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Physics Astrophysics

astro-ph Watch Astrophysics

Wednesday 7 January

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Local simulations of common-envelope dynamical inspiral. Impact of rotation, accretion, and stratification

D. Gagnier, G. Leidi, M. Vetter et al. (+2 more)

Common envelope evolution (CEE) is a crucial phase in binary stellar evolution. Current global three-dimensional simulations lack the resolution to capture the small-scale dynamics around the embedded companion, while local wind-tunnel simulations always approximate the companion's orbital motion as linear rather than as rotation around the center of mass. We investigate how rotation, accretion, and stratification influence small-scale gas dynamics, gravitational drag and lift forces, and the spin-up rate of the companion. We perform three-dimensional local hydrodynamic simulations of a $0.2\, M_\odot$ compact companion plunging into the envelope of a $2\, M_\odot$ red giant in a reference frame rotating at the companion's orbital angular velocity, using the Athena++ code. The presence of stratification generates an inward-directed force, partially opposed by a rotation-induced outward lift force. Both the resulting inward directed force and the drag force, strongly influenced by stratification, would affect the evolution of the binary separation. We propose revised semi-analytical prescriptions for both drag and lift forces. Without accretion and for sufficiently small gravitational softening radii, a quasi-hydrostatic bubble forms around the companion, while accretion prevents its formation and converts kinetic energy into heat that could contribute to the envelope ejection. Drag and lift forces are only marginally affected by accretion. The companion spin-up rate varies non-monotonically in time, first increasing and then decreasing as it plunges deeper into the envelope. These results motivate future magnetohydrodynamic simulations to investigate how accretion, rotation, and stratification affect magnetic amplification, and how magnetic fields, in turn, influence mass and angular momentum accretion rates, as well as the drag and lift force exerted on the companion.
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All authors D. Gagnier, G. Leidi, M. Vetter, R. Andrassy, F. K. Röpke

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

GRB 180728A and SN 2018fip: the nearest high-energy cosmological gamma-ray burst with an associated supernova

A. Rossi, L. Izzo, K. Maeda et al. (+29 more)

The long GRB 180728A, at a redshift of $z = 0.1171$, stands out due to its high isotropic energy of $E_{\gamma,iso} \sim 2.5 \times 10^{51}$ erg, in contrast with most events at redshift $z<0.2$. We analyze the properties of GRB 180728A's prompt emission, afterglow, and associated supernova SN 2018fip, comparing them with other GRB-SN events. This study employs a dense photometric and spectroscopic follow-up of the afterglow and the SN up to 80 days after the burst, supported by image subtraction to remove the presence of a nearby bright star, and modelling of both the afterglow and the supernova. GRB 180728A lies on the $E_{p,i}-E_{\gamma,iso}$ plane occupied by classical collapsar events, and the prompt emission is one of the most energetic at $z < 0.2$ after GRB 030329 and GRB 221009A. The afterglow of GRB 180728A is less luminous than that of most long GRBs, showing a shallow early phase that steepens around 5 hours (0.2 days). The GRB exploded in an irregular, low-mass, blue, star-forming galaxy, typical of low-z collapsar events. Because of the relatively faint afterglow, the light curve bump of SN 2018fip dominates the optical emission already after $\sim$3 days and is one of the best sampled to date. The strong suppression below $\sim$ 4000 angstrom and a largely featureless continuum in the early 6–9 days spectra favor aspherical two-component ejecta with a high-velocity collimated component ($> 20,000 km s^{-1}$), dominant early-on, and a more massive, low-velocity component, which dominates at much later epochs. Our findings indicate that asymmetries need to be considered in order to better understand GRB-SNe. In any case, SN 2018fip shares many characteristics with typical GRB-SNe. Its kinetic energy is below the common range of $10^{52}-10^{53}$ erg and does not correlate with the high energy of the GRB, highlighting the diversity of the GRB-SN energy budget partition.
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All authors A. Rossi, L. Izzo, K. Maeda, P. Schady, D.B. Malesani, D. A. Kann, S. Klose, L. Amati, P. D'Avanzo, A. de Ugarte Postigo, K. E. Heintz, A. Kumar, V. Lipunov, A. Martin-Carrillo, A. Melandri, A. M. Nicuesa Guelbenzu, S.R. Oates, S. Schulze, J. Selsing, R. L. C. Starling, G. Stratta, D. Vlasenko, P. Balanutsa, R. Brivio, V. D'Elia, B. Milvang-Jensen, E. Palazzi, D. A. Perley, A. Rau, J. Sollerman, N. R. Tanvir, T. Zafar

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Cross-listed from gr-qc

A framework for LISA population inference

Alexandre Toubiana and Jonathan Gair

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is expected to have a source rich data stream containing signals from large numbers of many different types of source. This will include both individually resolvable signals and overlapping stochastic backgrounds, a regime intermediate between current ground-based detectors and pulsar timing arrays. The resolved sources and backgrounds will be fitted together in a high dimensional Global Fit. To extract information about the astrophysical populations to which the sources belong, we need to decode the information in the Global Fit, which requires new methodology that has not been required for the analysis of current gravitational wave detectors. Here, we start that development, presenting present a hierarchical Bayesian framework to infer the properties of astrophysical populations directly from the output of a LISA Global Fit, consistently accounting for information encoded in both the resolved sources and the unresolved background. Using a simplified model of the Global Fit, we illustrate how the interplay between resolved and unresolved components affects population inference and highlight the impact of data analysis choices, such as the signal-to-noise threshold for resolved sources, on the results. Our approach provides a practical foundation for population inference using LISA data.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Cross-listed from physics.space-ph

Properties of Magnetic Switchbacks in the Near-Sun Solar Wind

Samuel T. Badman, Naïs Fargette, Lorenzo Matteini et al. (+24 more)

