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Physics

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Wednesday 2 September

High Energy Physics (Theory)

Gravitational Backreaction in de Sitter: A Canonical ADM Approach

Giordano Cintia

We develop a canonical ADM framework for gravitational backreaction during inflation. Our approach extends the formalism used to compute cosmological correlators by applying it to the evolution of the quantum background, which we identify with the metric one-point function. The aim is to assess the quantum stability of inflationary geometries under gravitational backreaction. Within this framework, the backreaction is determined by the expectation values of the Hamiltonian constraint and the equations of motion for the spatial metric. Working in the exact de Sitter limit, we apply the framework to a massless minimally coupled spectator scalar field and the physical graviton polarizations. At one loop, their backreaction renormalizes the relation between the cosmological constant and the Hubble parameter without inducing any secular departure from de Sitter evolution, in agreement with previous results. We perform the calculation using a hard momentum cutoff and show that a fixed physical cutoff allows the homogeneous background equations to be renormalized with time- and background-independent coefficients, in contrast to a fixed comoving cutoff. Finally, we demonstrate that the explicit representation of the backreaction depends on the gauge condition imposed on the metric fluctuations, as well as on the background-fluctuation split. Nevertheless, these different representations are related by a gauge transformation and are therefore physically equivalent.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Tidally-enhanced resonances in extreme-mass-ratio inspirals: A tertiary path to chaos

Kyriakos Destounis, Takuya Katagiri, Sajal Mukherjee et al. (+1 more)

Extreme-mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs) provide a unique laboratory for probing strong-field gravity and complex relativistic dynamics. We study a tidally deformed EMRI composed of a stellar-mass secondary orbiting a supermassive (non-)rotating black hole embedded in an external, adiabatically varying tidal environment. These systems provide a restricted, yet astrophysically motivated, realization of the relativistic three-body problem, expected to appear in active galactic nuclei, with a clear hierarchy of masses and radiation-reaction timescales. The external tidal deformation breaks the axisymmetry of the Kerr spacetime, rendering the geodesic dynamics non-integrable and giving rise to chaotic motion. The resulting signature of non-integrability is characterized through Poincaré maps and rotation curves constructed from the ratios of the fundamental frequencies of bound radial, polar, and azimuthal motion. We identify two prominent plateaus whose widths increase with the tidal field amplitude, signaling a transition from weak to strong chaos. We then demonstrate the sensitivity of the chaotic dynamics to the orientation of the orbit relative to the tidal field. We further analyze the proper-time evolution of the action-angle variables, showing that the angle combinations associated with the dominant commensurabilities are phase locked, thereby allowing the associated tidal contributions to induce secular changes in the constants of motion, whereas off-plateau angle combinations circulate. These results clarify the dynamical significance of the prominent plateaus and provide a novel phase-space characterization of tidal resonances in EMRIs. Finally, we discuss the potential role of radiation-reaction effects in driving EMRIs through tidal island crossings and the implications for gravitational-wave inference with future detectors.
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All authors Kyriakos Destounis, Takuya Katagiri, Sajal Mukherjee, Kostas D. Kokkotas

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Radial velocity detection of the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system with SPIRou and NIRPS

Alexandrine L'Heureux, René Doyon, Charles Cadieux et al. (+57 more)

The TRAPPIST-1 system is well-known for its seven transiting Earth-sized exoplanets. It has been extensively studied and characterized, notably with transit timing variations (TTVs) to precisely measure the mass of the planets. Using near-infrared spectroscopic observations obtained as part of the SPIRou Legacy Survey and the NIRPS Guaranteed Time Observation programs, we aimed to verify those values through radial velocity (RV) measurements of the system. Our RV analysis reveals that the current data do not have the precision required to individually detect the TRAPPIST-1 planets. However, we confidently detect ($\Delta\ln\mathcal{Z}=7.53$, 1860:1 odds) the combined RV signature of the planets by informing their relative masses on the TTV analysis, with TRAPPIST-1 b as a proxy of the whole system. For the first time, the RV signal of the TRAPPIST-1 system is recovered: we find a RV semi-amplitude of $K_b=3.65^{+0.78}_{-0.83}$ m s$^{-1}$ corresponding to a planetary mass of $M_{p,\,b}=1.31\pm0.29$ M$_\oplus$, demonstrating that the RV measurements are consistent with the TTV model ($M_{p,\,b;\,\text{TTV}}=1.374\pm0.069$ M$_\oplus$). Additionally, the NIRPS RVs constrain the presence of giant planets beyond the snow line, excluding Saturn-mass planets out to 2.7-yr orbits and Neptune-mass objects out to 20 d. Through RV, we determined the stellar activity period to be of $3.22^{+0.22}_{-0.20}$ d. Its agreement with photometric measurements (K2 and TESS) confirms stellar rotation as the origin of the $\sim3.3$-d periodicity observed for TRAPPIST-1. We further investigated stellar activity with SPIRou polarimetric measurements, placing an upper limit on the longitudinal field ($|B_l|<40$ G, $3\sigma$). This limit is compatible with a weak multipolar large-scale magnetic geometry, as observed in some of the later-type rapidly rotating M dwarfs.
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All authors Alexandrine L'Heureux, René Doyon, Charles Cadieux, Pascal Petit, Olivia Lim, Étienne Artigau, Neil J. Cook, Eric Agol, Xavier Bonfils, Julien Morin, Stefano Bellotti, Claire Moutou, Leslie Moranta, Jean-François Donati, Luc Arnold, Xavier Delfosse, Guillaume Hébrard, Romain Allart, François Bouchy, Lucile Mignon, Izan de Castro Leão, Dany Mounzer, Khaled Al Moulla, Frédérique Baron, Björn Benneke, Mathis Bouffard, Casey Brinkman, Bruno L. Canto Martins, Andres Carmona, Ryan Cloutier, Marion Cointepas, Nicolas B. Cowan, Eduardo Cristo, Roseane de Lima Gomes, Jose Renan De Medeiros, Xavier Dumusque, Dasaev O. Fontinele, Thierry Forveille, Yolanda G. C. Frensch, Jonathan Gagné, Jonay I. González Hernández, Nicole Gromek, Melissa J. Hobson, Vigneshwaran Krishnamurthy, Pierrot Lamontagne, Lison Malo, Eder Martioli, Yuri S. Messias, Louise D. Nielsen, Ares Osborn, Léna Parc, Caroline Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Nuno C. Santos, Bennett Neil Skinner, Avidaan Srivastava, Atanas K. Stefanov, Alejandro Suárez Mascareño, Gregg Wade, Joost P. Wardenier, Drew Weisserman

