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Physics Astrophysics

astro-ph Watch Astrophysics

Tuesday 3 February

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Euclid. Properties and performance of the NISP signal estimator

Euclid Collaboration: F. Cogato, B. Kubik, R. Barbier et al. (+291 more)

The Euclid spacecraft, located at the second Lagrangian point of the Sun-Earth system, hosts the Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) instrument. NISP is equipped with a mosaic of 16 HgCdTe-based detectors to acquire near-infrared photometric and spectroscopic data. To meet the spacecraft's constraints on computational resources and telemetry bandwidth, the near-infrared signal is processed onboard via a dedicated hardware-software architecture designed to fulfil the stringent Euclid's data-quality requirements. A custom application software, running on the two NISP data processing units, implements the NISP signal estimator: an ad-hoc algorithm which delivers accurate flux measurements and simultaneously estimates the quality of signal estimation through the quality factor parameter. This paper investigates the properties of the NISP signal estimator by evaluating its performance during the early flight operations of the NISP instrument. First, we revisit the assumptions on which the inference of the near-infrared signal is based and investigate the origin of the main systematics of the signal estimator through Monte Carlo simulations. Then, we test the flight performance of the NISP signal estimator. Results indicate a systematic bias lower than 0.01 e/s for 99% of the NISP pixel array, well within the noise budget of the estimated signal. We also derive an analytical expression for the variance of the NISP signal estimator, demonstrating its validity, particularly when the covariance matrix is not pre-computed. Finally, we provide a robust statistical framework to interpret the QF parameter, analyse its dependence on the signal estimator bias, and show its sensitivity to cosmic ray hits on NISP detectors. Our findings corroborate previous results on the NISP signal estimator and suggest a leading-order correction based on the agreement between flight data and simulations.
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All authors Euclid Collaboration: F. Cogato, B. Kubik, R. Barbier, S. Conseil, E. Medinaceli, Y. Copin, E. Franceschi, L. Valenziano, N. Aghanim, B. Altieri, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, A. Balestra, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, J. Brinchmann, S. Camera, G. Cañas-Herrera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, J. Carretero, S. Casas, M. Castellano, G. Castignani, S. Cavuoti, A. Cimatti, C. Colodro-Conde, G. Congedo, C. J. Conselice, L. Conversi, L. Corcione, A. Costille, F. Courbin, H. M. Courtois, R. da Silva, H. Degaudenzi, G. De Lucia, H. Dole, F. Dubath, X. Dupac, S. Dusini, A. Ealet, S. Escoffier, M. Farina, R. Farinelli, F. Faustini, S. Ferriol, F. Finelli, N. Fourmanoit, M. Frailis, M. Fumana, S. Galeotta, K. George, W. Gillard, B. Gillis, C. Giocoli, J. Gracia-Carpio, A. Grazian, F. Grupp, S. V. H. Haugan, W. Holmes, F. Hormuth, A. Hornstrup, P. Hudelot, K. Jahnke, M. Jhabvala, E. Keihänen, S. Kermiche, A. Kiessling, R. Kohley, M. Kümmel, M. Kunz, H. Kurki-Suonio, A. M. C. Le Brun, S. Ligori, P. B. Lilje, V. Lindholm, I. Lloro, G. Mainetti, D. Maino, E. Maiorano, O. Mansutti, S. Marcin, O. Marggraf, M. Martinelli, N. Martinet, F. Marulli, R. J. Massey, S. Mei, Y. Mellier, M. Meneghetti, E. Merlin, G. Meylan, A. Mora, M. Moresco, L. Moscardini, C. Neissner, S.-M. Niemi, C. Padilla, S. Paltani, F. Pasian, K. Pedersen, W. J. Percival, V. Pettorino, S. Pires, G. Polenta, M. Poncet, L. A. Popa, F. Raison, A. Renzi, J. Rhodes, G. Riccio, E. Romelli, M. Roncarelli, C. Rosset, E. Rossetti, R. Saglia, Z. Sakr, A. G. Sánchez, D. Sapone, B. Sartoris, M. Schirmer, P. Schneider, M. Scodeggio, A. Secroun, G. Seidel, S. Serrano, P. Simon, C. Sirignano, G. Sirri, L. Stanco, J. Steinwagner, P. Tallada-Crespí, D. Tavagnacco, A. N. Taylor, I. Tereno, S. Toft, R. Toledo-Moreo, F. Torradeflot, I. Tutusaus, J. Valiviita, T. Vassallo, A. Veropalumbo, Y. Wang, J. Weller, A. Zacchei, F. M. Zerbi, E. Zucca, M. Ballardini, M. Bolzonella, E. Bozzo, C. Burigana, R. Cabanac, M. Calabrese, A. Cappi, T. Castro, J. A. Escartin Vigo, G. Fabbian, L. Gabarra, J. García-Bellido, V. Gautard, S. Hemmati, J. Macias-Perez, R. Maoli, J. Martín-Fleitas, N. Mauri, R. B. Metcalf, P. Monaco, A. Pezzotta, M. Pöntinen, I. Risso, V. Scottez, M. Sereno, M. Tenti, M. Tucci, M. Viel, M. Wiesmann, Y. Akrami, G. Alguero, I. T. Andika, G. Angora, S. Anselmi, M. Archidiacono, F. Atrio-Barandela, L. Bazzanini, D. Bertacca, M. Bethermin, F. Beutler, A. Blanchard, L. Blot, M. Bonici, S. Borgani, M. L. Brown, S. Bruton, A. Calabro, B. Camacho Quevedo, F. Caro, C. S. Carvalho, Y. Charles, A. R. Cooray, O. Cucciati, S. Davini, F. De Paolis, G. Desprez, A. Díaz-Sánchez, S. Di Domizio, J. M. Diego, V. Duret, M. Y. Elkhashab, A. Enia, Y. Fang, A. G. Ferrari, A. Finoguenov, A. Fontana, A. Franco, K. Ganga, T. Gasparetto, E. Gaztanaga, F. Giacomini, F. Gianotti, G. Gozaliasl, A. Gruppuso, M. Guidi, C. M. Gutierrez, A. Hall, H. Hildebrandt, J. Hjorth, J. J. E. Kajava, Y. Kang, V. Kansal, D. Karagiannis, K. Kiiveri, J. Kim, C. C. Kirkpatrick, S. Kruk, M. Lattanzi, L. Legrand, F. Lepori, G. Leroy, G. F. Lesci, J. Lesgourgues, T. I. Liaudat, M. Magliocchetti, A. Manjón-García, F. Mannucci, C. J. A. P. Martins, L. Maurin, M. Miluzio, A. Montoro, C. Moretti, G. Morgante, S. Nadathur, K. Naidoo, P. Natoli, A. Navarro-Alsina, S. Nesseris, L. Pagano, E. Palazzi, D. Paoletti, F. Passalacqua, K. Paterson, L. Patrizii, A. Pisani, D. Potter, G. W. Pratt, S. Quai, M. Radovich, W. Roster, S. Sacquegna, M. Sahlén, D. B. Sanders, E. Sarpa, A. Schneider, D. Sciotti, E. Sellentin, L. C. Smith, K. Tanidis, F. Tarsitano, G. Testera, R. Teyssier, S. Tosi, A. Troja, A. Venhola, D. Vergani, G. Verza, P. Vielzeuf, S. Vinciguerra, N. A. Walton, A. H. Wright

