High Energy Physics (Experiment)
Search for Visible Dark Photon Decays at the Future SHINE Facility with the DarkSHINE Experiment
Zejia Lu, Huayang Wang, Xiang Chen et al. (+3 more)
We study the sensitivity of the proposed DarkSHINE experiment to displaced dark
photon decays, $A'\to e^+e^-$, using an 8~GeV electron beam incident on a tungsten target. We consider $2m_e<m_{A'}<2m_\mu$ and assume a unit branching fraction to electron–positron pairs. Signal events generated at tree level with CalcHEP are propagated through a detailed Geant4 detector simulation. A close tracker, graph-neural-network-based track reconstruction, and displaced vertex selections suppress
prompt pair-production and
photon-conversion backgrounds, while calorimeter and invariant-mass requirements render hadronic backgrounds negligible. Extrapolation of the residual
prompt-background distribution yields 0.3 expected events for $9\times10^{14}$ electrons on target. The median expected 90% confidence-level exclusion covers masses of approximately 30–70~MeV and kinetic mixing parameters from approximately $5\times10^{-5}$ to $2\times10^{-4}$. This visible decay search complements DarkSHINE searches for invisible dark
photon decays.
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All authors Zejia Lu, Huayang Wang, Xiang Chen, Jiahui Wu, Yulei Zhang, Liang Li
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
How Much Hyperspectral Information Does Chlorophyll Retrieval Really Need?
Abed Hammoud, Xuerong Sun, Bianca Champenois et al. (+1 more)
Satellite ocean color
algorithms translate water-leaving radiance into ecological information at spatial and temporal scales that cannot be achieved by field sampling alone. One important variable derived from water-leaving radiance is chlorophyll-a concentration ($\mathrm{CHL\text{-}a}$), a widely used indicator of phytoplankton biomass and physiology. Empirical
retrieval algorithms are commonly used for $\mathrm{CHL\text{-}a}$ estimation, but their performance can vary across sensors and optically diverse waters. The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission provides unprecedented spectral resolution, expanding the visible spectral information available for ocean color
retrievals and raising a practical
algorithm design question: how can this fine resolution spectrum be used to derive the next generation of interpretable $\mathrm{CHL\text{-}a}$
retrieval algorithms? We use symbolic regression to identify sparse equations that estimate $\log_{10}(\mathrm{CHL\text{-}a})$ from multi- and hyperspectral remote sensing reflectances. The analysis first tests the standard multispectral ocean color
algorithm (OC3–OC6) inputs to ask whether symbolic regression recovers standard band ratio structure, then extends the search to hyperspectral PACE-like reflectances. The best expression discovered achieved a held out root mean square deviation of 0.253 in log$_{10}$ $\mathrm{CHL\text{-}a}$, compared with 0.307 for a fitted OC6
polynomial on the same split. Ablations showed that the predictive skill of hyperspectral models is almost 12% better than the best standard ocean color
retrieval models in root mean squared deviation against held out data. When evaluated by environmental regime, differences were larger for high-chlorophyll samples, which often represent turbid water conditions.
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All authors Abed Hammoud, Xuerong Sun, Bianca Champenois, Robert J.W. Brewin
Quantum Physics
Programmable Hong–Ou–Mandel interference in a giant-atom beam splitter
Ruolin Chai, Lei Du, Guoqing Cai et al. (+3 more)
The Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) effect is a hallmark of two-
photon quantum interference, in which two indistinguishable
photons impinging on a balanced beam splitter bunch into the same output port. Here, we show that a
giant atom (GA), coupled to two waveguides through two coupling points each, can function as a programmable HOM interferometer, enabling continuous control over single-
photon beam splitting and two-
photon interference. This programmability arises from coupling-phase differences in the GA, which tune its self-interference and directionality, and thereby its scattering response. To characterize the two-
photon interference, we analyze the scattering of two Gaussian single-
photon wave packets injected through different waveguides and evaluate the bunching and antibunching (coincidence) probabilities of the resulting four output ports. At the operating point where the GA acts as an effective 50:50 beam splitter for single
photons, we observe a pronounced HOM dip as the relative input delay between the two wave packets is varied. Away from this point, adjusting the coupling phases continuously tunes the two-
photon output statistics between bunching into the same output port and antibunching across distinct output ports. In addition, we explore an application to
quantum parameter estimation, showing that small deviations of coupling phases can be estimated from the two-
photon output statistics, with the achievable sensitivity quantified by the classical Fisher information associated with a binary coincidence measurement. Our
giant-atom beam splitter thus provides a programmable platform for two-
photon interference in waveguide
quantum electrodynamics, with potential applications in
quantum information processing,
quantum communication, and
quantum sensing.