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Benchmarking Machine Learning Emulators of Stellar Evolution for Precision Asteroseismology

Naomi Gluck, Earl P. Bellinger, Yan Liang et al. (+5 more)

Fast and accurate stellar evolution emulators—surrogate models that approximate expensive simulation outputs with machine learning (ML)—are powerful tools for modern stellar characterization, hierarchical inference, and population synthesis. We analyze the grid density required for reliable emulation by training ML algorithms on main-sequence models with masses M=[0.7,1.2] solar masses. This range is challenging to emulate due to rapidly varying evolutionary behavior caused by the radiative-to-convective core transition, as well as the requirement to match the part-per-thousand seismic precision that has been delivered for such stars from the NASA Kepler mission. Generating grids from analytical models, as well as MESA, YREC, MIST, and ASTEC, we compare linear interpolation, k-nearest neighbors, random forests, and neural networks (NNs) in interpolating the stellar observables: T_eff, L, Delta nu, and nu_max. While NNs outperform other methods, sparse grids induce localized failures in the core-transition region, resulting in unstable derivatives, ensemble disagreement, and fragmented posterior distributions during inference. Performance gains from denser grids are non-uniform, suggesting that adaptive grid generation should be favored over uniform refinement. Finally, we show that NN ensembles allow for localized uncertainty propagation, more accurately reflecting emulator reliability across parameter space than global uncertainty estimates. As we consider only the two-dimensional case of varying only stellar mass and age along the main sequence, these results represent a lower bound on the challenge in emulating stellar evolution simulations for precision asteroseismology.
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All authors Naomi Gluck, Earl P. Bellinger, Yan Liang, Ebraheem Farag, Nicholas Saunders, Selim Kalici, Christopher J. Lindsay, Sarbani Basu

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

A Task Force on Strong Coupling Determinations from Event Shapes

Anthony Badea, Luca Buonocore, Gherardo Vita et al. (+19 more)

The strong coupling constant $\alpha_s$ is a fundamental parameter of the Standard Model. Its precise determination is essential for accurately predicting, studying, and understanding processes at the Large Hadron Collider and future experiments such as the Future Circular Collider. Event shape and correlator observables measured at electron-positron colliders provide one of the cleanest environments for extracting $\alpha_s$, thanks to their sensitivity to $\alpha_s$ and the availability of high-precision data from the Large Electron-Positron Collider. More broadly, such observables provide an ideal setting to develop and test our understanding of the perturbative and non-perturbative elements of Quantum Chromodynamics, which will underpin the field's precision and discovery frontiers for decades to come. Despite these advances, significant discrepancies persist between different determinations of $\alpha_s$ from event shapes, both in the extracted central values and estimated uncertainties. This document motivates the establishment of a dedicated Task Force to coordinate a community-wide effort addressing these open questions. We report on the first two-day meeting held at CERN in November 2025, summarizing the scientific discussion and documenting the experimental analyses identified as priorities during the meeting, as well as the concrete list of tasks to be carried out by the theory community in preparation for future meetings.
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All authors Anthony Badea, Luca Buonocore, Gherardo Vita, Simone Alioli, Zeno Capatti, Yi Chen, David d'Enterria, Thomas Gehrmann, Andre H. Hoang, Alexander Huss, Sebastian Jaskiewicz, Alexander Karlberg, Yen-Jie Lee, Michelangelo L. Mangano, Vicent Mateu, Jiahao Miao, Pier Francesco Monni, Paolo Nason, Luca Rottoli, Iain W. Stewart, Paolo Torrielli, Giulia Zanderighi

High Energy Physics (Theory)

Taxonomy of Potentials in Asymptotic Limits

Muldrow Etheredge, Dieter Lüst and Tom Rudelius

In infinite-distance limits of scalar field moduli spaces in quantum gravity, particle masses, brane tensions, and scalar field potentials scale exponentially with geodesic distance. Previous work has shown that the exponential decay rates of particle masses and brane tensions admit a discrete classification. In this work, we extend this classification to the case of scalar field potentials. We find that leading contributions to the potential typically scale with tensions of codimension-1 branes as $V \sim T_{d-1}^2$ or codimension-0 branes as $V \sim T_d$, and these relations hold formally even when the associated branes are absent from the spectrum. As a result, the taxonomy rules for potentials are intimately connected to the brane taxonomy rules. More generally, potential contributions can be labeled by a collection of integers, which correspond physically to their transformation properties under Weyl rescalings and their order in the string loop expansion. This implies that the vector $\vec v = - \vec \nabla \log V$ is lattice-valued, and indeed it lies in precisely the same lattice as the analogous vectors $\vec \alpha = - \vec \nabla \log T_d$ for codimension-0 branes of tension $T_d$. We verify our taxonomy rules in various examples in string theory. We show that these rules imply that sums of positive potential terms satisfy the Strong Asymptotic de Sitter Conjecture, which requires $|\vec \nabla \log V| \geq 2/\sqrt{d-2}$ in asymptotic regimes of scalar field moduli space, and they imply that higher-derivative gravitational corrections are suppressed by powers of the species scale.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Yukawa coupling deviations from four-quark interactions