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Post-impulsive millimeter emission of the 2022-05-04 solar flare

G.G. Motorina, Yu.T. Tsap, V.V. Smirnova et al. (+2 more)

The present work aims at analyzing the nature of millimeter (mm) emission observed during the post-impulsive phase of the solar flare SOL2022-05-04T08:45 (M5.7), detected by the RT-7.5 radio telescope of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University at 93 GHz. We investigate the relationship of mm and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission with variations in the temperature and coronal plasma emission measure obtained from SDO/AIA and GOES data. The results show that the enhanced mm emission at the post-impulsive phase of the flare coincides with the increase of EUV emission, indicating a connection with moderately hot (~1 MK) plasma. Based on the calculation of the differential emission measure, we determine the parameters of the post-impulsive flare plasma and conclude that the optically thin coronal plasma may contribute of about 20% to the mm emission.
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All authors G.G. Motorina, Yu.T. Tsap, V.V. Smirnova, A.S. Morgachev, A.S. Motorin

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Kinematic Signatures in the Stellar Halo from Cosmological Encounters between the Milky Way and its Clouds

Mia Mansfield, Robyn Sanderson, Daniel Hey et al. (+4 more)

Recent theoretical and observational analysis of the interaction between the Milky Way (MW) and LMC suggest that it has a significant dynamical impact on the MW's stellar halo. We investigate this effect using simulations from the Latte project, a simulation suite from the Feedback In Realistic Environments 2 (FIRE-2) Project. By comparing simulations with and without an LMC-analog interaction, we show that fully cosmological LMC interactions create prominent velocity asymmetry in the stellar halo of the MW, resulting from both barycentric displacement (the "reflex motion") and the dynamical wake of the LMC. The strength and direction of this asymmetry depend on the mass ratio at pericenter and orbit of the LMC analog. We perform a spherical-harmonic decomposition of the velocities of halo star particles to confirm that the identified signatures are LMC-induced and persist even when LMC star particles are removed. We also show that this strategy separates and individually detects the dipole (l=1) of the global reflex motion and the quadrupole (l=2) of the local wake. These asymmetries are consistent with those identified in previous work using non-cosmological simulations; the dipole is easily distinguishable from other complex halo substructure using spherical harmonics while the quadrupole is sometimes confused. These findings support the detectability of MW–LMC interaction signatures in upcoming observational surveys of the MW stellar halo.
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All authors Mia Mansfield, Robyn Sanderson, Daniel Hey, Daniel Huber, Arpit Arora, Emily Cunningham, Nondh Panithanpaisal

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Shells and bubbles around compact clusters of massive stars: 3D MHD simulations

D. V. Badmaev, A. M. Bykov and M. E. Kalyashova

We present the results of three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (3D MHD) simulations of the plasma flow structure in the vicinity of a compact cluster of young massive stars. The cluster is considered at the evolutionary stage dominated by Wolf-Rayet stars. This stage occurs in clusters with ages of several million years, close to the onset of supernova explosions; the well-known objects Westerlund 1 and 2 are the prototypes. The collisions of powerful winds from massive stars in the cluster core, calculated as interactions of individual outflows, are accompanied by their partial thermalization and produce a collective cluster wind. The MHD dynamics of the cluster wind bubble expansion into the interstellar medium is considered, depending on the density of the surrounding medium with a uniform magnetic field. We show that when expanding into a cold neutral medium, the cluster wind is able to reshape its surrounding environment over the Wolf-Rayet star lifetime, sweeping up more than $10^4$ $M_{\odot}$ of gas in $\sim 2 \times 10^5$ yr and producing extended, thin and dense shells with an amplified magnetic field. In a cold neutral medium with a density of $\sim 20$ cm$^{-3}$ and a magnetic field of $\sim 3.5$ $\mu$G, a thin shell forms around the cluster wind bubble, characterized by a cellular structure in its density and magnetic field distributions. The cellular magnetic field structure appears in parts of the shell expanding transversely to the orientation of the external magnetic field. Magnetic fields in the shell are amplified to strengths $\gtrsim 50$ $\mu$G. The formation of the cellular structure is associated with the development of instabilities. The expansion of the bubble into a warm neutral interstellar medium also leads to the formation of a shell with an amplified magnetic field.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Similarities and differences between solar and stellar flare pulsation processes

Fabio Reale

Quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) are oscillatory signatures commonly detected in the light curves of solar and stellar flares, offering valuable diagnostics of the underlying magnetic and plasma processes. This review compares the observational characteristics, detection methods, and physical interpretations of QPPs in both solar and stellar contexts. Solar flare QPPs, extensively studied in X-rays and EUV bands using instruments such as GOES, STIX, and Fermi, display typical periods of tens of seconds and show correlations with flare duration and magnetic loop length. Stellar QPPs, observed in X-rays and white light by missions such as Kepler, TESS, and XMM-Newton, exhibit much longer periods - ranging from minutes to hours - consistent with larger-scale magnetic structures in more active stars. Despite differences in scale and observing band, statistical and comparative studies reveal common scaling relations and damping behaviors, suggesting that both solar and stellar QPPs are manifestations of the same fundamental mechanisms, likely magnetohydrodynamic oscillations or oscillatory reconnection within flare loops. The comparison underscores a continuity between solar and stellar magnetic activity, linking the solar detailed physical processes to stellar-scale phenomena and providing constraints for future models and surveys.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Atmospheric characterization of HIP 67522 b with VLT/CRIRES+. VLT/CRIRES+ suggests a heavier planet and hints at deuterium fractionation

A. Lavail, F. Debras, B. Klein et al. (+9 more)

Young transiting exoplanets provide unique opportunities to probe planetary atmospheres during the critical early phases of evolution. HIP 67522 b, a 17 Myr old hot Jupiter with an extraordinarily low bulk density, represents an ideal target for high-resolution transmission spectroscopy. We aim to characterize the atmospheric composition, thermal structure, and dynamics of HIP 67522 b using ground-based high-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy. We obtained high-resolution spectra with VLT/CRIRES+ in the K2166 band during a transit on 30 January 2025. We applied cross-correlation techniques and Bayesian nested sampling retrievals to constrain molecular abundances, temperature structure, and atmospheric dynamics. We detect H$_2$O at 20$\sigma$ and CO at 5$\sigma$, confirming the extremely extended atmosphere of this low-mass giant. A velocity offset of $-2.9 \pm 0.2$ km s$^{-1}$ indicates day-to-night winds. The rotation velocity is constrained to <1.8 km s$^{-1}$ at 3$\sigma$, consistent with tidal locking. Retrieval analysis suggests a planetary mass of 29.8 $\pm$ 3 Earth masses and a vertically isothermal atmosphere. This mass is two times larger than the mass estimated from JWST atmospheric observations and inconsistent at 3$\sigma$ hence leaving a doubt on the actual planetary density of the planet. Using the mass derived from the CRIRES+ data, we derive a C/O ratio of $0.83 \pm 0.09$, about 1.5 times solar, and a subsolar metallicity [C+O/H] $= -0.8 \pm 0.4$ which can be increased if the atmosphere is cloudy, a degeneracy our data alone cannot resolve. We report a tentative 2$\sigma$ detection of HDO with an extreme enrichment factor of $\sim$1000 relative to the protosolar D/H ratio. If confirmed, this would be the first detection of deuterium in an exoplanet atmosphere and would require intense escape rate to be explained.
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All authors A. Lavail, F. Debras, B. Klein, E. Chabrol, S. Vinatier, T. Hood, A. Masson, J. V. Seidel, C. Moutou, S. Aigrain, A. Meech, O. Barragán