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All authors Ruolin Chai, Lei Du, Guoqing Cai, Alejandro Vivas-Viaña, Anton Frisk Kockum, Yong Li
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Schwinger stability of T-duality-inspired extremal black holes
Chiang-Mei Chen, Kimet Jusufi and Douglas Singleton
We study the near-horizon charged-scalar instability associated with Schwinger pair production in the charged regular black hole geometry of the zero-point-length T-duality prescription. Using the same effective geometry and regularized gauge potential, we construct the extremal branch, its ${\rm AdS}_2 \times S^2$ near-horizon throat, and the charged-scalar instability threshold for a general form factor. For the explicit T-duality form factor the extremal branch terminates at $r_\mathrm{ext} = \sqrt2 \, l_0$, where the extremal charge and the near-horizon electric field vanish while the ${\rm AdS}_2$ radius remains finite at $\sqrt3 \, l_0$. At this endpoint the exact near-horizon instability parameter is negative. In the semiclassical regime the corresponding charge-to-mass threshold diverges as the endpoint is approached. Thus, for each fixed massive species with finite $q/m$, a sufficiently near-endpoint portion of the extremal branch is free of the local charged-scalar instability. For comparison, the Ayón-Beato-García (ABG) Einstein-nonlinear-electrodynamics solution has a nonvanishing extremal near-horizon electric field. For an additional minimally coupled charged-scalar probe, the corresponding local Schwinger threshold remains finite. Thus the divergent near-endpoint Schwinger barrier found in the T-duality branch is not a generic consequence of regularity.
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Soft Condensed Matter
Conformational landscape of a macrocycle using enhanced sampling
Valentin Kasper, Nicole Holzmann, Sanjoy Ray et al. (+2 more)
We use replica-exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) to map the conformational free-energy landscape of the macrocyclic drug lorlatinib in explicit water and chloroform. In water a single dominant basin is recovered; in chloroform two conformational states are resolved. We use these conformers as the starting point to calculate
proton chemical shifts from first principles and a continuum solvent model. The resulting population-weighted spectrum is compared directly to the experimental CDCl$_3$ spectrum, benchmarking the computational approach against measured NMR data.
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All authors Valentin Kasper, Nicole Holzmann, Sanjoy Ray, Matthias Kaiser, Alons Lends
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
WFST Follow-up of S251112cm: Searching for an Optical Counterpart to a Subsolar-mass Compact-binary Merger Candidate
Zhengyan Liu, Zelin Xu, Ji-an Jiang et al. (+20 more)
Electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational-wave (GW) sources probe the properties, environments, and
evolution of compact-object mergers. S251112cm belongs to an emerging class of GW candidates with possible subsolar-mass components. We present an optical counterpart search for S251112cm with the Wide Field Survey
Telescope (WFST). Observations began 20.2 hr after the GW trigger and lasted three nights, covering approximately 780 deg$^2$ and 51% of the localization probability in the updated skymap. Our search for newly emerging, rapidly evolving, off-
nuclear optical transients yielded four candidates with host-
galaxy distances broadly consistent with the GW distance estimate. All four evolve substantially more slowly than AT 2017gfo, ruling out an AT 2017gfo-like origin and disfavoring their association with S251112cm as rapidly evolving kilonova counterparts. Combining WFST and DECam increases the localization probability coverage to approximately 67%. Assuming the counterpart lies within this footprint, we constrain a grid of binary-
neutron-
star kilonova models. For viewing angles $\theta_{\rm obs}<60^\circ$, with other parameters fixed to the AT 2017gfo best-fit values, models with dynamical ejecta mass $M_{\rm dyn}\gtrsim0.01 M_\odot$ or wind ejecta mass $M_{\rm wind}\gtrsim0.05 M_\odot$ are disfavored over most of the covered GW probability. Our phenomenological analysis further constrains rapidly evolving optical transients with $T_{\rm rise,1/2}\leq2$ days to peak absolute magnitudes fainter than approximately -13 mag. To our knowledge, WFST provides the strongest optical constraints to date in the northern sky on possible rapidly evolving counterparts to this new class of GW candidates with subsolar-mass components. The comparable depths and complementary sky coverage of WFST and DECam extend these constraints across more of the localization region at similar sensitivity.
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All authors Zhengyan Liu, Zelin Xu, Ji-an Jiang, Wen Zhao, Zhiping Jin, Zigao Dai, Dezheng Meng, Yefei Yuan, Xuefeng Wu, Lulu Fan, Xu Kong, Xander J. Hall, Antonella Palmese, Feng Li, Ming Liang, Binyang Liu, Zhen Wan, Hairen Wang, Jian Wang, Tinggui Wang, Hongfei Zhang, Xianzhong Zheng, Qingfeng Zhu
Accelerator Physics
Heavy ion driven plasma wakefield acceleration with drift-like phase-shift acceleration scheme
Li Jiangdong, Xia Guoxing, Liu Jie et al. (+2 more)
Traditional
plasma density modulation schemes can extend the dephasing length but suffer from wakefield degradation as
plasma density increases. To address this limitation, a drift-like phase-shift acceleration scheme is proposed, introducing drift sections between
plasma cavities to enable controlled phase shifting and avoid dephasing. Idealized simulation results show that electrons are accelerated from 16 MeV to 700 MeV within 1.65 m with an energy spread of 5%. Furthermore, segmented simulations introducing realistic active
plasma lenses verify the practical feasibility of this scheme, electrons are accelerated up to 720.5 MeV with a reduced energy spread of 3.3% within 1.67 m. The
plasma wakefield maintains a robust amplitude throughout the propagation, suggesting the potential for continued acceleration beyond the simulated region. This scheme demonstrates a promising way to enable the witness beam to gain energy continuously from the tail to the head of the driver beam and provides a new approach for generating high-energy, high-quality beams in heavy ion driven
plasma wakefield acceleration.