Sophie Renner and Benjamin Smith

New physics generating four-quark interactions can be difficult to detect at the LHC, especially if it does not couple to first generation quarks. We investigate the possible role of such interactions in generating measurable deviations in Higgs-quark couplings. We find important constraints from flavour physics and top-pair production, but show that Higgs-charm and Higgs-bottom couplings remain the most sensitive LHC observables to some four-quark operators involving scalar currents. At FCC-ee, more operators and flavour structures can be tested. We further investigate simple single-particle models that can generate these interactions, including a second Higgs doublet, and scalar and vector diquarks. We find that in some cases, including new scalars most strongly coupled to the third generation of quarks, deviations in Yukawa couplings could offer the first signs of new physics generating four-quark interactions.
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Quantum Physics

Computing with qLDPC Codes by Climbing the Chain Map Hierarchy

Rahul Sahay, David M. Long and Vedika Khemani

We develop a framework for logical computation with qLDPC codes that places logical Pauli, Clifford, and non-Clifford operations on the same footing. This brings the simple homological description of Pauli logicals to the patchwork landscape of logical Clifford and non-Clifford operations, providing a tool for the discovery of new logical gates. In particular, we define the chain map hierarchy: a family of chain complexes whose homology classes encode logical unitary and code surgery operations at any level of the Clifford hierarchy, precisely analogous to the chain complex description of Pauli logicals. Consequently, intuition for Pauli logicals can be leveraged to discover new logical operations on qLDPC codes. For instance, the familiar ability to deform Pauli logicals with stabilizers—i.e. boundaries of the chain complex—becomes a way to search for constant-depth unitary implementations of (non-)Clifford logical gates. Using this strategy, we discover constant-depth unitary implementations of the full logical Clifford group on any number of blocks of the 2D toric code, including within a single block, and addressable logical CCZ gates on any triple of logical qubits on any number of blocks of the 3D toric code. Beyond manifold codes, we find addressable non-Clifford gates on codes with many encoded qubits. The chain map hierarchy naturally encompasses and extends other constructions of logical gadgets, for instance providing a universal parameterization of cup products. As such, our work provides a unified, useful, and intuitive language for computing with qLDPC codes.
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Superconductivity

Direct Validation of Superconductivity through Contact-Free Detection of Persistent Supercurrents Using Room-Temperature Quantum Magnetometry

Xinyi Zeng, Chengzhen Qin, Bowen Fan et al. (+9 more)

The accelerated emergence of new materials is driving the search for high temperature superconductors, but rapid experimental validation remains a critical bottleneck, particularly for microscopic samples under high pressure. Here, we demonstrate one-step direct superconductivity validation through room-temperature, contact-free detection of remnant supercurrents. The technique utilizes a cryogen-free optically pumped atomic magnetometer to detect the temperature-dependent magnetic field produced by supercurrents of a superconductor. The superconducting transition is directly identified by the abrupt disappearance of magnetic field from the remnant supercurrent above the transition temperature and the reversal of the supercurrent direction upon reversing the applied magnetic field. Validated on YBCO microcrystals and REBCO tape, this technique detects pico-Tesla magnetic fields from supercurrents induced by the ambient Earth's magnetic field in a millimeter-sized REBCO square disk, as well as from sub-100 micrometer YBCO microcrystals compatible with high-pressure diamond anvil cells. The use of a ferrite flux guide enables sensitive detection from centimeter-scale distances. Requiring no electrical contacts, magnetic coils, or integrated magnetic sensors, this non-invasive, room-temperature platform offers a scalable approach for high-throughput screening and validation of superconductivity.
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All authors Xinyi Zeng, Chengzhen Qin, Bowen Fan, Hammad Ahmed, Hui Fang, Stuart Long, Xiaonan Shan, Jiefu Chen, Shoujun Xu, Liangzi Deng, Ching W. Chu, Jiming Bao

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Sub-TeV Singlino Dark Matter in light from Sagittarius A$^\ast$ and LUX-ZEPLIN Nuclear-Recoil Event

Utpal Chattopadhyay, Debottam Das, Rahul Puri et al. (+1 more)

We investigate the impact of a dark matter density spike surrounding the Milky Way's supermassive black hole (SMBH) on the detectability of Singlino-dominated neutralino dark matter within the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM). Similar density enhancements, or mini-spikes, around stellar-mass black holes (sBHs), have also been considered. Such a dark matter (DM) candidate typically produces weak indirect detection signals in conventional dark matter halos. Additionally, a Singlino-like lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) is very difficult to probe at the LHC or through direct DM searches. Furthermore, a Singlino-like LSP with an almost degenerate Higgsino NLSP can produce an observable inelastic DD signal and is compatible with the anomalous high-recoil event recently reported by the LZ collaboration. Keeping these in consideration, we examine the prospects for detecting these sub-TeV dark matter scenarios through gamma-ray observations of the regions surrounding the SMBH Sgr A$^\ast$ and the sBH in the low-mass X-ray binary XTE J1118+480.
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All authors Utpal Chattopadhyay, Debottam Das, Rahul Puri, Joydeep Roy

High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Measurement of Differential Cross Sections and Integrated Luminosity using Proton-Proton Elastic Scattering with HADES at T = 4.53 GeV and T = 1.60 GeV

HADES Collaboration: R. Abou Yassine, J. Adamczewski-Musch, G. A. Appagere et al. (+124 more)

