baker, Sergi Sirera

Astrophysics of Galaxies

The explosive growth of the Messier 74 galaxy. A galaxy doubling its size in less than a Gigayear

Ignacio Ruiz Cejudo, Ignacio Trujillo, Sergio Guerra Arencibia et al. (+3 more)

Galaxy formation models predict that galaxies grow inside-out, becoming larger over time. While observations broadly support this paradigm, the nature and timescales of this growth remain poorly constrained. We report the discovery of an extremely faint and young (~600 Myr) stellar component in the outer regions of the nearby galaxy Messier 74 (M74). Using deep optical imaging from the TST telescope at the Teide Observatory, reaching surface brightness limits of ~30-31.5 mag arcsec^-2 in the g, r and i bands, we detect stellar emission extending well beyond the previously known disc radius of ~14 kpc. This newly identified component reaches galactocentric distances of ~30 kpc, effectively doubling the known size of the stellar disc and matching the extent of the HI disc. The revised size of M74 places it in the upper envelope of the mass-size relations. The young age of the outer stellar population suggests a recent episode of disc growth, potentially occurring on timescales shorter than ~1 Gyr. We discuss a possible scenario in which a past flyby interaction with UGC 1176 may have triggered this extended star formation. Further studies of galaxies with similar deep imaging will be key to determining whether such rapid outer disc growth is common or exceptional.
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All authors Ignacio Ruiz Cejudo, Ignacio Trujillo, Sergio Guerra Arencibia, Miguel R. Alarcon, Miquel Serra-Ricart, Ouldouz Kaboud

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Cross-listed from hep-ph

Minimal Proton-Mass Dark Matter

Majed Khalaf, Eric Kuflik, Alessandro Lenoci et al. (+2 more)

We present a minimal dark matter scenario: a single complex scalar carrying baryon and lepton number, with no new exact stabilizing symmetry. Its leading interaction is a dimension-7 semileptonic portal that, below confinement, generates a low-energy Yukawa coupling with the proton and electron. Requiring absolute stability of both the proton and dark matter forces the dark matter mass into a narrow window around the proton mass, which may be anthropically selected. Despite its minimal field content, the model can be probed by many observables: proton burning in stars, hydrogen decay, brown dwarfs and neutron star heating, and nucleon decay-like signatures in direct detection. UV-dominated freeze-in produces the observed relic abundance. This framework provides a unique testable example of dark matter arising from a minimal extension of the Standard Model.
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All authors Majed Khalaf, Eric Kuflik, Alessandro Lenoci, Hitoshi Murayama, Edoardo Vitagliano

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Dynamical Tides during High-Eccentricity Migration produces the Hot Jupiter Pile-up, Neptune Ridge, and Neptune Desert

J. J. Zanazzi, Morgan MacLeod, Marta L. Bryan et al. (+1 more)

The period distribution of hot gaseous exoplanets depends strongly on mass. Clustering between the orbital periods of $\sim$3 to $\sim$5-6 days is seen for sub-Saturns ("Neptune ridge") and Jovians ("hot Jupiter pile-up"), contrasting with a sharp deficit interior to 3 days for sub-Saturns, not seen for Jovians ("Neptune desert"). During high-eccentricity migration, tidally-excited fundamental-modes (f-modes) act as a reservoir for orbital energy, and can take gaseous planets formed beyond several AU and place them at short separations. However, how f-modes relinquish their energy into the planet interior is unknown. Here, we show how f-modes can not only circularize orbits – causing clustering near the Neptune ridge and hot-Jupiter pile-up – but can also shock and unbind mass, leaving sub-Saturn cores in the Neptune desert. Our hydrodynamical simulations demonstrate that close approaches tidally excite f-modes, whose super-sonic velocities shock gaseous envelopes. Atmospheres cool by radiative diffusion or winds when shocks penetrate shallow versus deep depths. Planetary structural and orbital evolution is followed over many periastron passages using an iterative map: shocks that diffusively cool circularize and bunch orbits near the hot Jupiter pile-up and Neptune ridge, while shocks that drive outflows unbind envelopes and place gas giant cores in the Neptune desert. Sub-Saturns that dwell in the desert are predicted to arrive with large spin-orbit misalignments after producing luminous flares.
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All authors J. J. Zanazzi, Morgan MacLeod, Marta L. Bryan, Suvrath Mahadevan