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All authors Li Jiangdong, Xia Guoxing, Liu Jie, Li Guangxian, Yang Jiancheng
Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.CO
From Yang-Baxter to Robinson-Schensted-Knuth
Leonid Petrov
We explain how to derive the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth (RSK) correspondence, a fundamental bijection in algebraic combinatorics, from the Yang-Baxter equation. The Yang-Baxter equation arose in the study of
quantum many-body systems and later became a cornerstone of the theory of solvable
lattice models, particularly vertex models. In a vertex model, arrows occupy the edges of a grid, and each vertex carries a Boltzmann weight determined by the arrows on the four edges meeting at it. The weight of a configuration is the product of these local weights, and a partition function is the sum of the weights of all configurations with prescribed boundary conditions. For a vertex model whose partition functions are the Schur
polynomials, the two sides of each instance of the Yang-Baxter equation admit exactly one weight-preserving matching of their summands. Carried across a grid, this forced matching is the classical RSK correspondence in the form of Fomin's growth diagrams. In natural coordinates the local matching becomes the combinatorial three-dimensional R, a set-theoretic solution of the Zamolodchikov tetrahedron equation. Its periodic closure returns the combinatorial R-
matrices of one-row
crystals. The forced matching is special to the Schur weights. For the
Hall-Littlewood and q-Whittaker deformations and their
spin versions, at generic parameter values no deterministic matching works for all boundary data. Reading each instance of the Yang-Baxter equation probabilistically, we replace the matching by a coupling of the two sides - a bijectivization, or probabilistic bijection - and obtain Markov operators that transport probability measures attached to vertex models. Iterated over the grid, these operators produce randomized RSK-type dynamics and interacting particle systems, including q-PushTASEP and the
stochastic six-vertex model.
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Chemical Physics
On-Water Surface Catalysis: From Hydrogen Bonding to Charge-Transfer Activation
M. Alaraby Salem and Thomas D. Kühne
On-water catalysis accelerates reactions between poorly soluble organic substrates in aqueous suspensions, but its molecular origin remains debated. This Account argues that hydrogen bonding and
proton transfer can both enhance charge-transfer stabilization between the organic reactants. Hydrogen bonds from surface water polarize the reacting complex, whereas protonation can perturb the same donor-acceptor interaction more strongly without requiring identical reaction pathways. We connect simulations of the water/vapor interface, finite-temperature cycloaddition studies, and energy decomposition analysis based on absolutely localized molecular orbitals. Dangling OH groups establish reactive contacts, but an increased transition-state hydrogen-bond count alone does not explain activation. Electronic analysis instead identified hydration-enhanced charge-transfer stabilization between organic partners by approximately 30%. Comparisons of related dienophiles, a protonated limiting model, and oxygen/sulfur substitution link substrate-dependent electronic response to hydration and bond formation. A hydration-induced charge-transfer response metric provides a testable molecular hypothesis, not a standalone measure of catalytic acceleration. Activation depends on differential stabilization of reactant and transition-state ensembles. Increasing the accessible reactive interface can amplify this local mechanism without requiring exceptionally strong additional electric fields, connecting conventional on-water chemistry with selected microdroplet reactions while distinguishing adsorption, concentration, and intrinsic molecular activation.
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Classical Physics
Impact of Phase Unwrapping on Multitarget Acoustic Lenses for Transcranial Holography
D. Attali, T. Tiennot, M. Tanter et al. (+1 more)
Acoustic lenses have been introduced recently to compensate for the phase distortions induced by the propagation across a human skull for ultrasonic deep-
brain stimulation in humans. In this study, we present bifocal lenses that compensate for human skull aberrations and allow simultaneous targeting of multiple structures deep in the
brain. We investigated the impact of phase unwrapping in the design of the lenses and how this process improves the distribution of pressure produced in N=5 human skulls for two different spatial arrangements of the targets. The results show that unwrapping the phase computed during the design increases the fidelity of the pressure field generated across the human skulls. The spatial precision is on average improved by 73%, and out of target energy deposition is on average reduced by 58%. The results presented in this study highlight the importance of phase unwrapping to optimize the safety and efficacy of future transcranial ultrasound stimulations targeting multiple regions.