This work presents an investigation of elastic proton-proton scattering based on data collected with the recently upgraded HADES detector using beams of protons with kinetic energies of $T = 4.53$ GeV and $T = 1.60$ GeV impinging on a liquid hydrogen target. This is the first measurement emerging from the upgraded detector setup, including a Forward Detector with straw-tube tracking planes designed for the PANDA experiment. The well-constrained two-body kinematic relations of elastic scattering have been exploited to study the detector alignment, the beam alignment, and to provide the final measurement of the beam energy. In addition, the recorded luminosity of the experiment has been determined by normalizing the HADES data in a range of the squared four-momentum transfer $t$ that overlaps with measurements by previous experiments worldwide. Furthermore, the differential cross sections have been determined over a large range of $t$ from which the slope parameter $B$ is extracted, yielding $B = 8.98 \pm 0.3$ (GeV/$c$)$^{-2}$ and $7.3 \pm 0.1$ (GeV/$c$)$^{-2}$ at $T = 4.53$ GeV and $1.60$ GeV, respectively. This contribution to the world database on elastic proton-proton scattering provides input to theoretical modeling and serves as a reference for luminosity determinations by future experiments in the same energy range.
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All authors HADES Collaboration: R. Abou Yassine, J. Adamczewski-Musch, G. A. Appagere, M. Becker, A. Blanco, C. Blume, M. Bohman, Y. Bondar, L. Chlad, I. Ciepał, S. Deb, M. D. Doncel Monasterio, M. Duerr, W. Esmail, L. Fabbietti, M. Firlej, T. Fiutowski, A. M. Foda, J. Förtsch, P. Fonte, J. Friese, I. Fröhlich, T. Galatyuk, R. Gernhäuser, M. Grunwald, D. Grzonka, M. Gumberidze, S. Harabasz, T. Heinz, C. Höhne, F. Hojeij, R. Holzmann, M. Idzik, B. Kämpfer, K.-H. Kampert, B. Kardan, V. Kedych, S. Kim, V. Kladov, A. Kodym, M. Kohls, J. Kolas, G. Korcyl, G. Kornakov, W. Krueger, A. Kugler, R. Lalik, S. Lebedev, T. Leontiou, S. Linev, F. Linz, L. Lopes, M. Lorenz, A. Malige, P. Marciniewski, J. Markert, T. Matulewicz, J.G. Messchendorp, V. Metag, J. Michel, A. Molenda, J. Moron, C. Müntz, A. Mukherjee, M. Nabroth, A. Opíchal, J. Orliński, J.-H. Otto, M. Papenbrock, Y. Parpottas, M. Parschau, S. Pattnaik, C. Pauly, D. Pawlowska-Szymanska, V. Pechenov, O. Pechenova, G. Perez Andrade, J. Phan, K. Piasecki, J. Pietraszko, T. Povar, M. Predota, K. Prościński, A. Prozorov, W. Przygoda, B. Ramstein, N. Rathod, J. T. Rieger, J. Ritman, A. Rost, A. Rustamov, S. Sahu, P. Salabura, J. Saraiva, K. Scharmann, N. Schild, K. Schönning, E. Schwab, F. Seck, I. Selyuzhenkov, J. Smyrski, M. Sobiella, S. Spies, A. Sreejith, A. Strach, H. Ströbele, J. Stroth, P. Subramani, K. Sumara, O. Svoboda, K. Swientek, J. Taylor, P. E. Tegner, P. Tlusty, M. Traxler, S. Treliński, I. C. Udrea, F. Ulrich-Pur, V. Wagner, A.A. Weber, C. Wendisch, D. Wielanek, P. Wintz, A. Władyszewska, H.P. Zbroszczyk, M. Zieliński, P. Zumbruch

Computational Physics · Cross-listed from cs.LG

Equation Recast for Canonical Operator Learning Across Parametric PDEs

Qiyun Cheng, Valentin Duruisseaux, Cesar F. Clauser et al. (+7 more)

Learning solution operators across broad parameter ranges can require substantial coverage of both input functions and physical parameters, particularly for purely data-driven parametric models. In addition, the resulting models may fail silently outside the training distribution. We introduce equation recast, which reformulates parametric operator learning as the learning of a single canonical operator. Parameter-induced operator variations are derived analytically from the governing equation and absorbed into effective sources, enabling zero-shot prediction across new parameter regimes. Across multi-parameter, nonlinear, and singular PDE settings, equation recast supports extrapolation, integrates sparse heterogeneous datasets in a shared canonical representation, and uses loss of convergence as an internal warning signal for failure of the recast iteration. In high-fidelity tokamak simulations for nuclear fusion, the framework unifies electron-temperature data across four device geometries through canonical-domain mapping within one jointly trained operator. Equation recast provides a route toward reusable neural PDE solvers combining equation-guided transfer, data efficiency, and monitorable inference.
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All authors Qiyun Cheng, Valentin Duruisseaux, Cesar F. Clauser, Md Hossain Sahadath, Huihua Yang, Shaowu Pan, Nathaniel Ferraro, Anima Anandkumar, Wei Ji, Cristina Rea

Materials Science

IDMate: Finite-temperature error bounds for window-resolved self-consistent-field screening

Peng Kang, Da Wan, Shulin Bai et al. (+5 more)

We formulate a finite-temperature residual test in IDMate that bounds window-resolved electronic errors without a spectral-gap assumption. For a fixed Hamiltonian and exact electron number, strong convexity of the matrix Fermi entropy bounds the density-matrix distance and free-energy error within a selected window. The bound remains finite at spectral crossings and extends to weighted k points with a shared chemical potential. We also derive a distance correction for particle-number mismatch. Across $3{,}586$ stress trials in $70$ seeded perturbation ladders, $1{,}942$ proposals satisfy the screen with no observed violation of the $0.05$ window-distance criterion plus its numerical allowance. This criterion differs from the uncorrected exact-trace bound, which six of ten historical in-loop candidates exceed at the numerical-error scale. An accept-or-recover loop replaces ten reference-map evaluations while meeting terminal comparison criteria in three configurations that include oracle-subspace controls. Additional candidates built only from preceding-iteration orbitals yield two acceptances and one abstention. The silicon candidate has a window distance of $1.891\times10^{-13}$ but a normalized real-space density error of $3.754\%$. Analytic examples separate errors from complement occupations and interblock coupling. Window-level accuracy therefore does not imply full-state accuracy; the screen tests compressed proposal quality, independently of nonlinear SCF convergence or net acceleration.
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All authors Peng Kang, Da Wan, Shulin Bai, Zhen Li, Yu Liu, Lei Zheng, Li-Dong Zhao, Huibin Xu

Strongly Correlated Electrons

Valley polarization dependence of candidate even-denominator fractional quantum Hall states in monolayer graphene