Magnetic switchbacks are fluctuations in the solar wind in which the interplanetary magnetic field sharply deflects away from its background direction so as to create folds in magnetic field lines while remaining of roughly constant magnitude. The magnetic field and velocity fluctuations are extremely well correlated in a way corresponding to Alfvénic fluctuations propagating away from the Sun. For a background field which is nearly radial this causes an outwardly propagating jet to form. Switchbacks and their characteristic velocity jets have recently been observed to be nearly ubiquitous by Parker Solar Probe with in situ measurements in the inner heliosphere within 0.3 AU. Their prevalence, substantial energy content, and potentially fundamental role in the dynamics of the outer corona and solar wind motivate the significant research efforts into their understanding. Here we review the in situ measurements of these structures (primarily by Parker Solar Probe). We discuss how they are identified and measured, and present an overview of the primary observational properties of these structures, both in terms of individual switchbacks and their collective arrangement into “patches”. We identify both properties for which there is a strong consensus and those that have limited or qualified support and require further investigation. We identify and collate several open questions and recommendations for future studies.
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All authors Samuel T. Badman, Naïs Fargette, Lorenzo Matteini, Oleksiy V. Agapitov, Mojtaba Akhavan-Tafti, Stuart D. Bale, Srijan Bharati Das, Nina Bizien, Trevor A. Bowen, Thierry Dudok de Wit, Clara Froment, Timothy Horbury, Jia Huang, Vamsee Krishna Jagarlamudi, Andrea Larosa, Maria S. Madjarska, Olga Panasenco, Etienne Pariat, Nour E. Raouafi, Alexis P. Rouillard, David Ruffolo, Nikos Sioulas, Shirsh Lata Soni, Luca Sorriso-Valvo, Gabriel Ho Hin Suen, Marco Velli, Jaye Verniero

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Radio Activity from the Rapidly Rotating T dwarf 2MASS 2228-4310

Kelvin Wandia, Michael A. Garrett, Aaron Golden et al. (+7 more)

We present the detection of 2MASS J22282889-4310262 (2M2228), a T6/T6.5 brown dwarf, using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) archival data observed at C band (4-8 GHz) over two observing epochs ($2\times96$ minutes). 2M2228 is detected at time and frequency averaged Stokes I and V peak flux densities of $67.3\pm4.9\ \mu\ \rm{Jy beam}^{-1}$ and $14.4\pm3.0\ \mu\text{Jy beam}^{-1}$ in the first epoch and $107.2\pm5.2\ \mu\rm{Jy\ beam}^{-1}$ and $-20.7\pm1.2\ \mu\text{Jy beam}^{-1}$ in the second epoch. This discovery constitutes the eighth and, notably, the most rapidly rotating T dwarf detected to date at radio wavelengths. Our observations reveal highly polarised bursts at fractional polarisation ratios $f_\text{c}>50$%. Using Stokes I light curves, we measure occurrence intervals of $\sim47$ and $\sim58$ minutes in the two observing epochs respectively with the first burst aligning within a half period timescale of the the previously measured mid infrared photometric period of $85.8\pm0.32$ minutes. We attribute the emission to the electron cyclotron maser emission (ECME) and constrain the magnetic field strength to $B\gtrsim1.4$ kG. We emphasise that the periods inferred are provisional considering the short observing durations. The combination of previously demonstrated atmospheric stability and newly detected radio emission in 2M2228 makes it a promising laboratory for testing magnetospheric currents-driven auroral models and for guiding future coordinated James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and radio observations to probe the link between auroral activity and atmospheric dynamics in T-type brown dwarfs.
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All authors Kelvin Wandia, Michael A. Garrett, Aaron Golden, Gregg Hallinan, David Williams-Baldwin, Geferson Lucatelli, Robert J. Beswick, Jack F. Radcliffe, Andrew Siemion, Talon Myburgh

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

A spectroscopically confirmed, strongly lensed, metal-poor Type II supernova at z = 5.13

David A. Coulter, Conor Larison, Justin D. R. Pierel et al. (+88 more)

Observing supernovae (SNe) in the early Universe (z > 3) provides a window into how both galaxies and individual stars have evolved over cosmic time, yet a detailed study of high-redshift stars and SNe has remained difficult due to their extreme distances and cosmological redshifting. To overcome the former, searches for gravitationally lensed sources allow for the discovery of magnified SNe that appear as multiple images - further providing the opportunity for efficient follow-up. Here we present the discovery of "SN Eos": a strongly lensed, multiply-imaged, SN II at a spectroscopic redshift of z = 5.133 +/- 0.001. SN Eos exploded in a Lyman-{\alpha} emitting galaxy when the Universe was only ~1 billion years old, shortly after it reionized and became transparent to ultraviolet radiation. A year prior to our discovery in JWST data, archival HST imaging of SN Eos reveals rest-frame far ultraviolet (~1,300Å) emission, indicative of shock breakout or interaction with circumstellar material in the first few (rest-frame) days after explosion. The JWST spectroscopy of SN Eos, now the farthest spectroscopically confirmed SN ever discovered, shows that SN Eos's progenitor star likely formed in a metal-poor environment (<= 0.1 Z_{\odot}), providing the first direct evidence of massive star formation in the metal-poor, early Universe. SN Eos would not have been detectable without the extreme lensing magnification of the system, highlighting the potential of such discoveries to eventually place constraints on the faint end of the cosmic star-formation rate density in the very early Universe.
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All authors David A. Coulter, Conor Larison, Justin D. R. Pierel, Seiji Fujimoto, Vasily Kokorev, Joseph F. V. Allingham, Takashi J. Moriya, Matthew Siebert, Yoshihisa Asada, Rachel Bezanson, Maruša Bradač, Gabriel Brammer, John Chisholm, Dan Coe, Pratika Dayal, Michael Engesser, Steven L. Finkelstein, Ori D. Fox, Lukas J. Furtak, Anton M. Koekemoer, Thomas Moore, Minami Nakane, Masami Ouchi, Richard Pan, Robert Quimby, Armin Rest, Johan Richard, Luke Robbins, Louis-Gregory Strolger, Fengwu Sun, Tommaso Treu, Hiroto Yanagisawa, Abdurro'uf, Aadya Agrawal, Ricardo Amorín, Joseph P. Anderson, Rodrigo Angulo, Hakim Atek, Franz E. Bauer, Larry D. Bradley, Volker Bromm, Mateusz Bronikowski, Christopher J. Conselice, Christa DeCoursey, James M. DerKacy, Guillaume Desprez, Suhail Dhawan, Jose M. Diego, Eiichi Egami, Andreas Faisst, Brenda Frye, Sebastian Gomez, Mauro González-Otero, Massimo Griggio, Yuichi Harikane, Kohei Inayoshi, Saurabh W. Jha, Yolanda Jiménez-Teja, Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe, Patrick L. Kelly, Lindsey A. Kwok, Zachary G. Lane, Xiaolong Li, Ivo Lobbe, Paulo A. A. Lopes, Ray A. Lucas, Georgios E. Magdis, Nicholas S. Martis, Jorryt Matthee, Ashish K. Meena, Rohan P. Naidu, Gaël Noirot, Masamune Oguri, Estefania Padilla Gonzalez, Massimo Pascale, Tanja Petrushevska, Massimo Ricotti, Daniel Schaerer, Stefan Schuldt, Melissa Shahbandeh, William Sheu, Koji Shukawa, Akiyoshi Tsujita, Eros Vanzella, Qinan Wang, John Weaver, Robert Williams, Rogier Windhorst, Yi Xu, Yossef Zenati, Adi Zitrin