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All authors D. Attali, T. Tiennot, M. Tanter, Jean-Francois Aubry
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Butterfly Effect and the Kinetic Energy Cascade in Probabilistic Machine Learning Weather Prediction Models
Jiakai Chen, Joel Oskarsson, Simon Driscoll et al. (+1 more)
This study analyses kinetic energy (KE) spectra, difference kinetic energy (DKE) spectra, and signatures of KE transfer across spatial scales in four state-of-the-art probabilistic machine learning weather prediction (MLWP) models: NeuralGCM-ENS, FourCastNet 3, AIFS-ENS, and GenCast. Results are compared with those from the physics-based numerical weather prediction model IFS-ENS. While NeuralGCM-ENS successfully reproduces the expected upscale transfer of KE, noise injection at its encoder stage underestimates mesoscale KE. Conversely, AIFS-ENS, GenCast, and FourCastNet 3 produce realistic KE spectral magnitudes but do not capture the expected upscale transfer of KE. In particular, AIFS-ENS and GenCast, which employ spatially uncorrelated
stochastic perturbations, exhibit enhanced accumulation of KE at high wavenumbers. All examined models exhibit upscale error growth, reflected by the progressive shift of the DKE spectral peak toward larger wavelengths over time. However, the MLWP models struggle to reproduce the rapid initial growth of ensemble spread at small spatial scales associated with the butterfly effect. The results show that MLWP models can misrepresent the known scale transfer of kinetic energy despite producing skilful weather forecasts.
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All authors Jiakai Chen, Joel Oskarsson, Simon Driscoll, Sebastian Schemm
Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Zhanning Wang, Yongtao Li, Nelson E. Rivas et al. (+5 more)
Gate-defined hole
spins combine strong
spin-orbit coupling with exceptional strain sensitivity, making surface acoustic waves a natural route to remote, phase-coherent control. We show that counterpropagating surface acoustic waves can differ in coupling strength and in whether they predominantly drive
spin rotations or modulate the
qubit frequency. We call the transverse transition-strength imbalance
spin-acoustic chirality and show that it is tunable through gate-controlled reshaping of the dot confinement. Combining a multiband Luttinger-Kohn
Hamiltonian with the Bir-Pikus description of strain and 3D piezoelectric finite-element simulations, we obtain the acoustic g-
matrix modulation governing coherent SAW driving. Quantizing the same strain-mediated interaction yields the corresponding single-
phonon coupling, and a generalized anisotropic Rabi interaction with co-rotating, counter-rotating, and longitudinal components, linking classical chirality to
quantum anisotropy and directional one-
phonon emission.
Magnetic field orientation and dot shape tune the acoustic chirality and operator selectivity. We illustrate this framework through bichromatic coherence protection and
phonon-mediated heralded Bell-state initialization.
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All authors Zhanning Wang, Yongtao Li, Nelson E. Rivas, Gonzalo García, Irene Castro, Rubén Seoane Souto, Daniel Ramos, José C. Abadillo-Uriel
Optics
350-GHz-Band 4 by 4 RTD Monostatic Radar Array for Sequential Multidirectional Ranging
Li Yi, Ryoma Nakamura, Shota Ito et al. (+6 more)
Terahertz (THz) sensing offers significant potential for nondestructive evaluation, imaging, and metrology, but the cost and complexity of existing systems remain barriers to practical deployment. This letter presents a compact 4 by 4 monostatic radar array based on a single-RTD-per-pixel architecture, in which each resonant tunneling diode (RTD) functions as both a bias-tunable oscillator and a self-mixing detector. The RTD elements are sequentially addressed through a low-frequency switching network and share the same baseband control and readout electronics. A shared 3D-printed dielectric lens maps the RTD elements to spatially separated sensing directions. We experimentally verify the operation of all array elements and demonstrate sequential multidirectional ranging using four selected elements, followed by preliminary 16-pixel THz imaging. By combining self-mixing at each pixel with low-frequency selection and shared optics, the array avoids a separate THz receiver chain for each pixel and provides a compact architecture for electronically addressable THz sensing and imaging.
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All authors Li Yi, Ryoma Nakamura, Shota Ito, Yousuke Nishida, Koji Terumoto, Toshihisa Maeda, Bryce Chung, Yunbin Jiang, Daniel Headland
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Second-order slow rotation of wormholes in Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity
Sardor Murodov, Bekzod Rahmatov, Javlon Rayimbaev et al. (+1 more)
We investigate slowly rotating traversable wormholes in Einstein–scalar–Gauss–Bonnet
gravity beyond the linear rotation regime. The static backgrounds are obtained without expanding in the Gauss–Bonnet coupling, while rotational effects are treated perturbatively up to second order. Both monopolar and quadrupolar deformations are included, allowing us to determine the
spin-induced changes in the asymptotic charges, throat geometry, energy-condition behavior, and mass quadrupole. The quadrupolar equations develop an internal regular singular point, which is handled by selecting the regular local solution through a Frobenius analysis. The rotation-induced response of the throat source is incorporated consistently through the junction conditions. Independent shooting and collocation calculations of the quadrupolar sector give mutually consistent solutions. The rotating throat remains oblate throughout the fixed-coupling family, while at $\chi=0.15$ the smooth-bulk near-throat radial null-energy-condition violation persists but its radial extent becomes latitude dependent. These results provide a self-consistent second-order description of rotating Einstein–scalar–Gauss–Bonnet wormholes.