Saswata Sahu, Amarendra Pr. Indra and Moumita Indra

We investigate even-denominator fractional quantum Hall (EDFQH) states in monolayer graphene, focusing on the experimentally observed filling fractions $\nu = 1/2$ and $\nu = 1/4$. Owing to the approximate SU(4) symmetry arising from spin and valley degrees of freedom, graphene hosts a rich variety of multi-component fractional quantum Hall states with different polarization configurations. Using the Chern-Simons composite fermion framework for SU(4) systems, we construct candidate variational wave functions corresponding to distinct spin, valley, and mixed polarization states. The ground-state energies of these states are evaluated numerically using the Coulomb interaction in spherical geometry. By comparing energies across different polarization sectors, we identify the energetically favored configurations at $\nu = 1/2$ and $\nu = 1/4$. Our variational energy comparison suggests that the energetically favored candidate states correspond to multi-component correlated quantum Hall liquids. Within the restricted family of trial states considered here, these states differ from a simple composite-fermion Fermi-sea description. These findings provide insight into the role of valley polarization and SU(4) symmetry in stabilizing even-denominator fractional quantum Hall states in graphene.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Probing Quantum Foundations in Long-Baseline Neutrino Oscillations: Wave Packet Approach from MINOS Data to DUNE Predictions

Baktiar Wasir Farooq, Bipin Singh Koranga and Massimo Blasone

We investigate neutrino flavor oscillations in the wave packet formalism, extending the standard planewave treatment to incorporate the finite spatial coherence of neutrino mass eigenstates.We derive the full three flavor oscillation probability with MSW matter effects, decoherence, and localization suppression governed by the wave packet width, benchmarking against MINOS disappearance data and extending to DUNE predictions under the same parameters. To quantify how sharply the oscillation data constrain the wave packet width, we compute the classical Fisher information FC as a function of neutrino energy for both MINOS and DUNE, and show that its sensitivity is concentrated precisely in the low-energy regime where the wave-packet and plane-wave predictions diverge. Beyond the oscillation probability analysis, we compute wave particle entanglement complementarity quantities within a quantum information theoretic framework and explore the complete triality description involving entanglement, predictability, and visibility as functions of neutrino energy for both experiments such as MINOS and DUNE. We show that even when the oscillation probability is numerically indistinguishable from the planewave result, the wave packet structure leaves observable imprints in these triality measures. Our results demonstrate that the wave packet approach provides a theoretically consistent and experimentally motivated framework for probing quantum foundations in long-baseline atmospheric neutrino oscillation experiments.
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High Energy Physics (Experiment)

Branching fraction measurements of $\eta$ and $\eta^\prime(958)$ anomalous decays

LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta et al. (+1205 more)