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Gas-induced gravitational-wave dephasing and accretion periodicities of live post-Newtonian massive black hole binaries: warm disk

Mudit Garg, Alessia Franchini and Alessandro Lupi

We perform 3D hydrodynamical simulations of an equal-mass quasi-circular live $10^6~{\rm M}_\odot$ massive black hole binary (MBHB) embedded in a prograde, locally isothermal circumbinary disk (CBD) with $0.1$ aspect ratio. The binary evolves under the effect of gaseous torques and $2.5$ post-Newtonian dynamics. This approach allows us to track the influence of the CBD on a gravitational-wave (GW) driven MBHB inspiral all the way down to merger from $53$ Schwarzschild radii ($r_s$) over $1.5$ years. Comparing the GW inspiral rate with the viscous inflow, we find the binary to decouple from the CBD just $\approx2$ days before merger. We measure gas torques (gravitational and accretion) with and without concurrent GW emission, finding that their sums agree to within $\lesssim5\%$ down to $25~r_s$. We then measure a gas-induced phase-shift in the GW signal of $\approx9.0\times10^{-4}$ rad that accumulates over a year until $40~r_s$ and saturates afterward, which should be LISA-detectable at redshift $z{\lesssim0.2}$. We further characterize the mass accretion rate modulations. We recover the periodicity associated with the “lump" at the inner cavity edge. The periodicities at the binary orbital period and at half of it are shifted to lower frequencies. We measure the former, due to relativistic apsidal precession, in an inspiraling binary for the first time, and newly identify the latter as due to the precession of the eccentric cavity. Our results have implications for multi-messenger astronomy, since observation of accretion rate modulation by LSST/Roman surveys and phase-shift by LISA will provide crucial information on the complex environment surrounding MBHBs.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Cross-listed from physics.ins-det

Deep-Ocean Application-Specific Neutrino Experiment

Takumi Araki, Simran Chauhan, Lyla Choi et al. (+17 more)

This report introduces the concept, prototype design, projected costs, and scientific goals of a mobile experiment for detecting geoneutrinos originating from uranium and thorium decay chains in the Earth's mantle. This will constrain the planet's radiogenic heat production and unearth its geochemical makeup. This design of a deep-ocean mobile neutrino experiment, which is not mirrored by any active or planned experiments, supports physics and geoscience's goal of multi-modal data on the Earth's internal composition and structure. Based on geoscientific studies, this design is expected to achieve a 50–100-fold reduction in crustal background compared to similarly sized continental detectors, thereby enabling direct measurements of mantle geoneutrinos. The multiple stereoscopic projections enabled by the detector's unique mobility can map spatial variations in heat-producing elements within the mantle. Beyond discussing the design, we report on our collaboration's most recent hardware developments in the active prototyping of this detector. We briefly highlight the potential multiuse and interdisciplinary nature of this detector.
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All authors Takumi Araki, Simran Chauhan, Lyla Choi, Brian C. Crow, Max A. A. Dornfest, John Graham, Misaki Hosoya, John G. Learned, Viacheslav A. Li, William F. McDonough, Takeru Ohno, Takanobu Ono, Taichi Sakai, Jackson Seligman, Nathan Sibert, Shang-Wen Stradleigh, David Vartanyan, Hiroko Watanabe, Zhihao Xu, Jeffrey G. Yepez

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Cross-listed from gr-qc

The Cosmological Constant Problem: An Accessible Introduction

Ali Kaya and Adam Lahey

We present a pedagogical introduction to the cosmological constant problem that requires only basic knowledge of quantum field theory and general relativity. A massive real scalar field is used to illustrate how the quantum vacuum energy density and pressure can be calculated both in flat spacetime and in an expanding universe. Detailed computations are provided for dimensional, cutoff, and adiabatic regularizations. No attempt is made to address quantum gravitational effects, and the expanding-universe background is treated classically. We point out that although the commonly cited discrepancy of 120 orders of magnitude between theory and observation is based on an estimate that does not account for regularization and renormalization, fundamental principles of quantum field theory nevertheless lead to a huge mismatch. In addition to this large discrepancy, we emphasize that there are also conceptual challenges related to cosmic expansion, such as the choice between comoving and physical scales in certain contexts and the non-uniqueness of vacuum.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Incorporating physical source parameters into microlensing modeling