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All authors Sardor Murodov, Bekzod Rahmatov, Javlon Rayimbaev, Bobomurat Ahmedov
Atomic Physics
Improved systematic uncertainty evaluation of the $^{171}$Yb optical lattice clock NMIJ-Yb1 with uncertainty of $2.6\times10^{-17}$
Takumi Kobayashi, Akiko Nishiyama, Ikuhiko Saito et al. (+4 more)
We report a systematic uncertainty evaluation of the $^{171}$Yb optical
lattice clock NMIJ-Yb1 (NMIJ: National Metrology Institute of Japan) with a fractional frequency uncertainty of $2.6\times10^{-17}$, improved by a factor of 3.8 compared with our previous uncertainty. The uncertainty of the
lattice light shift is reduced to $1.6\times10^{-17}$ by preparing axially sideband-cooled atoms in a shallow optical
lattice. Different models to calculate the
lattice light shift are compared, taking account of possible model-dependent biases due to the treatment of the radial motion of atoms trapped in the optical
lattice. The uncertainty of the blackbody radiation shift reaches $7.0\times10^{-18}$ by measuring the radiative temperature at the position of atoms with an in-
vacuum temperature sensor. We also demonstrate the nearly continuous operation of NMIJ-Yb1 with an uptime of 91.3 $\%$ for 10 days, showing the potential for future improvement of the calibration uncertainty of International Atomic Time.
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All authors Takumi Kobayashi, Akiko Nishiyama, Ikuhiko Saito, Daisuke Akamatsu, Akio Kawasaki, Shintaro Nagase, Masami Yasuda
Quantum Physics
Lindbladian quantum chaos beyond classical strange attractors
Ángel L. Corps and Armando Relaño
We investigate the connection between classical and
quantum chaos in a dissipative system of two coupled collective
spins. Although the classical dynamics possesses a stable fixed-point attractor, we find pronounced signatures of chaos in the transient dynamics preceding relaxation. In the
quantum model, such transient chaos is accompanied by a transition to random-
matrix statistics in the relevant part of the Liouvillian spectrum and by a qualitative increase in the number of Liouvillian modes contributing to expectation values of physical observables. The transition occurs before the bifurcation at which the stable fixed point disappears and a chaotic attractor emerges. Our results show that Liouvillian
quantum chaos can be associated with transient classical chaos, rather than requiring a chaotic asymptotic attractor, and provide a refinement of the Grobe-Haake-Sommers
conjecture.
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Quantum Physics
Simplification Rules for Continuous-Time Quantum Walks on Dynamic Graphs
Mostafa Atallah, Daniel Dilley, Jishnu Mahmud et al. (+2 more)
Continuous-time
quantum walks (CTQWs) on dynamic graphs realize
quantum gates as sequences of time-evolving graph
Hamiltonians, but naive constructions produce long sequences with redundancy. Simplification rules, which are graph rewrite rules that shorten a dynamic graph sequence while preserving the
unitary it implements, are the CTQW analogue of
circuit identities in the gate model. In this work, we give CTQW realizations of the standard single-
qubit gates and introduce new graph rewrite rules. We demonstrate the simplification rules through worked
circuit reductions and outline their use as transpilation primitives for converting between the
circuit model and the dynamic graph framework.
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All authors Mostafa Atallah, Daniel Dilley, Jishnu Mahmud, Zain H Saleem, Rebekah Herrman
Fluid Dynamics
Thicker Is Better: How Surfactant Viscosity Governs Uniform Surfactant Lung Delivery
Tristan Beuzelin, Matthieu Labousse and Marcel Filoche
Surfactant Replacement Therapy (SRT) is a well-established intervention for Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome, yet its translation to adults with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) has yielded inconsistent results in clinical trials. Using a three-dimensional, zero-dimensional biomechanical model of surfactant bolus transport through the pulmonary airway tree, we demonstrate that, while the tree-like branching architecture of the lung gives rise to discrete flow regimes that result in spatially heterogeneous and inefficient drug delivery, surfactant viscosity is a key determinant of delivery homogeneity: below an analytically derived critical viscosity,
gravity causes complete surfactant exclusion from entire lung subregions regardless of dose volume. A clinically compatible tenfold to thirtyfold increase in viscosity above current formulations drives all bifurcation splitting factors toward the ideal even-split value of 0.5, enabling near-complete and spatially uniform coverage of terminal bronchioles in both infant and adult lung models. Principal component analysis across approximately 24 million simulations confirms that viscosity exerts the strongest positive influence on delivery homogeneity among all injection parameters, with dose volume being the primary determinant of efficiency. These findings provide a mechanistic rationale for reformulating exogenous surfactants with higher viscosity to improve SRT outcomes in adults.