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Cross-listed from gr-qc

Parity-violating Dark Photon Halos

Stephon Alexander, Lawrence Edmond IV and Cooper Niu

We propose a mechanism for the generation of gravitationally bound dark photon halos during the matter-dominated era. Coupled to an ultralight axion field through a parity-violating Chern-Simons term, dark photons can be produced by the tachyonic instability of axion coherent oscillation. The dark photons with a net helicity lead to a metric vorticity and can generate chiral substructures. For axion masses in the range $10^{-28} \, \mathrm{eV} \lesssim m_a \lesssim 10^{-22} \, \mathrm{eV}$, the resulting inhomogeneities collapse to form halos with masses spanning $M_{\rm halo} \sim 10^5 \, M_{\odot}$ to $10^{11} \, M_{\odot}$, with halo sizes ranging from $O(1)$ to $O(10^{6}) \, \mathrm{pc}$. During halo collapse, the induced vorticity could mediate efficient angular-momentum transport, which enables monolithic collapse and provides primordial seeds for the early formation of supermassive black holes.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Cross-listed from gr-qc

Symmetries of cosmological perturbations: The residual low-multipole ambiguity

Jibril Ben Achour, Etera Livine and Vincent Vennin

In cosmology, long-wavelength modes are related to large-gauge transformations (LGT), i.e. changes of coordinates that modify the physical geometry of the cosmological patch. These LGTs stand as bona-fide symmetries of cosmological perturbation theory with various applications, from consistency relations constraining cosmological correlators to non-linear conservation laws in the separate-universe approach. In this work, we revisit LGTs and derive two new results. First, we show that the global symmetries already identified in the literature can be extended to local infinite-dimensional symmetries. The associated generators depend on arbitrary functions of time, and generate low-multipole modes that modify the mean curvature energy and the angular momentum of the patch, demonstrating their physical nature. We propose to interpret these low-multipole soft modes as a new cosmological-frame ambiguity that needs to be fixed prior to evaluating cosmological observables. Second, we demonstrate that the adiabatic cosmological perturbations generated by LGTs deform but preserve all the explicit and hidden Killing symmetries of the background geometry. As such, long-wavelength modes stand as a concrete example of algebraically-special cosmological perturbations of Petrov-type O, and inherit the conformal group as isometries and a set of four deformed Killing-Yano tensors and their associated Killing tensors. This opens the possibility to study their effect on cosmological observables in a fully analytic manner.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Implications of Non-equatorial Relativistic Accretion Flows for Ultra-Fast Inflows in AGNs

Keigo Fukumura, Alessandro Peca, Roberto Serafinelli et al. (+1 more)

Motivated by a number of X-ray observations of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) that exhibit a potential signature of ultra-fast inflows (UFIs), we consider in this work a scenario that UFIs can be physically identified as weakly-magnetized hydrodynamic accretion flows that is guided and channeled by poloidal magnetic field into low-to-mid latitude above the equatorial disk. In the context of general relativistic hydrodynamics (GRHD) under a weak-field limit in Kerr spacetime, we present a set of preliminary results by numerically calculating the physical property of GRHD flows (e.g. kinematics and density distribution) in an effort to simulate redshifted absorption line spectra. Our model demonstrates that such GRHD accretion off the equatorial plane (i.e. $v \gsim 0.1c$ where $c$ is the speed of light in the vicinity of AGN closer than $\sim 100$ \sw radii) can manifest itself as UFIs in the form of redshifted absorption signature assuming the observed characteristics such as column density of $N_H \sim 10^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$ and ionization parameter of $\log (\xi \rm{[erg~cm~s^{-1}])} \sim 3$ as also seen in recent multi-epoch NuSTAR observations among other data.
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All authors Keigo Fukumura, Alessandro Peca, Roberto Serafinelli, Mauro Dadina

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Secular Excitation of Polar Neptune Orbits in Pure Disk-Planet Systems

Luke B. Handley and Konstantin Batygin

The stellar spin-orbit angles of Neptune-sized planets present a primordial yet puzzling view of the planetary formation epoch. The striking dichotomy of aligned and perpendicular orbital configurations are suggestive of obliquity excitation through secular resonance – a process where the precession of a hot Neptune becomes locked onto a forcing frequency, and is slowly guided into a perpendicular state. Previous models of resonant capture have involved the presence of companion perturbers to the star-planet-disk system, but in most cases, such companions are not confirmed to be present. In this work, we present a mechanism for exciting Neptunes to polar orbits in systems without giant perturbers, where photo-evaporation is the self-contained mechanism. Photo-evaporation opens a gap in the protoplanetary disk at ~1 au, and the inner disk continues to viscously accrete onto the host star, precessing quickly due to the perturbation of the outer disk. As the inner disk shrinks, it precesses more slowly, and encounters a resonance with the J2 precession of the Neptune, quickly exciting it to a polar configuration. While likely not applicable to more massive planets which trigger back-reactions onto the disk, this mechanism reproduces the obliquities of small planets in multiple respects.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

A census of star-formation and gas mass tracers in two lensed $z \sim 4$ dusty star-forming galaxies

David Vizgan, Joaquin D. Vieira, Justin S. Spilker et al. (+20 more)