Mateusz J. Mróz, Radosław Poleski, Andrzej Udalski et al. (+14 more)

Modeling of complex microlensing events suffers from many difficult-to-disentangle degeneracies. This is especially the case for orbital motion of the source in a binary system, the so-called xallarap effect. To address the degeneracies inherent in xallarap modeling, we developed a novel approach that directly samples the physical parameters of the source stars (initial mass, evolutionary phase, metallicity, distance, and reddening) during MCMC fitting. In our approach the physical parameters of the source are estimated using MIST stellar evolution models. This parametrization imposes astrophysical constraints that help identify the physically most probable solutions. We test our method on the complex microlensing event OGLE-2017-BLG-0114, which exhibits signatures that can be traced to the complexity of the source system. We successfully constrained the microlensing models, achieving improvements in the Einstein ring radius estimates by up to an order of magnitude in the case of binary source models.
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All authors Mateusz J. Mróz, Radosław Poleski, Andrzej Udalski, Jan Skowron, Paweł Pietrukowicz, Michał K. Szymański, Przemek Mróz, Mariusz Gromadzki, Patryk Iwanek, Szymon Kozłowski, Milena Ratajczak, Krzysztof A. Rybicki, Dorota M. Skowron, Igor Soszyński, Krzysztof Ulaczyk, Marcin Wrona, Zofia Buzik

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Cross-listed from hep-ph

String Axiverse Enhancement of Superradiant Dark Matter Production

Diogo S. Gorgulho, Jacob A. Litterer and João G. Rosa

We study the effects of string axion emission on dark matter production by light primordial black holes (PBHs), through both evaporation and superradiance. We show, in particular, that the Hawking emission of $\mathcal{O}(100-10^5)$ light axion species predicted in realistic string theory constructions can significantly enhance the efficiency of superradiance, given the associated increase in the PBH spin. The string axiverse thus significantly expands the parametric regions (dark matter mass and PBH mass and spin) for which a sizeable fraction of dark matter may presently be in the form of "micro-boson stars": the self-gravitating remnants of superradiant dark matter clouds. Conversely, for too large a number of axion species PBHs evaporate too quickly for superradiant clouds to attain their maximum mass. Finally, assuming that all dark matter is produced by PBHs (through both superradiance and Hawking emission), we show that the axions emitted during PBH evaporation give an immeasurably small contribution to the relativistic degrees of freedom at recombination.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

A Be-shell star rotating at the critical limit and a partially stripped companion in a post-mass-transfer solution for the eclipsing binary V505 Mon

Norbert Hauck

In this study of the eclipsing shell star binary HD 48914 (V505 Mon) existing photometric and radial velocity data have been completed by an unbiased determination of the surface temperature of the companion star and new data from the TESS mission. For the mean effective temperatures in our equatorial view, polar/equatorial radii and masses we get about 16000 K (dimmed), 4.27 / 6.37 Rsun and 7.40 Msun for the Be star, and about 14400 K, 6.19 / 7.17 Rsun and 2.03 Msun for the companion star (a contracting hot subdwarf precursor). Their calculated rotational equatorial velocities both are surprisingly high: 467 km/s for the Be star rotating at its centrifugal limit as well as 131 km/s for its former donor star companion. The Be star is surrounded by a large equatorial decretion disk having a radius of about 65 Rsun and fits into the main sequence of stellar models at a sub-solar metallicity of Z = 0.006.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Cross-listed from hep-th

Cosmological history after higher dimensional inflation

Luis A. Anchordoqui, Ignatios Antoniadis and Jules Cunat

It was proposed that extra dimensions can acquire large size by higher dimensional inflation connecting two large hierarchies in particle physics and cosmology, namely the weakness of the actual gravitational force to the largeness of the observable universe, in terms of one fundamental scale. This proposal is consistent with the observed approximate scale invariant power spectrum of primordial density perturbations only for one or two extra dimensions of around the micron size. Assuming a stabilisation mechanism of the extra dimensions at the end of inflation, here we propose a cosmological history that describes the Universe evolution after the end of inflation up to the reheating temperature, that guarantees the absence of bulk gravitons at earlier times, avoiding their overproduction in the early universe. The proposed cosmological history connects the period of higher dimensional inflation to the beginning of the standard cosmology.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