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Materials Science
A Pseudoscalar Representation Mapping from Parent-Group Vibrational Normal Modes to Symmetry-Adapted Magnetic Structures
Yachao Liu, Haibo Niu and Vei Wang
Conventional approaches classify
symmetry-allowed
magnetic configurations but do not by themselves establish a direct, mode-resolved correspondence with parent-
lattice vibrations. Here, we formulate a universal determinant-induced pseudoscalar twist for all 32 crystallographic point groups, establishing an exact representation-to-geometry correspondence between parent vibrations and
magnetic order. Within the paramagnetic gray group $G\times\Theta_{\mathcal{T}}$, the spatial twist determines
symmetry-defined
magnetic geometry, while time-reversal parity independently specifies
magnetic character. Each parent
phonon irrep $\Gamma$ maps to $\Gamma_{\mathrm{mag}}=\Gamma\otimes\Gamma_{\mathrm{ps}}$, preserving multiplicities and yielding the projection identity $P_{\mathrm{mag},mn}^{(\Gamma\otimes\Gamma_{\mathrm{ps}})}=P_{\mathrm{ph},mn}^{(\Gamma)}$ under the common Cartesian realization. This establishes the Template Principle: parent vibrational modes furnish real-space templates whose
symmetry-enforced nodal
manifolds are inherited exactly. Applied to monolayer $\mathrm{Cd}_2\mathrm{N}_3$, the framework identifies the ferrimagnetic ground state from the parent $A_{2u}$ sector, confirmed by first-principles calculations, alongside cluster
magnetic octupoles and
antiferromagnetic manifolds. It further provides an a priori parent-group criterion for screening
symmetry-allowed linear
magnetic responses.
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Quantum Physics
A Programmable Rydberg Quantum Bus for Nonlocal Connectivity
X. Jin, F. Yang, Weibin Li et al. (+1 more)
Scalable
quantum networks require processing nodes with flexible internal connectivity, yet neutral-atom architectures remain constrained by the strong spatial dependence of native Rydberg interactions. Here we show that a Rydberg atom chain can act as a coherent
quantum bus, converting a locally connected one-dimensional architecture into an effectively nonlocal interaction network. Virtual excitations in the dispersive regime mediate controllable interactions between spatially separated data units, which we derive analytically using a Green's-function continued-fraction method. The resulting mechanism is not restricted to single-excitation dynamics and supports several distinct functionalities, including Floquet-engineered
chiral transport, remote
entanglement of mechanical oscillators, and destructive interference for selectively suppressing unwanted dipole exchange. Simulations incorporating full long-range Rydberg interactions, atomic position fluctuations, and finite Rydberg-state lifetimes show that the mediated dynamics remain robust under experimentally relevant conditions. These results establish Rydberg chains as programmable coherent mediators for extending the internal connectivity of neutral-atom
quantum nodes toward quasi-all-to-all coupling, providing a hardware-level route toward scalable and reconfigurable
quantum-network architectures.
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All authors X. Jin, F. Yang, Weibin Li, X. Q. Shao
Materials Science
The role of disconnections in redox-induced phase transformation of metal oxides
Martina Ruffino, Baptiste Bienvenu, Xuyang Zhou et al. (+2 more)
Detailed atomic-level understanding of the phase transformation between magnetite (${\rm Fe_3 O_4}$) and haematite (${\rm Fe_2 O_3}$) is lacking, despite widespread interest in redox reactions of metal
oxide systems. While the magnetite-to-haematite transformation entails the addition of oxygen to the system and thus a net diffusive flux, haematite formations have been reported to grow along well-defined habits on the close-packed $\{0001\}_{\rm Fe_2 O_3}//\{111\}_{\rm Fe_3 O_4}$ planes. The propagation of the phase interface in the bulk is thus thought to maintain the oxygen sublattice fixed up to a shear, and to require long-range
diffusion of iron ions. In this letter we propose interfacial steps with dislocation character, i.e. disconnections, as the elementary defects propagating the transformation. We use the topological model of interfacial defects to predict three disconnection modes for the system, and we employ scanning transmission electron microscopy to ascertain their presence in a haematite/magnetite interface of a partially oxidised magnetite powder. Using atomistic simulations, we determine the
equilibrium structures of the disconnections, and study their motion and how they accomplish the transformation, obtaining excellent agreement with atomic-resolution experimental observations.
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All authors Martina Ruffino, Baptiste Bienvenu, Xuyang Zhou, Dierk Raabe, Yan Ma
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
The GOTO Telescope Control System
Martin J. Dyer, Vik S. Dhillon, Stuart Littlefair et al. (+21 more)
The Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO) operates a network of robotic, wide-field survey
telescopes searching for optical transients to gravitational-wave signals and other astronomical events. Since 2023, the network has comprised two antipodal sites in the Canary Islands and Australia, each hosting two independent robotic mounts. The GOTO
Telescope Control System (G-TeCS) is a custom Python software package that manages all operational aspects of the network; from alert processing and target scheduling to onsite hardware operations and monitoring. The central system consists of an alert monitor, observation database and scheduler, which issues targets to the four nodes. Each
telescope operates using a system of independent control daemons, with a pilot master control program to coordinate nightly operations. This architecture, in development since 2015, provides a flexible and robust system that now successfully operates the fully autonomous network.