We present new and archival Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of two strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) selected from the South Pole Telescope survey, SPT0418-47 $(z = 4.225)$ and SPT2147-50 $(z = 3.760)$. We study the [C II], CO(7-6), [C I](2-1), and, in SPT0418-47, $p$-H$_2$O emission, which along with the underlying continuum (rest-frame 160 $\mu$m and 380 $\mu$m) are routinely used as tracers of gas mass and/or star-formation rate (SFR). We perform a pixel-by-pixel analysis of both sources in the image plane to study the resolved Kennicutt-Schmidt relation, finding generally good agreement between the slopes of the SFR versus gas mass surface density using the different tracers. Using lens modeling methods, we find that the dust emission is more compact than the line emission in both sources, with CO(7-6) and [C I](2-1) similar in extent and [C II] the most extended, reminiscent of recent findings of extended [C II] spatial distributions in galaxies at similar cosmic epochs. We develop the [C I](2-1) / CO(7-6) flux density ratio as an observable proxy for gas depletion timescale ($\tau_{\rm dep}$), which can be applied to large samples of DSFGs, in lieu of more detailed inferences of this timescale which require analysis of observations at multiple wavelengths. Furthermore, the extended [C II] emission in both sources, compared to the total continuum and line emission, suggests that [C II], used in recent years as a molecular gas mass and SFR tracer in high-$z$ galaxies, may not always be a suitable tracer of these physical quantities.
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All authors David Vizgan, Joaquin D. Vieira, Justin S. Spilker, Simon Birrer, Nan Zhang, Manuel Aravena, Melanie A. Archipley, Jack E. Birkin, Jared Cathey, Scott C. Chapman, Veronica J. Dike, Anthony H. Gonzalez, Thomas R. Greve, Gayathri Gururajan, Ryley Hill, Matthew A. Malkan, Desika Narayanan, Kedar A. Phadke, Vismaya Pillai, Ana C. Posses, Manuel Solimano, Nikolaus Sulzenauer, Dazhi Zhou

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Satellite-borne $\gamma$-ray astrophysics from coherent interactions in oriented crystals

Pietro Monti-Guarnieri, Gianfranco Paternò, Alexei Sytov et al. (+20 more)

High-density and high-Z crystals are key elements of most space-borne $\gamma$-ray telescopes operating at gigaelectronvolt energies (such as Fermi-LAT). The lattice structure is usually neglected in the development of a crystalline detector, although its effects on the energy deposit development should be taken into account, since the interactions of a high-energy ($\sim$ 10~GeV) photon or e$^\pm$ impinging along the axis of an oriented crystal are different than those observed in a fully isotropic medium. Specifically, if the angle between a photon (e$^\pm$) trajectory, and the crystal axis is smaller than $\sim$ 0.1$^\circ$, a large enhancement of the pair production (bremsstrahlung) cross section is observed. Consequently, a photon-induced shower inside an oriented crystal develops within a much more compact region than in an amorphous medium. Moreover, for photon energies above a few gigaelectronvolt and incidence angles up to several degrees, the pair production cross section exhibits a pronounced dependence on the angle between the crystal axis and the photon polarization vector. In this work we show that these effects could be exploited to develop a novel class of light-weight pointing space-borne $\gamma$-ray telescopes, capable of achieving an improved sensitivity and resolution, thanks to a better shower containment in a smaller volume, with respect to non-oriented crystalline detectors. We also show that an oriented tracker-converter system could be used to measure the polarization of a $\gamma$-ray source above few gigaelectronvolts, in a regime that remains unexplorable through any other detection technique. This novel detector concept could open new pathways in the study of the physics of extreme astrophysical environments and potentially improve the detector sensitivity for indirect dark matter searches in space
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All authors Pietro Monti-Guarnieri, Gianfranco Paternò, Alexei Sytov, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Luigi Costamante, Sara Cutini, Matteo Duranti, Pierluigi Fedeli, Richard J. Gaitskell, Vincenzo Guidi, Viktar Haurylavets, Savvas M. Koushiappas, Francesco Longo, Sofia Mangiacavalli, Andrea Mazzolari, Michela Prest, Marco Romagnoni, Alessia Selmi, Mattia Soldani, Victor Tikhomirov, Valerio Vagelli, Erik Vallazza, Laura Bandiera

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Characterizing the physical and chemical properties of the Class I protostellar system Oph-IRS 44. Binarity, infalling streamers, and accretion shocks

E. Artur de la Villarmois, V. V. Guzmán, M. L. van Gelder et al. (+5 more)

(Abridged) In the low-mass star formation process, theoretical models predict that material from the infalling envelope could be shocked as it encounters the outer regions of the disk. Nevertheless, only a few protostars show evidence of these shocks at the disk-envelope interface, and the main formation path of shocked-related species is still unclear. We present new ALMA observations of IRS 44, a Class I source that has previously been associated with accretion shocks, taken at high angular resolution (0.1"). We target multiple molecular transitions of CO, H2CO, and simple sulfur-bearing species. In continuum emission, the binary nature of IRS 44 is observed for the first time at sub-millimeter wavelengths. Infalling signatures are seen for the CO line and the emission peaks at the edges of the continuum emission around IRS 44 B, the same region where bright SO and SO2 emission is seen. Weak CS and H2CO emission is observed, while OCS, H2S, and H2CS transitions are not detected. IRS 44 B seems to be more embedded than IRS 44 A, indicating a non-coeval formation scenario or the rejuvenation of source B due to late infall. CO emission is tracing the outflow component at large scales, infalling envelope material at intermediate scales, and two infalling streamer candidates are identified at disk scales. Infalling streamers might produce accretion shocks when they encounter the outer regions of the infalling-rotating envelope. These shocks heat the dust and release S-bearing species as well as promoting a lukewarm chemistry in the gas phase. With the majority of carbon locked in CO, there is little free C available to form CS and H2CS in the gas, leaving an oxygen-rich environment. The high column densities of SO and SO2 might be a consequence of two processes: direct thermal desorption from dust grains and gas-phase formation due to the availability of O and S.
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All authors E. Artur de la Villarmois, V. V. Guzmán, M. L. van Gelder, E. F. van Dishoeck, E. A. Bergin, D. Harsono, N. Sakai, J. K. Jørgensen