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Surface Density of Disk Galaxies in MOND

Antonino Del Popolo and Morgan Le Delliou

In this paper, we extend a paper by Milgrom (2009, MNRAS 398, 1023) dealing with the existence of a quasi-universal surface density for object of all mass and structure, if they are in the Newtonian regime, i.e., that their mean acceleration is larger than MOND typical acceleration $a_0$. This result is in agreement with Donato et al. (2009)'s results, claiming the existence of a quasi-universal surface density in all masses in galaxies. The Milgrom paper also predicts that objects with mean inner acceleration smaller than the values discussed do %es not show the quasi-universal behavior of the surface density discussed. In the present paper, we extend the result of Milgrom's paper, based on a point mass model, considering spiral galaxies, modelled with a double exponential disk. Similar to Milgrom's results, we find the existence of a universal surface density for galaxies with large surface density, and a different behavior for galaxies having small surface density.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

SN 2024igg: A Super-Chandrasekhar/03fg-like SN exhibiting C II-dominated spectra after explosion

Jialian Liu, Xiaofeng Wang, Liyang Chen et al. (+14 more)

We present and analyze photometric and spectroscopic observations of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2024igg, another “super-Chandrasekhar” (or 03fg-like) SN whose strong C II $\lambda6580$ feature was initially misidentified as H$\alpha$, thereby constraining its progenitor system, explosion parameters, and physical scenario. SN 2024igg shows many characteristics in common with other 03fg-like objects, such as high ultraviolet flux, slowly declining light curves ($\Delta m_{15}(B)=0.90\pm0.08$ mag), low expansion velocities, along with strong and persistent C II absorption. Meanwhile, this SN exhibits some remarkable properties within this subgroup, including a moderately low optical luminosity ($M_{\rm max}(B)=-18.99\pm0.15$ mag), a short rise time less than 18.5 days, and strong C II $\lambda6580$. The bolometric analysis yields a $^{56}$Ni mass of $M_{\rm Ni}=0.547\pm0.082$ $M_{\rm \odot}$ and an ejecta mass of $1.54^{+0.22}_{-0.19}$ $M_{\rm \odot}$, marginally exceeding the Chandrasekhar mass. Our TARDIS result indicates that most of the features in the earliest spectrum could be attributed to C II, which is consistent with a model where a supernova explodes within a carbon-rich circumstellar medium (CSM). The CSM interaction would produce a density peak in the ejecta, offering a natural explanation for the slowly evolving line velocities near $-$8000 km s$^{-1}$. The CSM may stem from the debris of a secondary white dwarf in a white-dwarf merger or the envelope of an asymptotic giant branch star. Combined with the unshifted forbidden lines in the spectrum taken at $t\approx\ +$135 days, we suggest that SN 2024igg comes from a symmetric explosion on a secular timescale after the merger.
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All authors Jialian Liu, Xiaofeng Wang, Liyang Chen, Alexei V. Filippenko, Thomas G. Brink, WeiKang Zheng, Andrea Pastorello, Paolo Ochner, Irene Albanese, Andrea Reguitti, Giorgio Valerin, Yongzhi Cai, Jujia Zhang, Liping Li, Zhenyu Wang, Liangduan Liu, Yuhao Zhang

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

The ESO SupJup Survey IX: Isotopic evidence of a recent formation for Luhman 16AB

S. de Regt, I. A. G. Snellen, D. González Picos et al. (+8 more)

The distinct formation pathways of directly-imaged exoplanets and isolated brown dwarfs might leave imprints in the inherited elemental and isotopic abundances, but such measurements require careful characterisation of the atmospheres. In particular, L-T transition objects exhibit signs of dynamics that drive their atmospheres out of chemical equilibrium. In this work, we studied the nearest L-T brown dwarfs, Luhman 16A and B, to assess the chemical dis-equilibrium in their atmospheres and to investigate their elemental and isotopic composition. As part of the ESO SupJup Survey, we obtained high-resolution CRIRES$^+$ K-band spectra of the binary, which were analysed using an atmospheric retrieval framework. We detect and retrieve the abundances of $^{12}$CO, H$_2$O, CH$_4$, NH$_3$, H$_2$S, HF, and the $^{13}$CO isotopologue. Both atmospheres are in chemical dis-equilibrium with somewhat stronger vertical mixing in Luhman 16A compared to B ($K_\mathrm{zz,A}\sim10^{8.7}$, $K_\mathrm{zz,B}\sim10^{8.2}\ \mathrm{cm^2\ s^{-1}}$). The tested chemical models, free- and dis-equilibrium chemistry, yield consistent mixing ratios and agree with earlier work at shorter wavelengths. The gaseous C/O ratios show evidence of oxygen trapping in silicate-oxide clouds. While the C/O ratios are consistent with solar, the metallicities are modestly enhanced with $\mathrm{[C/H]}\sim0.15$. The carbon isotope ratios are measured at $\mathrm{^{12}C/^{13}C_A}=74^{+2}_{-2}$ and $\mathrm{^{12}C/^{13}C_B}=74^{+3}_{-3}$. The coincident constraints of metallicities and isotopes across the binary reinforce their likely shared formation. The $\mathrm{^{12}C/^{13}C}$ ratios are aligned with the present-day interstellar medium, but lower than the solar-system value. This suggests a recent inheritance and corroborates the relatively young age ($\sim500$ Myr) of Luhman 16AB as members of the Oceanus moving group.
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All authors S. de Regt, I. A. G. Snellen, D. González Picos, S. Gandhi, N. Grasser, A. Y. Kesseli, R. Landman, P. Mollière, E. Nasedkin, T. Stolker, Y. Zhang

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Unlocking the dynamics of Young Stellar Objects: Time-Domain Interferometry with six 4-m class telescopes

A. Soulain, B. Lopez, A. Matter et al. (+32 more)

The dynamics of the inner regions of young stellar objects (YSOs) is driven by a variety of physical phenomena, from magnetospheres and accretion to the dust sublimation rim and inner disk flows. These inner environments evolve on timescales of hours to days, exactly when bursts, dips, and rapid structural changes carry the most valuable information about star and planet formations, but remain hardly reachable with current facilities. A better reactive infrastructure with six or more telescopes, combined with alerts from large time-domain surveys (e.g., at the era of LSST/Rubin type facilities), and equipped with instruments spanning from the V-band to the thermal infrared (N), would provide the instantaneous uv-coverage and spectral diagnostics needed to unambiguously interpret and image these events as they happen. Such a world's first time-domain interferometric observatory would enable qualitatively new science: directly linking optical and infrared variability to spatially resolved changes in magnetospheric accretion, inner-disk geometry, and dust and gas dynamics in the innermost astronomical unit. Crucially, connecting these processes to outer-scale unresolved information from JWST, ALMA, and the ELT would yield a complete tomography of the planet-forming region.
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All authors A. Soulain, B. Lopez, A. Matter, F. Lykou, P. Boley, M. Scheuck, R. van Boekel, J.-C. Augereau, M. leTessier, J. Bouvier, P. Berio, P. Ábrahám, N. Anugu, J.-P. Berger, R. Burn, W.-C. Danchi, W.J. de Wit, F. Drewes, V. Fleury, V. Hocdé, W. Jaffe, Á Kóspál, E. Koumpia, J.-B. Lebouquin, J. S. Martin, H. Meheut, F. Millour, N. Nardetto, E. Pantin, K. Perraut, R. Petrov, L.N.A van Haastere, J. Varga, G. Weigelt, S. Wolf