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All authors Martin J. Dyer, Vik S. Dhillon, Stuart Littlefair, Kendall Ackley, Sergey Belkin, Lisa Kelsey, Tom Killestein, Amit Kumar, Joseph Lyman, David O'Neill, Krzysztof Ulaczyk, Ben Godson, Dan Jarvis, Danny Steeghs, Duncan K. Galloway, Paul O'Brien, Gavin Ramsay, Kanthanakorn Noysena, Rubina Kotak, Rene Breton, Laura Nuttall, Ben Gompertz, Jorge Casares Velázquez, Don Pollacco
Physics and Society
Topological Uncertainty and Higher-Order Interactions in Spatial Networks
Domenico Pomarico, Alessandro Fania, Gabriel Ramirez Sanchez et al. (+16 more)
Environmental systems are characterized by complex spatial interactions that cannot be fully described through pairwise relationships or local uncertainty measures. We propose a unified framework combining higher-order information theory and topological data analysis to characterize the organization and uncertainty of environmental networks. Spatial entities, represented by monitoring stations or municipalities, are embedded into a Delaunay simplicial complex, and O-information is used to quantify redundancy and synergy among neighboring triplets. The resulting field of higher-order interactions is analyzed through persistent homology, enabling the identification of topological structures that remain stable across interaction scales. The methodology is applied to both an air-quality monitoring network based on weekly \(\mathrm{NO_2}\) and \(\mathrm{O_3}\) observations and a multi-hazard territorial assessment. We show that regions exhibiting strong O-information and persistent topological structures correspond to robust environmental patterns, whereas areas characterized by heterogeneous regimes and rapidly varying interactions display increased uncertainty. Building on these results, we introduce a topological uncertainty framework that integrates simplex divergence, higher-order interactions, and topological uncertainty. Our results demonstrate that uncertainty can be interpreted not only as statistical variability but also as the instability of the underlying information
topology. By integrating O-information and persistent homology within a common spatial framework, the proposed approach provides a new methodology for detecting robust higher-order structures and topologically uncertain regions in environmental and multi-hazard systems.
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All authors Domenico Pomarico, Alessandro Fania, Gabriel Ramirez Sanchez, Loredana Bellantuono, Domenico Capolongo, Roberto Cilli, Alessandra Costantino, Davide D' Alo, Mario Elia, Francesco Giordano, Niloofar Kheirkhahan, Raffaele Lafortezza, Raffaele Nutricato, Ester Pantaleo, Sabina Tangaro, Roberto Bellotti, Sebastiano Stramaglia, Alfonso Monaco, Nicola Amoroso
Materials Science
Rapid Parameter Estimation from Photoluminescence Decays of Halide Perovskite Thin Films
Robin Heumann, Toby Rudolph, Gaosheng Huang et al. (+2 more)
Extracting material parameters from experimental data is often challenging if no invertible analytical equation can be used to link the data with the quantities of interest. If the link between experiment and material parameters is given mathematically by a set of non-linear differential equations, these must be solved repeatedly during the traditional fitting procedure, resulting in long optimization times and limited insight into parameter uncertainty. Here, we present a parameter estimation workflow specifically aimed at transient photoluminescence measurements performed on lead-halide perovskite films. This workflow is accelerated using artificial neural networks for rapid comparison between experiment and simulation. An advantage of the method is the ability to rapidly scan multidimensional material parameter spaces and identify correlations between parameters that provide insights into the physics of non-radiative recombination in halide perovskites. Finally, we compare steady-state and transient photoluminescence and show how uncertainty in parameters such as the defect density can be reduced by including steady-state data in the parameter estimation workflow.
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All authors Robin Heumann, Toby Rudolph, Gaosheng Huang, Thomas Kirchartz, Chris Dreessen
Chemical Physics
Attosecond Charge Migration Induced by Core-Level Ionization: A Relativistic Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Perspective
Torsha Moitra, Lukas Konecny and Michal Repisky
Core-ionization induced charge migration in molecular systems has been widely studied, but the influence of relativistic effects on such dynamics remains relatively unexplored from a relativistic theory perspective. This issue is particularly important because core orbitals exhibit strong scalar-relativistic and
spin-orbit imprints, and these effects are further enhanced in heavy-element systems, where relativistic signatures also alter the valence orbitals. To address this, we formulate four-component Dirac-Coulomb and two-component atomic mean-field exact two-component
Hamiltonian approaches for studying charge migration within real-time time-dependent density functional theory. The time-dependent induced electric dipole moment is used as a marker of the characteristic charge-migration time scales. We apply the method to nitrosobenzene (N $1s$ electron removal), iodoacetylene (I $2p$ electron removal) and interhalogen series (I $2p$, Cl $2p$ electron removal). For iodoacetylene, the charge migration timescale is relatively insensitive to the choice of
Hamiltonian but they show weak relativistic phase and amplitude modifications. However, it would be misleading to conclude that relativistic effects are generally unimportant. In interhalogen systems, we observe significant deviations between relativistic and non-relativistic dynamics. These results demonstrate that relativistic signatures in core-ionization-induced charge migration are not determined by heavy-atom core ionization alone, but by the relativistic sensitivity of the valence orbital
manifold that drives core-hole screening and charge redistribution. Moreover, consistently across all systems, we observe a delay in the emergence of the relativistic imprints.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Twist-3 gluon GPDs for the nucleon in a spectator model
Chentao Tan and Zhun Lu
We investigate the complete set of twist-3
gluon generalized parton distributions (GPDs) of the nucleon at nonzero skewness within a spectator model, in which the nucleon is treated as a two-body system consisting of an active
spin-1
gluon and a
spin-1/2 spectator particle. The spectator mass is allowed to vary continuously and is described by a spectral function, while the nucleon-
gluon-spectator coupling is modeled by an effective vertex containing two form factors. We calculate the twist-3
gluon GPDs over a broad kinematic range and investigate the corresponding impact-parameter-dependent parton distributions, defined as two-dimensional
Fourier transforms of the GPDs at zero skewness. In the forward limit, we further obtain the corresponding twist-3 parton distribution functions (PDFs). Our results provide model predictions for twist-3
gluon GPDs and PDFs that can be useful for future phenomenological studies and for investigating observables at current and future
collider facilities.