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Modeling the Effect of C/O Ratio on Complex Carbon Chemistry in Cold Molecular Clouds

Alex N. Byrne, Christopher N. Shingledecker, Edwin A. Bergin et al. (+5 more)

Elemental abundances, which are often depleted with respect to the solar values, are important input parameters for kinetic models of interstellar chemistry. In particular, the amount of carbon relative to oxygen is known to have a strong effect on modeled abundances of many species. While previous studies have focused on comparison of modeled and observed abundances to constrain the C/O ratio, the effects of this parameter on the underlying chemistry have not been well-studied. We investigated the role of the C/O ratio on dark cloud chemistry using the NAUTILUS code and machine learning techniques for molecular representation. We find that modeled abundances are quite sensitive to the C/O ratio, especially for carbon-rich species such as carbon chains and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). CO and simple ice-phase species are found to be major carbon reservoirs under both oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich conditions. The appearance of C3H4 isomers as significant carbon reservoirs, even under oxygen-rich conditions, indicates the efficiency of gas-phase C3 formation followed by adsorption and grain-surface hydrogenation. Our model is not able to reproduce the observed, gas-phase C/H ratio of TMC-1 CP at the time of best fit with any C/O ratio between 0.1 and 3, suggesting that the modeled freeze-out of carbon-bearing molecules may be too rapid. Future investigations are needed to understand the reactivity of major carbon reservoirs and their conversion to complex organic molecules.
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All authors Alex N. Byrne, Christopher N. Shingledecker, Edwin A. Bergin, Martin S. Holdren, Gabi Wenzel, Ci Xue, Troy Van Voorhis, Brett A. McGuire

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Cross-listed from physics.comp-ph

A constrained-transport embedded boundary method for compressible resistive magnetohydrodynamics

Samuel W. Jones, Colin P. McNally and Meritt Reynolds

Motivated by the increased interest in pulsed-power magneto-inertial fusion devices in recent years, we present a method for implementing an arbitrarily shaped embedded boundary on a Cartesian mesh while solving the equations of compressible resistive magnetohydrodynamics. The method is built around a finite volume formulation of the equations in which a Riemann solver is used to compute fluxes on the faces between grid cells, and a face-centered constrained transport formulation of the induction equation. The small time step problem associated with the cut cells is avoided by always computing fluxes on the faces and edges of the Cartesian mesh. We extend the method to model a moving interface between two materials with different properties using a ghost-fluid approach, and show some preliminary results including shock-wave-driven and magnetically-driven dynamical compressions of magnetohydrostatic equilibria. We present a thorough verification of the method and show that it converges at second order in the absence of discontinuities, and at first order with a discontinuity in material properties.
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Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Dissecting the dust distribution and polarization around two B213 young stellar objects with ALMA

Asako Sato, Anaëlle Maury, Josep M. Girart et al. (+4 more)

The earliest stages of disk formation and dust evolution during the protostellar phase remain poorly constrained. Millimeter dust emission and its polarization provide key insights into the physical processes and material distribution at the envelope-disk interface. We present ALMA polarimetric observations at 1.4 mm and 3 mm of two young stellar objects in Taurus, IRAS 04166+2706 (K04166) and IRAS 04169+2702 (K04169), probing scales from 25 au to 3000 au. We model the Stokes I emission to separate disk and envelope contributions and analyze the polarization properties to identify the dominant polarization mechanisms. K04166 shows extended Stokes I and polarized emission tracing a tentative hourglass magnetic field morphology in its envelope. In the inner envelope and disk (< 100 au), the properties of the polarized emission change, suggesting either a toroidal magnetic field or the presence of large grains. In contrast, K04169 exhibits compact Stokes I and polarized emission consistent with self-scattering from the disk. Both disks are extremely compact, but only K04166 retains a substantial envelope. Our multiscale ALMA polarimetric observations reveal a transition from magnetically aligned grains in envelopes to self-scattering in disks within the transition region of 20-50 au. These results provide important clues on dust grain growth and magnetic field morphology at the disk-envelope scales. Despite being embedded in the same filament, the two sources display striking differences, indicating that K04166 is a young embedded object with a substantial envelope threaded by relatively organized magnetic fields. Meanwhile, K04169 is more evolved, likely to be a young T-Tauri star. However, in both disks, the presence of large grains already suggests a scenario of early dust evolution in disks of the Class 0 stage.
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All authors Asako Sato, Anaëlle Maury, Josep M. Girart, Andrea Bracco, Patrick Hennebelle, Qizhou Zhang, Valeska Valdivia

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Spiral galaxies with flat radial abundance gradients at large radii

L.S. Pilyugin and G. Tautvaisiene

We consider the oxygen abundance distributions for a sample of massive spiral galaxies from the MaNGA survey in which the radial abundance gradient flattens to a constant value outside of the outer break radius, Rb,outer. The outer break radius can be considered as a dividing radius between the galaxy and the circumgalactic medium (CGM). The values of the Rb,outer range from 0.8R_{25} to 1.45R_{25}, where R_{25} is the optical radius of the galaxy. The oxygen abundances in the CGM range from 12+log(O/H) ~ 8.0 to ~ 8.5. The O/H distribution in each of our galaxies also shows the inner break in the radial abundance profile at the radius Rb,inner. The metallicity gradient in the outer part of the galaxy is steeper than in the inner part. The behaviour of the radial abundance distributions in these galaxies can be explained by assuming an interaction with (capture of the gas from) a small companion and adopting the model for the chemical evolution of galaxies with a radial gas flow. The interaction with a companion results in the mixing of gas and a flat metallicity gradient in the CGM. The capture of the gas from a companion increases the radial gas inflow rate and changes the slope of the radial abundance gradient in the outer part of the galaxy.
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Cosmological constraints on viable $f(R)$ models using weak lensing