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

The asymmetric structure of the inner disc around HD 142527 A with VLTI/MATISSE

M. B. Scheuck, R. van Boekel, Th. Henning et al. (+25 more)

Circumstellar discs, and especially their inner regions, covering ranges from <1 au to a few astronomical units, are the birthplaces of terrestrial planets. The inner regions are thought to be similarly diverse in structure as the well-observed outer regions probed by ALMA. Combining data and results from previous studies of the VLTI/PIONIER and VLTI/GRAVITY instruments with new, multi-epoch VLTI/MATISSE observations, we aim to provide a comprehensive picture of the structure of the inner regions of the circumstellar disc around the F-type Herbig Ae/Be star HD 142527 A, the primary of a binary star system. We model the multi-wavelength interferometric data using a parametrised, geometrically thin disc model, allowing for azimuthal asymmetry, exploring a first-order disc modulation and an off-centre Gaussian component. We find time-variable structures in the N-band observables, which we reproduce with time-dependent models. This variability manifests as azimuthally asymmetric emission, evidenced by strong, non-zero closure phases in the N-band data. Fits to individual epochs of the N-band observations yield better $\chi^2_\text{r}$ values than fits to all epochs simultaneously. This suggests substantial changes in the geometry of the inner disc emission from ~1 au up to a few astronomical-unit scales from one year to the next. Moreover, our models produce a very close-in inner disc rim $R_\text{rim}\approx0.1$ au. All together, we find a very complex, substantially non-point symmetric and temporally-variable disc ($r_\text{out}\lesssim6$ au) around the primary. The very close-in inner rim indicates the presence of material inside the typical wall-like sublimation radius $R_\text{rim,literature}\approx0.3$ au. The complex, temporally variable inner-disc geometry is likely affected or even caused by the close passing (~5 au) and short orbit ($P\approx24$ yr) of the companion HD 142527 B.
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All authors M. B. Scheuck, R. van Boekel, Th. Henning, P. A. Boley, J. Varga, A. Matter, A. Penzlin, J. H. Leftley, L. van Haastere, K. Perraut, L. Labadie, M. Min, J. P. Berger, L. B. F. M. Waters, S. Zieba, B. Lopez, F. Lykou, J.-C. Augereau, P. Cruzalèbes, W. C. Danchi, V. Gámez Rosas, M. Hogerheijde, M. Letessier, J. Scigliuto, G. Weigelt, S. Wolf, the MATISSE, GRAVITY collaborations

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Cross-listed from nucl-th

Exploring Hyperon Skyrme Forces in Multi-$\Lambda$ Hypernuclei and Neutron Star Matter

X. D. Sun, S. C. Han, J. N. Hu et al. (+1 more)

A major source of uncertainty in modeling the strangeness-rich interiors of neutron stars arises from the poorly constrained two-body and three-body interactions among hyperons and nucleons. We perform a comprehensive Bayesian analysis of the $\Lambda\Lambda$ and $\Lambda\Lambda N$ interaction parameters within the Skyrme Hartree-Fock framework, constrained by both hypernuclei experimental data and astrophysical observations. Our results show that the parameter space of the $\Lambda\Lambda$ interaction is tightly constrained by combining nuclear and astrophysical data, while the parameters of the $\Lambda\Lambda N$ three-body interaction remain sensitive to astrophysical inputs alone. Specifically, the local, momentum-independent two-body interaction parameter $\lambda_0$ is tightly constrained and predominantly attractive, while the momentum-dependent parameters $\lambda_1$ and $\lambda_2$ contribute repulsive effects at high densities. A key role is played by the $\Lambda\Lambda$ potential depth in pure $\Lambda$ matter, which effectively constrains the two-body $\Lambda\Lambda$ interaction and governs the balance between attraction at low densities and repulsion at high densities. The repulsive components of $\Lambda\Lambda$ interactions then decrease hyperon fractions and reconcile hyperon-rich equations of state with the observed $\sim2\,M_{\odot}$ neutron stars, increasing the maximum mass by up to 22%. The inclusion of $\Lambda\Lambda N$ three-body forces further stiffens the EOS, raising the maximum mass by up to $\sim 0.1\,M_{\odot}$. Our study represents a promising step toward a complete, experimentally grounded description of dense matter across a wide range of densities and strangeness compositions.
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All authors X. D. Sun, S. C. Han, J. N. Hu, A. Li

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Emulating galaxy and peculiar velocity clustering on non-linear scales

T.Dumerchat, J.Bautista, C.Ravoux et al. (+37 more)

We explore the potential of cross-correlating galaxies and peculiar velocities on non-linear scales to enhance cosmological constraints. Leveraging the AbacusSummit simulation suite and the halo occupation distribution (HOD) formalism, we train emulator models to describe the non-linear clustering of galaxies and velocities in redshift space. Our analysis demonstrates that combining galaxy and peculiar velocity clustering, provides tighter constraints on both HOD and cosmological parameters, particularly on $\sigma_8$ and $w_0$. We further apply our models to realistic mock catalogues, reproducing the expected density and peculiar velocity errors of type-Ia supernovae and Tully-Fisher/fundamental plane measurements for the combined ZTF and DESI measurements. While systematic biases arise in the HOD parameters, the cosmological constraints remain unbiased, yielding $3.8\%$ precision measurement on $f\sigma_8$ compared to $4.7\%$ using galaxy clustering alone. We demonstrate that, while combining tracers with realistic velocity measurements still yields improvement, the gains are diminished, highlighting the need for further efforts to reduce velocity measurement uncertainties and correct observational systematics on small scales.
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All authors T.Dumerchat, J.Bautista, C.Ravoux, J.Aguilar, S.Ahlen, S.BenZvi, D.Bianchi, D.Brooks, T.Claybaugh, A.de la Macorra, P.Doel, S.Ferraro, J.E. Forero-Romero, E.Gaztañaga, S.Gontcho A Gontcho, G.Gutierrez, C.Hahn, C.Howlett, M.Ishak, R.Joyce, D.Kirkby, A.Kremin, C.Lamman, M.Landriau, L.Le Guillou, M.Manera, R.Miquel, S.Nadathur, W.J. Percival, F.Prada, I.Pérez-Ràfols, G.Rossi, E.Sanchez, D.Schlegel, M.Schubnell, J.Silber, D.Sprayberry, G.Tarlé, B.A. Weaver, H. Zou

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Seeing Wiggles without Seeing Wiggles: BAO Recovery in 21 cm Intensity Mapping with Deep Learning

Kaifeng Yu and Xin Wang

The 21 cm intensity mapping provides a promising probe of the large-scale structure. Astrophysical foregrounds, as the main source of contamination to the cosmological 21 cm signal, persist in a wedge-like region of Fourier space due to the inherent chromaticity in radio interferometric observations. The foreground avoidance strategy focuses on utilizing data from relatively clean regions with minimal foreground leakage, at the cost of losing large-scale information. Non-linear structure formation, however, couples Fourier modes across scales, leaving imprints of the missing large-scale modes in the remaining data. In this work, we employ a deep learning approach based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to test whether large-scale features of the 21 cm brightness temperature fields, particularly the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), can be recovered at the field level using only short-wavelength modes that are beyond the linear scales. To explicitly assess the dependence on the training cosmology, we train the network exclusively on de-wiggled simulations, providing a controlled test of whether the reconstruction arises from physical non-linear mode coupling rather than implicit encoding of BAO features. In the ideal noise-free case, the amplitude and phase of the lost modes can be restored with high fidelity. With instrumental noise included, the reconstructed amplitude becomes biased, while the phase information remains robust. The trained network also exhibits reasonable robustness to variations in the underlying cosmological model. Together, these results suggest that mode restoration offers a complementary approach for extracting cosmological information from future 21 cm intensity mapping analyses.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

Convolutional Neural Networks for classifying galaxy mergers: Can faint tidal features aid in classifying mergers?