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Geophysics
A New Way for Determining Earthquake Magnitude Based on Electromagnetic Radiation
Manana Kachakhidze, Nino Kachakhidze-Murphy, Badri Khvitia et al. (+2 more)
The article proposes the possibility of determining the magnitude of a future earthquake with high accuracy, based on the frequency data of VLF/LF electromagnetic emissions, as a diagnostic precursor that existed before an earthquake. Such magnitude will contribute to significantly improving the research of various fundamental issues in seismology in the future.
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All authors Manana Kachakhidze, Nino Kachakhidze-Murphy, Badri Khvitia, Giorgi Ramishvili, Vaso Kukhianidze
Plasma Physics
X-Ray Spectroscopy for Characterizing Stimulated Raman Scattering in Inertial Confinement Fusion
Tianluo Luo, Zeyang Li, Yunping Wang et al. (+4 more)
Accurate characterization of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) remains a critical challenge in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), as SRS not only scatters
laser energy but also generates suprathermal electrons that preheat the fuel and degrade implosion performance. Conventional backscatter diagnostics provide direct measurements of SRS but cannot collect the entire scattered-light signal, limiting the accurate characterization of SRS strength. Using a non-local thermodynamic
equilibrium collisional-radiative model with a double-Maxwellian electron distribution, we systematically investigate how suprathermal electrons modify the titanium K-shell x-ray emission spectra. The spectra exhibit high sensitivity to the suprathermal-electron fraction at relatively low bulk electron temperatures, making them particularly suitable for diagnosing suprathermal electrons during the early stage of ICF, when even a small suprathermal-electron population can compromise fuel compression. The calculated spectra reproduce experimental measurements from the Nova
Laser Facility with good agreement, and the inferred suprathermal-electron fractions show improved consistency with independently measured SRS losses compared with the original spectral analysis by Glenzer~\href{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.365} {\text{[S. H. Glenzer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 365(1998)]}}. These results demonstrate that K-shell spectroscopy, combined with accurate NLTE collisional-radiative modeling, provides a reliable probe of SRS strength in
laser-produced
plasmas. Hence, this approach may be extended to spatially resolved diagnosis of SRS strength, offering a promising complement to conventional backscatter diagnostics.
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All authors Tianluo Luo, Zeyang Li, Yunping Wang, Zhihao Yang, Zhencen He, Dong Yang, Zhimin Hu
Fluid Dynamics
Shape considerations in wave-driven propulsion
Daire O'Donovan and Graham P. Benham
At the fluid surface, an asymmetric wave field generated by an oscillating body produces thrust in what is known as wave-driven propulsion (WDP). Although this thrust is directed forward, the vertical oscillations inevitably produce waves radiating outwards in all directions. The effect of these side waves is not accounted for in simplified models focused on the fore–aft wave field. In this work, we take a two-dimensional shallow water approach, deriving thrust and power expressions that account for surface waves emitted in any direction. Supported by an analytically driven approach, we pose a numerical optimisation problem to maximise thrust, imposing appropriate Sommerfeld boundary conditions across subcritical and supercritical velocity regimes. The two-dimensional set-up allows us to understand how the side waves emitted by the body contribute to thrust and efficiency. Furthermore, we explore how maximal thrust depends on the shape of the body beginning with a square followed by ellipses of varying aspect ratios. Using these learnings, we include the shape of the body as a control variable to demonstrate how an optimised shape can lead to further thrust and efficiency gains.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Characterisation of chaos in meteoroid streams. Application to the Taurids
Ariane Courtot, Melaine Saillenfest, Marc Fouchard et al. (+1 more)
Aims. We explore the dynamics of the Northern and Southern Taurid meteoroid streams to identify major mechanisms structuring the
evolution of the streams. Methods. We use chaos maps and numerical simulations to explore the dynamics of the streams. We also perform some semi-analytical analysis to confirm the mechanisms we identified in the maps. Results. We show how Northern Taurids are structured by the von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai mechanism and how it interacts with several mean-motion resonances with Jupiter. This mechanism is visible as an increase in inclination for most particles, which is less prominent for those trapped in mean-motion resonances. It is especially strong for larger initial semi-major axis within the stream. We specifically study the 7:2 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter to confirm it leads to observable swarms. Furthermore, we explore the influence of non-gravitational forces, showing that they blur the influence of mean-motion resonances but not the von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai mechanism. We also show that the dynamics of the Southern Taurids are very similar to the Northern Taurids.
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All authors Ariane Courtot, Melaine Saillenfest, Marc Fouchard, Jérémie Vaubaillon