Leandro Pardo and Leonardo Castañeda

The accelerated expansion of the Universe remains one of the central open problems in modern cosmology. While the $\Lambda$CDM model successfully describes a wide range of observations, the physical nature of dark energy is still unknown, motivating the study of alternative theories of gravity. Among these, $f(R)$ models provide a well-established extension of General Relativity, capable of reproducing a $\Lambda$CDM-like background evolution without introducing an explicit dark energy component. However, they can induce deviations in the growth of cosmic structures, making them testable through observables sensitive to cosmological perturbations. In this work, we use weak gravitational lensing to constrain several viable $f(R)$ gravity models. We analyze their impact on the matter power spectrum, as well as on the convergence and cosmic shear power spectra. Our analysis is carried out within a Bayesian framework using the Cobaya code and its modified gravity extension, MGCobaya, which enables consistent theoretical predictions and their comparison with current weak lensing and CMB lensing data. We find that standard cosmological parameters remain consistent with the $\Lambda$CDM scenario for all models considered, as expected from their background degeneracy. Nevertheless, we obtain non-trivial and model-dependent constraints on the characteristic parameters of several $f(R)$ theories.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Two-source terrestrial planet formation with a sweeping secular resonance

Max Goldberg, David Nesvorný and Alessandro Morbidelli

The models that most successfully reproduce the orbital architecture of the Solar System terrestrial planets start from a narrow annulus of material that grows into embryos and then planets. However, it is not clear how this ring model can be made consistent with the chemical structure of the inner Solar System, which shows a reduced-to-oxidized gradient from Mercury to Mars and a parallel gradient in the asteroid belt. We propose that there were two primary reservoirs in the early inner Solar System: a narrow, refractory enriched ring inside of 1 au, and a less massive, extended planetesimal disk outside of 1 au with oxidation states ranging from enstatite chondrites to ordinary chondrites. We show through a suite of N-body simulations that an inwardly sweeping secular resonance, caused by aerodynamic drag and perturbations from a mean-motion resonant Jupiter and Saturn, gathers the outer planetesimal disk into a narrow ring that migrates radially, forms Mars, and contributes oxidized material to proto-Earth. Remaining unaccreted planetesimals can be implanted into the asteroid belt as the parent bodies of aubrites and non-carbonaceous iron meteorites, while the most reduced material is not implanted and thus unsampled in the meteorite collection. This model explains the oxidation and isotopic gradients within the inner Solar System within the context of a low-viscosity, magnetic wind-driven disk.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

HI-bearing dark galaxies predictions from constrained Local Group simulations: how many and where to find them

Guacimara García-Bethencourt, Arianna Di Cintio, Sébastien Comerón et al. (+7 more)

Dark galaxies are small, DM-dominated halos whose gas remains in hydrostatic and thermal equilibrium and has never formed stars. They are of particular interest because they represent a strong prediction of the LCDM model. As of today, only a handful of candidates have been detected, the most intriguing of which being Cloud-9. Using several state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulations, we aim to predict the abundance of dark galaxies expected within our Local Group (LG), characterise their properties and provide guidance for their potential detection. We analyse LG simulations with constrained initial conditions, run with different codes, implementing different baryonic physics, feedback prescriptions, and employing two distinct values of SF density threshold, n_th=0.13 and 10 cm^-3, to select samples of dark and bright galaxies harboured in haloes of similar mass. We demonstrate that dark galaxies exist in such simulations, though their number is larger in simulations that use a higher, more realistic n_th. These galaxies, whose gas remains diffuse and never forms stars, predominantly inhabit less-concentrated, higher-spin DM halos than their luminous counterparts. Dark galaxies are typically found in low-density regions at the outskirts of the LG, and their evolution across z indicate that both the DM and gas densities in their surroundings were consistently lower than those found around bright galaxies, making them less susceptible to interactions, mergers, or gas inflows. We estimate that up to 8 dark galaxies should be detectable in HI emission within 2.5 Mpc of the MW, with the FAST telescope, accounting for its sky coverage and minimum M_HI and N_HI. Current hydrodynamical simulations of galaxies, combined with upcoming HI surveys, will offer a direct and powerful test of LCDM through their ability to predict and measure properties of dark galaxies within and beyond the LG.
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All authors Guacimara García-Bethencourt, Arianna Di Cintio, Sébastien Comerón, Elena Arjona-Gálvez, Ana Contreras-Santos, Salvador Cardona-Barrero, Chris B. A. Brook, Andrea Negri, Noam I. Libeskind, Alexander Knebe

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Stellar-mass black holes on the millimetre fundamental plane of black hole accretion

Jacob S. Elford, Ilaria Ruffa, Timothy A. Davis et al. (+5 more)

Recent work revealed the existence of a galaxy "millimetre fundamental plane of black hole accretion", a tight correlation between nuclear $1$mm luminosity, intrinsic $2$ - $10$keV X-ray luminosity and supermassive black hole mass, originally discovered for nearby low- and high-luminosity active galactic nuclei. Here we use mm and X-ray data of $5$ X-ray binaries (XRBs) to demonstrate that these stellar-mass black holes also lie on the mm fundamental plane, as they do at radio wavelengths. One source for which we have multi-epoch observations shows evidence of deviations from the plane after a state change, suggesting that the plane only applies to XRBs in the hard state, as is true again at radio wavelengths. We show that both advection-dominated accretion flows and compact jet models predict the existence of the plane across the entire range of black hole masses, although these models vary in their ability to accurately predict the XRB black hole masses.
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All authors Jacob S. Elford, Ilaria Ruffa, Timothy A. Davis, Martin Bureau, Rob Fender, Jindra Gensior, Thomas Williams, Hengyue Zhang

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Investigation of the dynamics and origin of the NEA pair 2021 PH27 and 2025 GN1

Albino Carbognani, Marco Fenucci, Toni Santana-Ros et al. (+2 more)