Yeonkyung Lee, Hyunmi Song, Jihye Shin et al. (+3 more)

Identifying mergers from observational data has been a crucial aspect of studying galaxy evolution and formation. Tidal features, typically fainter than 26 ${\rm mag\,arcsec^{-2}}$, exhibit a diverse range of appearances depending on the merger characteristics and are expected to be investigated in greater detail with the Rubin Observatory Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), which will reveal the low surface brightness universe with unprecedented precision. Our goal is to assess the feasibility of developing a convolutional neural network (CNN) that can distinguish between mergers and non-mergers based on LSST-like deep images. To this end, we used Illustris TNG50, one of the highest-resolution cosmological hydrodynamic simulations to date, allowing us to generate LSST-like mock images with a depth $\sim$ 29 ${\rm mag\,arcsec^{-2}}$ for low-redshift ($z=0.16$) galaxies, with labeling based on their merger status as ground truth. We focused on 151 Milky Way-like galaxies in field environments, comprising 81 non-mergers and 70 mergers. After applying data augmentation and hyperparameter tuning, a CNN model was developed with an accuracy of 65–67%. Through additional image processing, the model was further optimized, achieving an accuracy of 67–70% when trained on images containing only faint features. This represents an improvement of $\sim$ 5% compared to training on images with bright features only. This suggests that faint tidal features can serve as effective indicators for distinguishing between mergers and non-mergers. The future direction for further improvement based on this study is also discussed.
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All authors Yeonkyung Lee, Hyunmi Song, Jihye Shin, Sungryong Hong, Jaehyun Lee, Kyungwon Chun

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

SQUIDPOL: Seoul National University QUadruple Imaging Device for POLarimetry

Sunho Jin, Jooyeon Geem, Masateru Ishiguro et al. (+9 more)

We present SQUIDPOL, a low-cost, multi-channel optical imaging polarimeter that performs simultaneous linear polarization measurements using a rotating half-wave plate, a non-polarizing beam splitter, and four wire-grid filters. We show that the off-the-shelf non-polarizing beam splitter introduces measurable polarization-dependent systematics, which can bias polarimetric measurements if left uncorrected. We quantify this effect for both transmitted and reflected beams and incorporate a correction scheme into the data-analysis pipeline. On-sky validation demonstrates stable and reproducible performance, achieving a polarization accuracy of about 0.15 percent for bright polarized standard stars. Mounted on the 60-cm Ritchey-Chretien telescope (focal length 4200 mm, f/7) at the Pyeongchang Observatory of Seoul National University, SQUIDPOL provides an effective common field of view of 13.5 by 8.2 arcminutes with a pixel scale of 0.45 arcseconds per pixel and supports standard B, V, R_C, and I_C filters.
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All authors Sunho Jin, Jooyeon Geem, Masateru Ishiguro, Woojin Park, Heeyoung Oh, Chan Park, Seungwon Choi, Yoonsoo P. Bach, Hyeonwoo Ju, Jinguk Seo, Bumhoo Lim, Myungshin Im

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

A surprisingly large asymmetric ejection from Mira A

T. Khouri, W. H. T. Vlemmings, D. A. Raudales Oseguera et al. (+6 more)

Stars with masses between roughly 1 and 8~$M_\odot$ end their lives on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB), when intense mass loss takes place. The outflows are generally accepted to be driven by radiation pressure acting on dust grains that form in the dense extended atmospheres created by the action of convection and stellar pulsations. The complex physics underlying convection, stellar pulsations, and dust nucleation precludes predicting AGB mass loss from first principles. We investigated the evolution of two lobes observed to be expanding away from the AGB star Mira~A using images of polarized light obtained at six epochs using SPHERE on the VLT and of molecular emission at two epochs obtained with ALMA. While dust seems confined to the edges of the lobes, gas fills the lobes and displays higher densities than expected at the observed radii based on the large-scale mass-loss rate of Mira~A, with a total gas mass in the lobes of $\sim 2 \times 10^{-5}~M_\odot$. We find the expansion of the lobes to be consistent with both a constant velocity (ejection time in 2010 or 2011) or a decelerating expansion (ejection time in 2012). If ejection events with a similar magnitude happen periodically, we derive periods between 50 and 200~years to account for the mass-loss rate of Mira~A. This periodicity is uncertain because the average mass-loss rate of Mira A on larger scales is uncertain. We find abundances in the lobes of $\sim 1.5 \times 10^{-6}$ and $\sim 2.5 \times 10^{-6}$ for SO and SO$_2$, respectively, and of $2\times10^{-10}$, $6.5\times10^{-10}$, and $4\times10^{-7}$ for AlO, AlF, and PO. The strong variation in brightness of the different features identified in the polarized-light images is puzzling. We suggest that an asymmetric stellar radiation field preferentially illuminates specific regions of the circumstellar envelope at a given time, producing a lighthouse-like effect.
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All authors T. Khouri, W. H. T. Vlemmings, D. A. Raudales Oseguera, D. Tafoya, H. Olofsson, C. Paladini M. Maercker, M. Saberi, P. Gorai, T. Danilovich

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Periodic 6.7 GHz $\mathrm{CH_3OH}$ maser emission in G353.273+0.641: First candidate for a pulsating high-mass protostar

Sohta Harajiri, Kazuhito Motogi, Ryota Nakamura et al. (+3 more)

We report on the periodic flux variations in the 6.7 GHz $\mathrm{CH_3OH}$ maser associated with the high-mass protostar G353.273+0.641, based on 13 yr of monitoring mainly by the Hitachi 32 m telescope. We identified a periodicity of 309 days based on a nearly complete light curve, with 833 epochs every few days. A strong correlation is found between the maser and the mid-infrared fluxes at 3.4 and 4.6 $\mu$m observed by NEOWISE during these periods, suggesting that the maser emission responds to variations in the protostellar luminosity. The average profile of the maser light curve is asymmetric and shows a steep drop in intensity just before the brightening, resembling that of some pulsating variable stars. Assuming a protostellar pulsation as the origin of maser periodicity, the observed period implies a cool and highly bloated, red supergiant-like structure. Such a bloated structure is consistent with a theoretical model of protostellar evolution under high accretion rates. The inferred protostellar parameters are broadly consistent with the theoretical model of pulsational instability during the early phase of high-mass star formation. However, a periodic accretion scenario caused by an unresolved compact protobinary cannot be completely ruled out. Several irregular peaks that deviate from the periodicity may result from episodic accretion phenomena or jet-launching events independent of the protostellar pulsation. Extremely high-resolution imaging with next-generation interferometers such as the ngVLA will provide a conclusive test for both the protostellar pulsation and the binary accretion scenarios.
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All authors Sohta Harajiri, Kazuhito Motogi, Ryota Nakamura, Yoshinori Yonekura, Yoshihiro Tanabe, Kenta Fujisawa