Branching fractions of $\eta$ and $\eta'(958)$ anomalous decays are measured using $pp$ collision data at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13\,\text{TeV}$ collected by the LHCb experiment and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4\,\text{fb}^{-1}$. The measured values and upper limits are \begin{align*} \cal{B}(\eta\to\mu^+\mu^-) &= (5.02\pm0.14\pm0.18\pm0.26)\times10^{-6} , \\ \cal{B}(\eta'(958)\to\mu^+\mu^-) &<1.9\times10^{-7} at 90% CL , \\ \cal{B}(\eta\to\pi^+\pi^-\mu^+\mu^-) &<5.4\times10^{-7} at 90% CL, \\ \cal{B}(\eta'(958)\to\pi^+\pi^-\mu^+\mu^-) &= (2.73\pm0.14\pm0.13\pm0.14)\times10^{-5} , \end{align*} where the uncertainties are, respectively, statistical, systematic, and due to the external branching fraction of the $\phi(1020)\to\mu^+\mu^-$ decay, which is used for normalization. This marks the first experimental search for the $\eta'(958)$ decay, and the most precise measurement of the branching fraction $\cal{B}(\eta\to\mu^+\mu^-)$ to date.
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All authors LHCb collaboration: R. Aaij, A.S.W. Abdelmotteleb, C. Abellan Beteta, F. Abudinén, T. Ackernley, A.A. Adefisoye, B. Adeva, M. Adinolfi, P. Adlarson, C. Agapopoulou, C.A. Aidala, Z. Ajaltouni, S. Akar, K. Akiba, P. Albicocco, J. Albrecht, R. Aleksiejunas, F. Alessio, P. Alvarez Cartelle, R. Amalric, S. Amato, J.L. Amey, Y. Amhis, L. An, L. Anderlini, M. Andersson, P. Andreola, M. Andreotti, S. Andres Estrada, A. Anelli, D. Ao, C. Arata, F. Archilli, Z. Areg, M. Argenton, S. Arguedas Cuendis, L. Arnone, A. Artamonov, M. Artuso, E. Aslanides, R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Atzeni, B. Audurier, J.A. Authier, D. Bacher, I. Bachiller Perea, S. Bachmann, M. Bachmayer, J.J. Back, P. Baladron Rodriguez, V. Balagura, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, Z. Baldwin, L. Balzani, H. Bao, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, C. Barbero Pretel, M. Barbetti, I.R. Barbosa, R.J. Barlow, M. Barnyakov, S. Barsuk, W. Barter, J. Bartz, S. Bashir, B. Batsukh, P.B. Battista, A. Bay, A. Beck, M. Becker, F. Bedeschi, I.B. Bediaga, N.A. Behling, S. Belin, A. Bellavista, K. Belous, I. Belov, I. Belyaev, G. Benane, G. Bencivenni, E. Ben-Haim, A. Berezhnoy, R. Bernet, S. Bernet Andres, A. Bertolin, F. Betti, J. Bex, O. Bezshyyko, S. Bhattacharya, J. Bhom, M.S. Bieker, N.V. Biesuz, A. Biolchini, M. Birch, F.C.R. Bishop, A. Bitadze, A. Bizzeti, T. Blake, F. Blanc, J.E. Blank, S. Blusk, V. Bocharnikov, J.A. Boelhauve, O. Boente Garcia, T. Boettcher, A. Bohare, A. Boldyrev, C. Bolognani, R. Bolzonella, R.B. Bonacci, N. Bondar, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, S. Borghi, M. Borsato, J.T. Borsuk, E. Bottalico, S.A. Bouchiba, M. Bovill, T.J.V. Bowcock, A. Boyer, C. Bozzi, J.D. Brandenburg, A. Brea Rodriguez, N. Breer, J. Brodzicka, J. Brown, D. Brundu, E. Buchanan, M. Burgos Marcos, A.T. Burke, C. Burr, C. Buti, J.S. Butter, J. Buytaert, W. Byczynski, S. Cadeddu, H. Cai, Y. Cai, A. Caillet, R. Calabrese, S. Calderon Ramirez, L. Calefice, M. Calvi, M. Calvo Gomez, P. Camargo Magalhaes, J.I. Cambon Bouzas, P. Campana, A.F. Campoverde Quezada, Y. Cao, S. Capelli, M. Caporale, L. Capriotti, R. Caravaca-Mora, A. Carbone, L. Carcedo Salgado, R. Cardinale, A. Cardini, P. Carniti, L. Carus, A. Casais Vidal, R. Caspary, G. Casse, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, S. Celani, I. Celestino, S. Cesare, A.J. Chadwick, I. Chahrour, H. Chang, M. Charles, Ph. Charpentier, E. Chatzianagnostou, R. Cheaib, M. Chefdeville, C. Chen, J. Chen, S. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Chen Hu, M. Cherif, A. Chernov, S. Chernyshenko, X. Chiotopoulos, V. Chobanova, M. Chrzaszcz, A. Chubykin, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, X. Cid Vidal, G. Ciezarek, P. Cifra, P.E.L. Clarke, M. Clemencic, H.V. Cliff, J. Closier, C. Cocha Toapaxi, V. Coco, J. Cogan, E. Cogneras, L. Cojocariu, S. Collaviti, P. Collins, T. Colombo, M. Colonna, A. Comerma-Montells, L. Congedo, J. Connaughton, A. Contu, N. Cooke, G. Cordova, C. Coronel, I. Corredoira, A. Correia, G. Corti, J. Cottee Meldrum, B. Couturier, D.C. Craik, M. Cruz Torres, E. Curras Rivera, R. Currie, C.L. Da Silva, S. Dadabaev, X. Dai, E. Dall'Occo, J. Dalseno, C. D'Ambrosio, J. Daniel, G. Darze, A. Davidson, J.E. Davies, O. De Aguiar Francisco, C. De Angelis, F. De Benedetti, J. de Boer, K. De Bruyn, S. De Capua, M. De Cian, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca, E. De Lucia, J.M. De Miranda, L. De Paula, M. De Serio, P. De Simone, F. De Vellis, J.A. de Vries, F. Debernardis, D. Decamp, S. Dekkers, L. Del Buono, B. Delaney, H.-P. Dembinski, J. Deng, V. Denysenko, O. Deschamps, F. Dettori, B. Dey, P. Di Nezza, I. Diachkov, S. Didenko, S. Ding, Y. Ding, L. Dittmann, V. Dobishuk, A.D. Docheva, A. Doheny, C. Dong, A.M. Donohoe, F. Dordei, A.C. dos Reis, A.D. Dowling, L. Dreyfus, W. Duan, P. Duda, L. Dufour, V. Duk, P. Durante, M.M. Duras, J.M. Durham, O.D. Durmus, A. Dziurda, A. Dzyuba, S. Easo, E. Eckstein, U. Egede, A. Egorychev, V. Egorychev, S. Eisenhardt, E. Ejopu, L. Eklund, M. Elashri, D. Elizondo Blanco, J. Ellbracht, S. Ely, A. Ene, J. Eschle, S. Esen, T. Evans, F. Fabiano, S. Faghih, L.N. Falcao, B. Fang, R. Fantechi, L. Fantini, M. Faria, K. Farmer, F. Fassin, D. Fazzini, L. Felkowski, C. Feng, M. Feng, A. Fernandez Casani, M. Fernandez Gomez, A.D. Fernez, F. Ferrari, F. Ferreira Rodrigues, M. Ferrillo, M. Ferro-Luzzi, S. Filippov, R.A. Fini, M. Fiorini, M. Firlej, K.L. Fischer, D.S. Fitzgerald, C. Fitzpatrick, T. Fiutowski, F. Fleuret, A. Fomin, M. Fontana, L.A. Foreman, R. Forty, D. Foulds-Holt, V. Franco Lima, M. Franco Sevilla, M. Frank, E. Franzoso, G. Frau, C. Frei, D.A. Friday, J. Fu, Q. Führing, T. Fulghesu, G. Galati, M.D. Galati, A. Gallas Torreira, D. Galli, S. Gambetta, M. Gandelman, P. Gandini, B. Ganie, H. Gao, R. Gao, T.Q. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, Y. Gao, L.M. Garcia Martin, P. Garcia Moreno, J. García Pardiñas, P. Gardner, L. Garrido, C. Gaspar, A. Gavrikov, L.L. Gerken, E. Gersabeck, M. Gersabeck, T. Gershon, S. Ghizzo, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, F.I. Giasemis, V. Gibson, H.K. Giemza, A.L. Gilman, M. Giovannetti, A. Gioventù, L. Girardey, M.A. Giza, F.C. Glaser, V.V. Gligorov, C. Göbel, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko, E. Golobardes, D. Golubkov, A. Golutvin, S. Gomez Fernandez, W. Gomulka, F. Goncalves Abrantes, I. Gonçales Vaz, M. Goncerz, G. Gong, J.A. Gooding, I.V. Gorelov, C. Gotti, E. Govorkova, J.P. Grabowski, L.A. Granado Cardoso, E. Graugés, E. Graverini, L. Grazette, G. Graziani, A.T. Grecu, N.A. Grieser, L. Grillo, S. Gromov, C. Gu, M. Guarise, L. Guerry, A.-K. Guseinov, E. Gushchin, Y. Guz, T. Gys, K. Habermann, T. Hadavizadeh, C. Hadjivasiliou, G. Haefeli, C. Haen, S. Haken, G. Hallett, P.M. Hamilton, J. Hammerich, Q. Han, X. Han, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, L. Hao, N. Harnew, T.J. Harris, M. Hartmann, S. Hashmi, J. He, N. Heatley, A. Hedes, F. Hemmer, C. Henderson, R. Henderson, R.D.L. Henderson, A.M. Hennequin, K. Hennessy, L. Henry, J. Herd, P. Herrero Gascon, J. Heuel, A. Heyn, A. Hicheur, G. Hijano Mendizabal, J. Horswill, R. Hou, Y. Hou, D.C. Houston, N. Howarth, W. Hu, X. Hu, W. Hulsbergen, R.J. Hunter, M. Hushchyn, D. Hutchcroft, M. Idzik, D. Ilin, P. Ilten, A. Iniukhin, A. Iohner, A. Ishteev, K. Ivshin, H. Jage, S.J. Jaimes Elles, S. Jakobsen, T. Jakoubek, E. Jans, B.K. Jashal, A. Jawahery, C. Jayaweera, V. Jevtic, Z. Jia, E. Jiang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y.J. Jiang, E. Jimenez Moya, N. Jindal, M. John, A. John Rubesh Rajan, D. Johnson, C.R. Jones, S. Joshi, B. Jost, J. Juan Castella, N. Jurik, I. Juszczak, K. Kalecinska, D. Kaminaris, S. Kandybei, M. Kane, Y. Kang, C. Kar, M. Karacson, A. Kauniskangas, J.W. Kautz, M.K. Kazanecki, F. Keizer, M. Kenzie, T. Ketel, B. Khanji, A. Kharisova, S. Kholodenko, G. Khreich, T. Kirn, V.S. Kirsebom, S. Klaver, N. Kleijne, A. Kleimenova, D. Klekots, K. Klimaszewski, M.R. Kmiec, T. Knospe, R. Kolb, S. Koliiev, L. Kolk, A. Konoplyannikov, P. Kopciewicz, P. Koppenburg, A. Korchin, M. Korolev, I. Kostiuk, O. Kot, S. Kotriakhova, E. Kowalczyk, A. Kozachuk, P. Kravchenko, L. Kravchuk, O. Kravcov, M. Kreps, P. Krokovny, W. Krupa, W. Krzemien, O. 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Lyu, G.M. Ma, H. Ma, S. Maccolini, F. Machefert, F. Maciuc, B. Mack, I. Mackay, L.M. Mackey, L.R. Madhan Mohan, M.J. Madurai, D. Magdalinski, D. Maisuzenko, J.J. Malczewski, S. Malde, L. Malentacca, A. Malinin, T. Maltsev, G. Manca, G. Mancinelli, C. Mancuso, R. Manera Escalero, F.M. Manganella, D. Manuzzi, D. Marangotto, J.F. Marchand, R. Marchevski, U. Marconi, E. Mariani, S. Mariani, C. Marin Benito, J. Marks, A.M. Marshall, L. Martel, G. Martelli, G. Martellotti, L. Martinazzoli, M. Martinelli, D. Martinez Gomez, D. Martinez Santos, F. Martinez Vidal, A. Martorell i Granollers, A. Massafferri, R. Matev, A. Mathad, V. Matiunin, C. Matteuzzi, K.R. Mattioli, A. Mauri, E. Maurice, J. Mauricio, P. Mayencourt, J. Mazorra de Cos, M. Mazurek, M. McCann, N.T. McHugh, A. McNab, R. McNulty, B. Meadows, S.E.R. Medaer, G. Meier, D. Melnychuk, D. Mendoza Granada, P. Menendez Valdes Perez, F.M. Meng, M. Merk, A. Merli, L. Meyer Garcia, D. Miao, H. Miao, M. Mikhasenko, D.A. Milanes, A. Minotti, E. Minucci, T. Miralles, B. Mitreska, D.S. Mitzel, R. Mocanu, A. Modak, L. Moeser, R.D. Moise, E.F. Molina Cardenas, T. Mombächer, M. Monk, T. Monnard, S. Monteil, A. Morcillo Gomez, G. Morello, M.J. Morello, M.P. Morgenthaler, A. Moro, J. Moron, W. Morren, A.B. Morris, A.G. Morris, R. Mountain, Z. Mu, E. Muhammad, F. Muheim, M. Mulder, K. Müller, F. Muñoz-Rojas, R. Murta, V. Mytrochenko, P. Naik, T. Nakada, R. Nandakumar, T. Nanut, G. Napoletano, I. Nasteva, M. Needham, E. Nekrasova, N. Neri, S. Neubert, N. Neufeld, P. Neustroev, J. Nicolini, D. Nicotra, E.M. Niel, N. Nikitin, L. Nisi, Q. Niu, P. Nogarolli, P. Nogga, C. Normand, J. Novoa Fernandez, G. Nowak, C. Nunez, H.N. Nur, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, V. Obraztsov, T. Oeser, A. Okhotnikov, O. Okhrimenko, R. Oldeman, F. Oliva, E. Olivart Pino, M. Olocco, R.H. O'Neil, J.S. Ordonez Soto, D. Osthues, J.M. Otalora Goicochea, P. Owen, A. Oyanguren, O. Ozcelik, F. Paciolla, A. Padee, K.O. Padeken, B. Pagare, T. Pajero, A. Palano, L. 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2609.02973 · 2 Sep · All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://lhcb-glance.cern.ch/alcm/public/analysis/full-details/4077/ (LHCb public pages)