We analyse the association between the NEAs 2021 PH27 and 2025 GN1, which share similar heliocentric Keplerian elements and the same taxonomic classification. First, we confirm the spectral similarity by getting independent colours measurements of 2025 GN1 and confirming that they are both X-type. From numerical integration of the orbits up to 100 kyr in the past, taking into account relativistic corrections, we found that the two asteroids experienced five similar flybys with Venus, but none of them were closer than the Roche limit. The perihelion distance also reached values between 0.1 and 0.08 au about 17/21 kyr and 45/48 kyr ago, but still well outside the Roche limit with the Sun. So, the origin of the pair by tidal disruption of a progenitor rubble-pile asteroid appears unlikely. On the other hand, we found periods lasting several thousand years where the perihelion was below 0.1 au, and this can lead to thermal fracturing of the surface. We found that the rotation period of the primary and the mass ratio secondary/primary make the pair indistinguishable from the binary systems known among the NEAs, and the YORP effect can double the rotation period of 2021 PH27 in $150 \pm 50$ kyr. So it is plausible that the pair was formed by the rotational disintegration of a rubble-pile asteroid due to anisotropic gas emission or the YORP effect, which formed a binary system that later dissolved due to the internal dynamics of the pair. We are unable to give a value for the separation age; we can only say that it occurred more than 10.5 kyr ago and may have occurred between 17/21 kyr ago during the last and longer phase of lower perihelion distance. In this scenario, little meteoroids released in space due to the fragmentation event are still near the pair's orbit and can generate a meteor shower in Venus' atmosphere.
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All authors Albino Carbognani, Marco Fenucci, Toni Santana-Ros, Clara E. Martínez-Vázquez, Marco Micheli

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

The Gaia All-Sky Stellar Parameters Service (GASPS)

I. McDonald, A.A. Zijlstra, N.J. Cox et al. (+1 more)

Temperature and luminosity are the two key diagnostics of a star, yet these cannot come directly from survey data, but must be imputed by comparing those data to models. SED fitting offers a high-precision method to obtain both parameters for stars where both their distance and extinction are well known. The recent publication of many all-sky or large-area surveys coincides the publication of parallaxes and 3D extinction cubes from the Gaia satellite, making it possible to perform SED fitting of truly large ($>10^8$) numbers of Galactic stars for the first time. The analysis of this data requires a high level of automation. Here, we describe the ongoing Gaia All-Sky Stellar Parameters Service (GASPS): the fitting of 240 million SEDs from Gaia DR3 and the extraction of temperatures and luminosities for the corresponding stars using the PySSED code. We demonstrate the quality of the initial results, and the promise that these data show, from wavelength-specific information such as the ultraviolet and infrared excess of each star, to stellar classification, to expansion of the project beyond our own Galaxy, and mineralogical mapping of the Milky Way's interstellar medium.
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All authors I. McDonald, A.A. Zijlstra, N.J. Cox, J. Bernard-Salas

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Can Dynamic Spectrum Sharing Protect Passive Radio Sciences?

Gregory Hellbourg

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) is increasingly promoted as a key element of modern spectrum policy, driven by the rising demand from commercial wireless systems and advances in spectrum access technologies. Passive radio sciences, including radio astronomy, Earth remote sensing, and meteorology, operate under fundamentally different constraints. They rely on exceptionally low interference spectrum and are highly vulnerable to even brief radio frequency interference. We examine whether DSS can benefit passive services or whether it introduces new failure modes and enforcement challenges. We propose just-in-time quiet zones (JITQZ) as a mechanism for protecting high value observations and assess hybrid frameworks that preserve static protection for core passive bands while allowing constrained dynamic access in adjacent frequencies. We analyze the roles of propagation uncertainty, electromagnetic compatibility constraints, and limited spectrum awareness. Using a game theoretic framework, we show why non-cooperative sharing fails, identify conditions for sustained cooperation, and examine incentive mechanisms including pseudonymetry-enabled attribution that promote compliance. We conclude that DSS can support passive radio sciences only as a high-reliability, safety-critical system. Static allocations remain essential, and dynamic access is viable only with conservative safeguards and enforceable accountability.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Formation of multi-planetary systems via pebble accretion in externally photoevaporating discs in stellar clusters

Lin Qiao, Gavin A. L. Coleman and Thomas J. Haworth

In this paper, we investigate how external photo-evaporation influences the formation, dynamical evolution and the resultant planetary architecture of multi-planet systems born in stellar clusters. We use a model of N-body simulations of multiple planet formation via pebble accretion coupled with a 1-D viscous disc subject to external photo-evaporation. We found that external photo-evaporation reduces the planet growth by reducing the pebble mass reservoir in discs containing multiple planetary embryos across a wide range of disc masses, and is particularly effective in suppressing planet growth in less initially massive discs (< 0.1 M$_{\odot}$). However, in more initially massive ($\geq$ 0.1 M$_{\oplus}$) discs planets lost due to planet-planet interactions dominate the outcome for final resultant total planet mass, masking the effects of external photo-evaporation in curbing the planet mass growth. In terms of the final resulting planetary architectures, the signature of external photo-evaporation is visible in less massive (< 0.1 M$_{\odot}$) discs, with fewer numbers and lower masses of planets surviving in discs irradiated with stronger external FUV radiation. External photo-evaporation also leaves a signature for the wide orbit (> 10 au) terrestrial planets (0.1 - 1 M$_{\oplus}$), with fewer planets populating this region for stronger FUV field. Finally, the 1st-order resonant pairs fraction decreases with stronger FUV radiation, although the resonant pairs occur rarely regardless of the FUV radiation environment, due to the small number of planets that survive gravitational encounters.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Exploring the potential for ultra-relativistic jets in Scorpius X-1 with low angular resolution radio observations

I. Stephens, L. Rhodes, A.J. Cooper et al. (+2 more)

Scorpius X-1 (Sco X-1) is a neutron star X-ray binary in which the neutron star is accreting rapidly from a low mass stellar companion. At radio frequencies, Sco X-1 is highly luminous and has been observed to have jet ejecta moving at mildly relativistic velocities away from a radio core, which corresponds to the binary position. In this Letter, we present new radio observations of Sco X-1 taken with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. Using a fast imaging method, we find that the 10 and 15GHz data show a number of flares. We interpret these flares as the possible launching of fast jets ($\beta\Gamma$>2), previously observed in Sco X-1 and called ultra-relativistic flows, and their interaction with slower moving jet ejecta. Using the period between successive flares, we find that it is possible for the fast jets to remain undetected, as a result of the fast jet velocity being sufficiently high to cause the jet emission to be beamed in the direction of the motion and out of our line of sight. Our findings demonstrate that the ultra-relativistic flows could be explained by the presence of fast jets in the Sco X-1 system.
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All authors I. Stephens, L. Rhodes, A.J. Cooper, S.E. Motta, J.S. Bright