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Digging into the chemical complexity in the outer Galaxy: A hot molecular core in Sharpless 2-283

Toki Ikeda, Takashi Shimonishi, Hiroyuki Kaneko et al. (+3 more)

The outer Galaxy (galactocentric distance $\gtrsim$13.5 kpc) serves as an excellent laboratory for investigating the chemical complexity in low-metallicity environments. Here, we present the chemical analyses for the outer Galactic hot core Sh 2-283-1a SMM1 ($D_\mathrm{GC}$ = 15.7 kpc and $Z$ $\sim$0.3 $Z_\odot$), recently detected by Ikeda et al. (2025) using ALMA. Toward this source, a variety of molecular species, including complex organic molecules (COMs: CH$_3$OH, $^{13}$CH$_3$OH, CH$_2$DOH, and CH$_3$OCH$_3$) are detected. The molecular abundances relative to CH$_3$OH are similar to those of another outer Galactic hot core, demonstrating that chemically rich hot cores exist in different regions of the outer Galaxy. We also compared molecular abundances among hot cores in the inner Galaxy, outer Galaxy, and Magellanic Clouds. This comparison revealed that the metallicity-corrected $N$(SO$_2$)/$N$(H$_2$) ratios of outer Galactic hot cores are significantly lower than those of the inner Galactic ones, while their $N$(CH$_3$OH)/$N$(H$_2$) ratios are similar. The Magellanic hot cores show different trends despite having metallicities similar to those of the outer Galaxy, indicating that the chemical complexity of hot cores is governed by environmental conditions (e.g., cosmic ray intensity and dust temperature) rather than simple metallicity scaling. These environmental differences would also affect the production efficiency of COMs derived from CH$_3$OH, as the $N$(CH$_3$OCH$_3$)/$N$(CH$_3$OH) and $N$(C$_2$H$_5$OH)/$N$(CH$_3$OH) ratios in the outer Galactic sources are moderately lower than those of inner Galactic sources. The $N$(CH$_2$DOH)/$N$(CH$_3$OH) ratio of Sh 2-283-1a SMM1 is 1.5$^{+3.9}_{-1.2}$$\%$, comparable to that of inner Galactic high-mass sources.
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All authors Toki Ikeda, Takashi Shimonishi, Hiroyuki Kaneko, Kenji Furuya, Kei Tanaka, Natsuko Izumi

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Evidence for deviation in gravitational light deflection from general relativity at cosmological scales with KiDS-Legacy and CMB lensing

Guo-Hong Du, Tian-Nuo Li, Tonghua Liu et al. (+2 more)

General relativity (GR) faces challenges from cosmic acceleration and observational tensions, necessitating stringent tests at cosmological scales. In this work, we probe GR deviations via a $\mu$–$\Sigma$ modified gravity parameterization, integrating KiDS-Legacy weak lensing (WL) data (1347 deg$^2$, $z\leq 2.0$), joint cosmic microwave background (CMB) data from Planck, ACT, and SPT, DESI DR2 baryon acoustic oscillation, and DES-Dovekie supernova data. KiDS-Legacy significantly improves constraint precision: $\mu_0$ (matter clustering) by $\sim 60\%$ and $\Sigma_0$ (gravitational light deflection) by $\sim 43\%$ relative to CMB alone. In the $\Lambda$CDM background, $\mu_0 = 0.21\pm 0.21$ is consistent with GR, while $\Sigma_0 = 0.149\pm 0.051$ deviates from GR at the 3.0$\sigma$ level. Furthermore, within the observationally preferred $w_0w_a$CDM background, this deviation in gravitational light deflection persists at the 2.2$\sigma$ level. This deviation is likely driven by the higher amplitudes in the large-scale CMB lensing measurements. This precise separation of GR-consistent matter clustering and deviant light deflection provides key observational clues for new physics or data systematics. Our work underscores the critical role of synergizing high-precision CMB and WL data in advancing GR tests.
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All authors Guo-Hong Du, Tian-Nuo Li, Tonghua Liu, Jing-Fei Zhang, Xin Zhang

Astrophysics of Galaxies

The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Quenching of Star Formation in Clusters III. Ram-Pressure-Affected Galaxy Populations

Oğuzhan Çak{\i}r, Matt S. Owers, Luca Cortese et al. (+15 more)

Cluster environments influence galaxy evolution by curtailing star formation activity, notably through ram-pressure stripping (RPS). In this study, using spatially resolved spectroscopic data from the SAMI Galaxy Survey, we identify galaxies undergoing or recently affected by RPS in eight nearby clusters ($0.029 < z < 0.058$), through a visual classification scheme based on the ionised gas ($\rm H\alpha + [NII]\lambda 6584$) morphologies, split into unperturbed, asymmetric, and truncated. The projected phase-space analysis shows that asymmetric galaxies are found in a narrow region in cluster-centric distance ($\rm 0.1 < R/R_{200} < 0.6$) and have a larger dispersion in line-of-sight velocity ($\sigma(|v_{pec}|)_\mathrm{Asym} = 0.71^{+0.09}_{-0.07}\ \sigma_{200}$) compared to the truncated and unperturbed samples. In terms of star formation activity, RPS candidates yield a much steeper resolved star-forming main sequence (rSFMS; $\Sigma_\mathrm{SFR} - \Sigma_\ast$) relation compared to the unperturbed counterparts, primarily emerging from having lower $\Sigma_\mathrm{SFR}$ values for the low mass density regime, with the steepest gradient deriving from the truncated sample. Moreover, radial star formation profiles reveal that star formation in RPS candidates is suppressed in the outskirts relative to unperturbed galaxies and is more prominent for the truncated sample. In contrast, central ($\rm r/r_{eff}<0.5$) star formation activity in RPS candidates is comparable with that in their unperturbed and field counterparts, suggesting no elevated activity. Taken together, this suggests an evolutionary trend linked to the RPS stage, where unperturbed galaxies likely represent recently accreted systems (pre-RPS), while asymmetric and truncated galaxies may correspond to populations undergoing RPS and post-RPS phases, respectively, favouring outside-in quenching.
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All authors Oğuzhan Çak{\i}r, Matt S. Owers, Luca Cortese, Mina Pak, Gabriella Quattropani, Stefania Barsanti, Julia J. Bryant, Warrick J. Couch, Scott M. Croom, Pratyush K. Das, Jon S. Lawrence, Yifan Mai, Andrei Ristea, Sebastian F. Sánchez, Sarah Sweet, Jesse van de Sande, Glenn van de Ven, Sukyoung K. Yi

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

The orbital parameters of gamma-ray binary PSR~J2032+4127

Yu-Feng Luo, Shan-Shan Weng, Qing-Zhong Liu et al. (+6 more)