The impact of FRB dispersion measure probability distribution functions on cosmographic estimates

Thais Lemos, Rodrigo Gonçalves and Jailson Alcaniz

Recent cosmological observations have reopened the discussion about the model that best describes the dynamics of the Universe, highlighting the need for cosmological model-independent analyses. In this paper, we utilize the cosmographic approach applied to a robust sample of 106 well-localized Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) within the redshift range $z \le 0.7$ to constrain the Hubble constant $H_0$, the deceleration parameter $q_0$, and the jerk parameter $j_0$. Our primary goal is to assess the impact of intergalactic medium (IGM) inhomogeneities on cosmographic parameter estimation. To this end, we consider the statistical behavior of these parameters under two distinct functional forms for the IGM dispersion measure ($\mathrm{DM_{IGM}}$) probability density function (PDF): a Gaussian distribution (Distribution I) and a quasi-Gaussian distribution (Distribution II) that accounts for the skewed structure of cosmic large-scale environments along the lines of sight. We further investigate the role of the baryon mass fraction by considering both fixed and free-parameter scenarios. We find that the inferred cosmographic constraints, particularly those on $q_0$, depend sensitively on both the assumed IGM distribution and the adopted parameter priors.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Atmospheric diversity of sub-Neptunes from formation with rock, water, and soot

Caroline Dorn, Aaron Werlen and Sean Jordan

Recent JWST detections of CH4 and CO2 in sub-Neptune atmospheres point to a link between atmospheric composition and the nature of planetary building blocks - rock, water, or refractory carbon ("soot") - yet this connection remains poorly understood. Here we investigate how different formation environments shape the coupled interior and atmospheric compositions of sub-Neptunes. We model planets assembled from varying proportions of rock, water, and soot and compute the global chemical equilibrium and the overlying atmospheric structure. We find that planets formed from water-poor material produce atmospheres strongly depleted in carbon-bearing species, with log(CH4) and log(CO2) below -4. In contrast, planets assembled from water-rich building blocks naturally develop methane- and carbon-dioxide-rich atmospheres with elevated metal mass fractions and C/O ratios. The presence of refractory carbon (soot) further enhances methane production and can lead to methane-dominated atmospheres. Comparison with JWST observations suggests that water-rich formation is sufficient to explain K2-18b and TOI-270d with no soot component required, while TOI-421b and GJ3470b are consistent with water-poor formation inside the water ice line. The ratio H2O/CH4 combined with the mean molecular weight (MMW) provides a powerful two-dimensional diagnostic linking atmospheric composition to formation environment, with departures from the predicted trends explained by water condensation in temperate atmospheres or fractionated atmospheric mass loss.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

The Hubble tension: A decade review

Rong-Gen Cai and Shao-Jiang Wang

Ever since the new millennium, precision cosmology has forged the $\Lambda$-cold-dark-matter ($\Lambda$CDM) model as the standard model of concordant cosmology, withstanding various tests except for an ever-enlarging discrepancy between early-Universe observations and late-Universe measurements on the current Hubble expansion rate of our observable Universe. This Hubble-constant tension has likely become a real crisis for modern cosmology, with the discrepancy persisting regardless of whether the early-Universe observations depend on Planck CMB or not, and the late-Universe measurements depend on distance ladders at all. If the Hubble tension originates from a different early Universe, its resolutions pertain to shrinking the sound horizon by altering either early expansion or recombination histories, but at the same time necessitating modifications to both primordial and late Universe altogether. Alternatively, if the Hubble tension arises from a different late Universe, its resolutions operate by changing the absolute magnitude of supernovae either intrinsically or effectively, both of which have been strongly constrained by the inverse distance ladders with the cosmic distance duality relation. The remaining options seem to turn to our local Universe, but a local Hubble bubble or cosmic void solution has long been ruled out as a significant contribution to the Hubble tension. In view of this dilemma, we review in this paper alternative resolutions involving interacting dark energy models, either combining early-time and late-time modifications or operating at the transition from inhomogeneity to homogeneity scales.
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2606.20434 · 18 Jun · v1, 76 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, Invited review for RAA (Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics), prepared for invited talk at Special Forum: "Dark Energy and the Hubble Constant Crisis" of 28th Annual Conference of the China Association for Science and Technology; v2, 86 pages, largely extended references (including ones added after acceptance for publication)

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