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Broadband spectroscopy of astrophysical ice analogues: IV. Optical constants of N$_2$ ice in the terahertz and mid-infrared ranges

F. Kruczkiewicz, A.A. Gavdush, F. Ribeiro et al. (+9 more)

Context. Understanding the optical properties of astrophysical ices is crucial for modeling dust continuum emission and radiative transfer in cold, dense interstellar environments. Molecular nitrogen (N$_2$), a major nitrogen reservoir in protoplanetary disks, plays a key role in nitrogen chemistry, yet the lack of direct terahertz (THz)–infrared (IR) optical constants for N$_2$ ice introduces uncertainties in radiative transfer models, snowline locations, and disk mass estimates. Aims. We present direct measurements of the optical properties of N$_2$ ice over a broad THz–IR spectral range using terahertz pulsed spectroscopy (TPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and comparison with literature data. Methods. N$_2$ ice was grown at cryogenic temperatures by gas-phase deposition onto a cold silicon window. The THz complex refractive index was directly reconstructed from TPS data, while the IR response was derived from FTIR measurements using Kramers–Kronig relations. The optical response was parameterized with a Lorentz dielectric model and validated by DFT calculations. Results. The complex refractive index of N$_2$ ice is quantified from $\nu = 0.3$–$16$~THz ($\lambda = 1$~mm–$18.75~\mu$m). Resonant absorption peaks at $\nu_\mathrm{L} = 1.47$ and $2.13$~THz with damping constants $\gamma_\mathrm{L} = 0.03$ and $0.22$~THz are attributed to optically active phonons of the $\alpha$-N$_2$ crystal. Conclusions. We provide a complete set of the THz–IR optical constants for \ce{N2} ice by combining TPS and FTIR spectroscopy. Our results have implications for future observational and modeling studies of protoplanetary disk evolution and planet formation.
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All authors F. Kruczkiewicz, A.A. Gavdush, F. Ribeiro, D. Campisi, A. Vyjidak, B.M. Giuliano, G.A. Komandin, S.V. Garnov, T. Grassi, P. Theulé, K.I. Zaytsev. A.V. Ivlev, Paola Caselli

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Evidence for a Damped Millisecond Quasi-Periodic Structure in a Fast Radio Burst

Shuo Xiao, Zheng-Huo Jiang and Di Li

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are millisecond-duration transients of unknown origin, likely associated with compact astrophysical objects. We report evidence for a damped millisecond quasi-periodic structure in a non-repeat FRB~20190122C. The burst consists of eight closely spaced radio pulses separated by $\sim$1 ms, with pulse amplitudes exhibiting an exponential decay starting from the brightest component. Combined Gaussian fitting and time-series analysis reveal a quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) at $\sim$1 kHz. The observed QPO is consistent with damped magnetospheric oscillations. Assuming an Alfvén wave origin, we estimate a surface magnetic field of $\sim 10^{12}$ G and a characteristic spin period of $\sim$1 s, favoring a low-field magnetar or young neutron star scenario. The absence of frequency drift and the presence of exponential damping disfavor a merger-driven origin. These results suggest the first detection of an exponentially decaying QPO in any FRB, marking a rare detection of coherent oscillatory behavior in FRBs.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Cross-listed from gr-qc

Combining simulation-based inference and universal relations for precise and accurate neutron star science

Christian J. Krüger and Sebastian H. Völkel

In this work, we propose a novel approach for identifying, constructing, and validating precise and accurate universal relations for neutron star bulk quantities. A central element is simulation-based inference (SBI), which we adopt to treat uncertainties due to the unknown nuclear equation of state (EOS) as intrinsic non-trivial noise. By assembling a large set of bulk properties of non-rotating neutron stars across multiple state-of-the-art EOS models, we are able to systematically explore universal relations in high-dimensional parameter spaces. Our framework further identifies the most promising parameter combinations, enabling a more focused and traditional construction of explicit universal relations. At the same time, SBI does not rely on explicit relations; instead, it directly provides predictive distributions together with a quantitative measure of systematic uncertainties, which are not captured by conventional approaches. As an example, we report a new universal relation that allows us to obtain the radius as a function of mass, fundamental mode, and one pressure mode. Our analysis shows that SBI can surpass the predictive power of this universal relation while also mitigating systematic errors. Finally, we demonstrate how universal relations can be further calibrated to mitigate systematic errors accurately.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Search for gamma-ray variability around Fermi-LAT pulsar glitches

Giovanni Cozzolongo, Alessio Fiori, Massimiliano Razzano et al. (+1 more)

Pulsars are the most numerous class of Galactic gamma-ray sources detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT). Young pulsars occasionally experience sudden timing discontinuities called glitches, characterized by rapid changes in rotational parameters, usually followed by a return to regular rotation. PSR J2021+4026 is unique among Fermi-LAT pulsars, exhibiting quasiperiodic switches between two states with varying spin-down rates approximately every 3-4 years, correlated with sudden changes in gamma-ray emission features. This study searched for gamma-ray emission variability in pulsars correlated with glitch occurrence. We introduced a novel approach to analyzing LAT gamma-ray pulsars through systematic examination of variability associated with spin-down rate changes. We tracked rotation and gamma-ray emission changes for seven promising glitches selected based on observed spin-down rate variations. Using 14 years of Fermi-LAT data, we conducted binned likelihood spectral analysis of data windows around selected glitch epochs. We improved best-fit parameter precision by incorporating likelihood weights calculated from diffuse background models, accounting for systematic error contributions. The phase-averaged flux and spectral parameters of analyzed pulsars showed no significant variation across investigated glitches. The 95% upper limits on relative flux change indicate the Vela pulsar flux is unchanging, with a 0.5% upper limit on relative change, making it promising for further searches. The connection between glitch dynamics and gamma-ray emission remains unclear, and PSR J2021+4026 remains unique in its gamma-ray variability properties. We conclude that comprehensive investigation of glitches is warranted to further unravel their underlying mechanisms.
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All authors Giovanni Cozzolongo, Alessio Fiori, Massimiliano Razzano, Pablo M. Saz Parkinson