PSR~J2032+4127 is the only one of gamma-ray binary, that exhibits pulsations in gamma-ray. Previous research has indicated that the pulsar and the Be star MT91 213 orbit each other in a highly eccentric orbit with an extremely long period, with the pulsar reaching its periastron on November 13, 2017. Since its launch, the \fermi{} satellite has been monitoring this pulsar for 16 years, covering the 8 years before and the 8 years after the pulsar passed its periastron. Using these data, we present an analysis of pulse arrival times, and precisely determine the orbital parameters for the first time: the orbital period of $P_{\rm orb} \sim 52.3$ yr, the eccentricity of $e \sim 0.98$, the semimajor axis of $a$sin$i \sim 25.3$ AU, and the orbital inclination of $\sim$ 47.1$^\circ$ – 55.1$^\circ$. We also reveal another small glitch occurred in 2021, MJD $\sim$ 59500.
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All authors Yu-Feng Luo, Shan-Shan Weng, Qing-Zhong Liu, Ming-Yu Ge, Han-Long Peng, Shi-Qi Zhou, Shi-Jie Gao, Yu-Jia Zheng, Yan Zhang

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Long-term timing evolution of four Anomalous X-Ray Pulsars

Han-Long Peng, Shan-Shan Weng, Ming-Yu Ge et al. (+9 more)

Anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) and soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) are believed to be manifestations of magnetars. Typically, AXPs exhibit higher X-ray luminosities, whereas SGRs are generally fainter and display significantly high signal-to-noise ratios only during their outburst phases. In this work, we report the long-term timing evolution of four AXPs: 1E 2259+586, 4U 0142+61, 1RXS J170849.0-400910 and 1E 1841-045, which were regularly monitored with NICER from 2017 to 2024. Over this period, we identify a total of 10 timing events. In addition to one glitch and one anti-glitch in 1E 2259+586 reported in literature, we detect another 8 new timing events: 5 glitches, 2 anti-glitches, and 1 unusual state transition event. Notably, both anti-glitches were observed in 4U 0142+61, making it the most frequent source of such events, and there is a hint of regular evolution in its pulse profile. In the case of 1RXS J170849.0-400910, it continues to exhibit pronounced high-frequency timing anomalies and undergoes a state transition event. Finally, we study the evolution of the pulse profiles and find that the profiles of 1E 2259+586 and 4U 0142+61 both evolve. This is consistent with the earlier finding that pulse profile evolution is a generic feature of magnetars.
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All authors Han-Long Peng, Shan-Shan Weng, Ming-Yu Ge, Shi-Qi Zhou, Erbil Gügercinoğlu, Wen-Tao Ye, You-Li Tuo, Liang Zhang, Juan Zhang, Shi-Jie Zheng, Yu-Jia Zheng, Xian-Ao Wang

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

How Distance Affects GRB Prompt Emission Measurements

Michael J. Moss, Amy Y. Lien, S. Bradley Cenko et al. (+2 more)

We investigated how Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) prompt emission measurements are affected by increasing distance to the source. We selected a sample of 26 bright GRBs with measured redshifts $z<1$ observed by the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on board the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift) and simulated what BAT would have observed if the GRBs were at larger redshifts. We measured the durations of the simulated gamma-ray signals using a Bayesian block approach and calculated the enclosed fluences and peak fluxes. As expected, we found that almost all durations (fluences) measured for simulated high-$z$ GRBs were shorter (less) than their true durations (energies) due to low signal-to-noise ratio emission becoming completely dominated by background, i.e., the “tip-of-the-iceberg” effect. This effect strongly depends on the profile and intensity of the source light curve. Due to the uniqueness of GRB light curves, there is no common behavior in the evolution of measured durations with redshift. We compared our synthetic high-$z$ (i.e., $z>3$) GRBs to a sample of 72 observed high-$z$ bursts and found that the two samples were not inconsistent with being drawn from the same underlying population. We conclude that: (i) prompt emission durations (fluences) of high-$z$ GRBs observed by Swift/BAT are most likely underestimations, sometimes by factors of $\sim$several tens ($\sim2$), and (ii) changes in the average GRB prompt emission duration and fluence with increasing redshift are consistent with the tip-of-the-iceberg effect.
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All authors Michael J. Moss, Amy Y. Lien, S. Bradley Cenko, Sylvain Guiriec, Craig B. Markwardt

Astrophysics of Galaxies

From Grism to IFU: Revising the Redshift and Nature of the Massive Dusty Galaxy S1 with JWST and ALMA

Mengyuan Xiao, Longji Bing, Gabriel Brammer et al. (+21 more)

We report a revised spectroscopic redshift for the dusty massive galaxy S1, previously inferred with an exceptionally high baryon-to-star conversion efficiency from NIRCam slitless grism data at $z_{\rm grism}=5.58$. Our new JWST/NIRSpec IFU observations reveal multiple rest-frame optical and NIR emission lines, yielding a secure spectroscopic redshift of $z_{\rm spec}=3.2439\pm0.0002$. We show that the earlier grism-based redshift resulted from contamination by a nearby galaxy whose dispersed spectral trace overlaps with S1, illustrating a known challenge of slitless spectroscopy when only a single dispersion angle and single emission feature are available. In addition, we present new ALMA 1 mm observations, which robustly detect dust emission ($S_{\rm 1mm}=0.99\pm0.03$ mJy) and show a dust half-light radius ($R_{\rm e,1mm}=0.73\pm0.10$ kpc) slightly smaller than the stellar size ($R_{\rm e, F444W} = 0.97\pm0.01$ kpc). Using the revised redshift and compiled multi-wavelength photometry, we update the UV-to-FIR SED and find that S1 is less extreme than previously inferred, yet remains a very massive (log$M_{\star}/M_{\odot}\sim10.6$), heavily obscured star-forming galaxy. The updated SED modeling reveals S1 to be a very dust- and gas-rich system with a moderate star formation rate and a long gas depletion time ($\tau_{\rm dep} \sim 1.4$ Gyr), deviating from SMGs and OFGs, but more closely resembling typical massive main-sequence galaxies. We note that, although this revision reduces the number of ultra-massive galaxies reported in Xiao et al. 2024, it does not alter the main conclusions of that work. Overall, our study clarifies the nature of S1 and underscores the importance of multi-line spectroscopic confirmation, slitless observations at multiple position angles, and IFU data for robust redshift and physical characterization of rare massive galaxies in the early Universe.
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All authors Mengyuan Xiao, Longji Bing, Gabriel Brammer, Pascal A. Oesch, David Elbaz, Rui Marques-Chaves, Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky, Benjamin Magnelli, Rychard Bouwens, Emanuele Daddi, Maximilien Franco, Qiusheng Gu, Thomas Herard-Demanche, Garth Illingworth, Ivo Labbe, Danilo Marchesini, Jorryt Matthee, Romain A. Meyer, Rohan P. Naidu, Irene Shivaei, Pieter van Dokkum, Andrea Weibel, Christina C. Williams, Stijn Wuyts

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Subaru/HSC NB395 view of NGC 5466: metallicity, mass function, and the nature of its tidal stream

Itsuki Ogami, Miho N. Ishigaki, Pete B. Kuzma et al. (+6 more)

We present a deep photometric study of the globular cluster NGC 5466 and its tidal stream using Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) imaging with the metallicity-sensitive narrowband filter NB395. We develop an improved member-selection technique based on a k-nearest neighbor algorithm applied to the color-color-magnitude diagram (CCMD), enabling reliable candidate identification down to $i_{2,0} < 23.5$. Photometric metallicities derived from NB395 colors agree with previous measurements, supporting the robustness of our calibration. While modest residual contamination and possible offsets - potentially driven by variations in light-element abundances - may remain beyond 10 arcmin, the metallicity distribution of high-probability inner members matches the known mean metallicity of NGC 5466, demonstrating the effectiveness of our method. The spatial distribution of NB395-selected stars clearly delineates the tidal stream. Beyond the tidal radius, the azimuthally averaged radial surface density profile follows a power law with slope $\alpha = -4.53_{-0.14}^{+0.13}$. We also detect a power-law component perpendicular to the stream, suggestive of multiple apogalactic passages. A density gap is identified at a projected distance of $\sim200$ pc from the cluster center, consistent with eTidal N-body predictions and possibly associated with a recent pericentric passage or Galactic disk interaction. Analysis of the main-sequence mass function reveals a strong negative radial gradient in the slope within the tidal radius, whereas the slope along the outer stream is relatively flat, consistent with preferential tidal stripping of low-mass stars. These results highlight the power of HSC/NB395 photometry for identifying metal-poor populations and deriving photometric metallicities, underscoring its value for future wide-field surveys.
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All authors Itsuki Ogami, Miho N. Ishigaki, Pete B. Kuzma, Takanobu Kirihara, Nozomu Tominaga, Masashi Chiba, Yutaka Komiyama, Mohammad Mardini, Hiroko Okada

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Line-Intensity Mapping

Tzu-Ching Chang and Adam Lidz

Line-Intensity Mapping (LIM) has emerged as a powerful technique for studying large-scale structure and the high-redshift universe, enabling three-dimensional maps of line emission across vast cosmological volumes. In this review, we summarize the LIM framework, its key scientific goals, and its future prospects. We describe the landscape of emission line tracers, theoretical modeling approaches, anticipated signals, and data-analysis methodologies. We also discuss experimental challenges, particularly those posed by astrophysical foregrounds, and review possible mitigation strategies. Further, we highlight a range of cross-correlation science cases, linking LIM with other cosmological surveys. Finally, we summarize current and upcoming experiments and early results, including recent first detections, while outlining the outlook for future discoveries. Specifically, LIM may offer new insights into galaxy formation and evolution and cosmology, while revealing the Epoch of Reionization, Cosmic Dawn, and possibly the Cosmic Dark Ages. LIM enables cosmological measurements that complement other probes and provide unique access to the high-redshift universe, potentially shedding light on dark matter, dark energy, and cosmic inflation.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

FORGE'd in the Early Universe: The Effect of Protostellar Outflows on Pop III Accretion

Yasmine J. Meziani, Philip F. Hopkins, Michael Y. Grudić et al. (+3 more)

We present a cosmological zoom-in radiation magneto-hydrodynamic (RMHD) simulation, using FORGE'd in FIRE, that follows the formation, growth, and evolution of a single metal-free Pop. III (proto)star at redshift $z \sim 14$. The simulation captures a rotationally supported circumstellar disk and protostellar jets, both resolved down to $<100$ au scales. We find the star grows to $\sim 27$ M$_{\odot}$ over $31,000$ years, with its final mass regulated by accretion and protostellar jets. Protostellar jets form because the magnetic mass-to-flux ratio lies within the regime that allows jet launching, and they are further enabled by a rotating circumstellar disk with sufficient gas-magnetic-field coupling, both present in this simulation. These jets regulate accretion onto the (proto)star and drive outflows that collide with infalling gas, slowing inflow at large radii due to the substantial momentum they carry. A circumstellar disk forms, extending out to $\sim 0.01$ pc, which remains gravitationally stable (Q $\gg 1$). The stability of the disk is maintained through both thermal support and turbulence. In this paper we focus on how jets play a critical role not only in shaping the final masses of Pop. III stars but also in directly influencing their surroundings by regulating accretion. These results will provide important insights into the initial mass function and feedback processes in the earliest star-forming regions of the Universe.
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All authors Yasmine J. Meziani, Philip F. Hopkins, Michael Y. Grudić, Shivan Khullar, Claude-André Faucher-Giguère, Pratik J. Gandhi

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Inferring Interstellar Medium Density, Temperature, and Metallicity from Turbulent H II Regions

Larrance Xing, Nicholas Choustikov, Harley Katz et al. (+1 more)

Reliable nebular emission line diagnostics are essential for accurately inferring the physical properties (e.g. electron temperature, density, pressure, and metallicity) of H II regions from spectra. When interpreting spectra, it is typical to adopt a single zone model, e.g. at fixed density, pressure, or temperature, to infer H II region properties. However, such an assumption may not fully capture the complexities of a turbulent interstellar medium. To understand how a complex density field driven by supersonic turbulence impacts nebular emission lines, we simulate 3D H II regions surrounding a single O star, both with and without supersonic turbulence. We find that turbulence directly impacts the values of common strong line ratios. For example turbulent H II regions exhibit systematically higher [N II]/H$\alpha$, lower [O III]/H$\beta$, and lower O32, compared to homogeneous H II regions with the same mean density and ionizing source. These biases can impact inferences of metallicity, ionization parameter, excitation, and ionization source. For our choice of turbulence, direct $T_e$ method metallicity inferences are biased low, by up to 0.1 dex, which is important for metallicity studies, but not enough to explain the abundance discrepancy problem. Finally, we show that large differences between measured electron densities emerge between infrared, optical, and UV density indicators. Our results motivate the need for large grids of turbulent H II regions models that span the range of conditions seen at both high and low redshift to better interpret observed spectra.
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All authors Larrance Xing, Nicholas Choustikov, Harley Katz, Alex J. Cameron

Monday 2 February

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Investigating particle acceleration in the Wolf-Rayet bubble NGC 2359

Anindya Saha, Anandmayee Tej, Santiago del Palacio et al. (+4 more)

Massive stars have been proposed as candidates to be major factories of Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). However, this claim lacks enough empirical evidence, especially for isolated stars. The powerful stellar winds from massive stars impact the ambient medium producing strong shocks suitable for accelerating relativistic particles. The detection of non-thermal emission-particularly synchrotron emission in low radio frequencies-serves as a key proof of particle acceleration sites. We aim to assess the potential of isolated massive stars as sources of GCRs. We observed the Wolf-Rayet bubble, NGC 2359, using the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope at Band 3 (250-500 MHz) and Band 4 (550-950 MHz). Additionally, we used complementary archival radio datasets at different frequencies to derive the broad spectral energy distribution (SED) for several regions within the bubble. To further characterize the interaction between the stellar wind and the ambient medium, we introduced a composite SED model including synchrotron and free-free emission, and two low-frequency turnover processes, the Razin-Tsytovich (RT) effect and free-free absorption (FFA).We used a Bayesian inference approach to fit the SEDs and constrain the electron number density and magnetic field strength. The SEDs of several regions reveal spectral indices steeper than -0.5, indicative of synchrotron emission. and show a turnover below ~1 GHz. Our SED modelling suggests that the observed turnover is primarily caused by the RT effect, with a minor contribution from internal FFA. Our analysis confirms the presence of synchrotron radiation within NGC 2359. This is the second detection of non-thermal emission in a stellar bubble surrounding a WR star, reinforcing the idea that such environments are sites of relativistic particle acceleration and supporting the hypothesis that isolated massive stars are sources of GCRs of at least GeV energies.
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All authors Anindya Saha, Anandmayee Tej, Santiago del Palacio, Michaël De Becker, Paula Benaglia, Ramananda Santra, Ishwara Chandra CH