Abstract PDF

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Resolving Local Structure of Distribution Functions in Collider Measurements

Cong Li

Collider measurements may blur narrow features in underlying distributions before fitting, since a data point samples a finite region. We show that observables linear in a selected target distribution, after externally constrained inputs are absorbed into a nonnegative finite response, have a calculable distribution-space locality set by hard dynamics and kinematics. The baseline-normalized $F_{\rm dir}(X)$ yields the local value at zero width and a controlled average otherwise, with covariance setting the leading bias. This guides the choice of processes and observables that retain unexpected fine structure. An EIC photon-radiation observable realizes the exact zero-width limit.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Finite-duration non-slow-roll effects in inflationary production of ultralight vector dark matter

Imtiaz Khan, Niamat Ullah, Chengxun Yuan et al. (+3 more)

Inflationary production of ultralight vector dark matter can be amplified by a brief non-slow-roll phase, yet instantaneous mass transitions generate ultraviolet ringing and leave finite-time predictions unresolved. We replace the sharp transition with a smooth profile and derive the momentum-response kernel of the longitudinal mode. Finite duration preserves the infrared enhancement, suppresses modes that resolve the transition, and introduces a profile-dependent correction to the relic abundance. After fixing the dark matter abundance, the induced gravitational-wave signal retains an independent transverse-traceless source dependence, so abundance rescaling alone leaves residual profile information. Numerical mode evolution and radiation-era tensor integration support the finite-width treatment. Transition duration therefore links microscopic inflationary dynamics to ultralight vector abundance and its low-frequency gravitational-wave signal.
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All authors Imtiaz Khan, Niamat Ullah, Chengxun Yuan, G. Mustafa, Farruh Atamurotov, Ahmadjon Abdujabbarov

Materials Science

Battery open-circuit voltage is not purely chemical

Andrea Giudici, Christoph Pohl, Alberto Salvadori et al. (+3 more)

Open-circuit-voltage (OCV) curves are commonly treated as intrinsic chemical properties of electrode materials. However, this view is incomplete. In ion-insertion batteries, OCV also depends on mechanical state and microstructure. Using finite-element simulations and asymptotic analysis, we show that particle swelling and external loads promote particle–particle contact that generates compressive stresses, shifting the inserted-ion chemical potential. The OCV correction is nonlinear, follows Hertzian contact scaling, and depends on particle arrangement. Identical materials can therefore exhibit different OCV curves in different electrode microstructures. Furthermore, in full cells, electrodes are mechanically coupled through the common stack stress. Thus, cell OCV is a chemo-mechanical property of the entire battery architecture, not chemistry alone.
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All authors Andrea Giudici, Christoph Pohl, Alberto Salvadori, Colin Please, Manuel Landstorfer, Jon Chapman

Materials Science

Physics-Informed Neural Network Surrogate for Oxygen Vacancy Dynamics in epitaxial $\mathrm{SrTiO_3}$ on Si memristors via Dynamic Spectral Optimization

Rodion Podorozhny, Nikoleta Theodoropoulou and Jelena Tešić

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) offer a promising framework for modeling semiconductor devices, yet standard architectures struggle with severe numerical stiffness and multiscale spatial discrepancies inherent to oxide heterostructures. Here, we demonstrate a cascaded PINN architecture coupled with a custom second-order Chebyshev second kind polynomial spectral optimizer (DSO V2 Hybrid) to model ion-electronic drift-diffusion transport in Pt/SrTiO$_3$/Si memristive heterostructures across a 20 nm STO film on a 380 $\mu$m Si substrate. By isolating potential, carrier density, and vacancy transport into four sequentially trained sub-neural-networks, our model circumvents condition numbers exceeding $10^{16}$ without operator splitting. The trained surrogate reproduces experimental conductive-AFM current-voltage hysteresis ($R^2 > 0.96$) while ensuring strict Poisson consistency across continuous space. Compared to conventional finite-element solvers (e.g., COMSOL), the PINN surrogate enables differentiable inverse parameter estimation and linear time inference.
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Biological Physics · Cross-listed from q-bio.PE

Architecture-dependent Effects of Trade-offs on Evolutionary Navigability and Epistasis

Nandita Chaturvedi

The structure of the genotype-phenotype map plays a central role in determining how populations move through fitness landscapes, yet less is known about how this structure interacts with environmental constraints and fitness trade-offs. Here, we study evolution on a tunable multilayer genotype-phenotype map in which binary genotypes are transformed through successive feed-forward layers before being evaluated by phenotype-level fitness functions. We explicitly model the phenotype to fitness transformation in order to compare an emergent trade-off fitness with a no-trade-off control. We explore different map architecture as models of more and less complex genotype-phenotype relationships by tuning the genotype length and number of layers. We find that ruggedness and navigability have a complex, architecture-dependent relationship. Landscapes with few local maxima can still have low navigability for wide and shallow maps, and navigability is high even at mean values of ruggedness for wide and deep maps. Trade-offs increase navigability in wide and shallow maps, while their effect is muted in other architectures. The effect of trade-offs on epistasis depends on evolutionary history. While trade-offs change which mutational neighborhoods are sampled by evolution, the background degree of epistatic interactions is set by map architecture. Finally, we use our framework to investigate micro-evolution of high-fitness populations and show that temporal covariance in allele-frequency changes can arise from the internal structure of a rugged genotype-phenotype map, producing signatures that resemble short-term alternating selection.
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Statistical Mechanics

Constituent-Tagged Transfer Linking Cluster Dynamics to Static Scaling

Kenji Shinoda

Clusters that merge and split have no unique genealogy. Tracking the host size of a conserved constituent defines $q_*$ by $\langle(S_{t+\tau}/S_t)^{q_*}\rangle=1$, with $q_*\ne0$. Across coupled map networks, coagulation-fragmentation dynamics, and Vicsek systems, $q_*\simeq\alpha-2$ without fitting, where $c(s)\propto s^{-\alpha}$ on the same size window. Radius scans locate the known Vicsek interaction radius and recover an independently specified clustering scale in experimental active rods. Local scale covariance yields the relation, while a tent map counterexample shows when reducing the stationary balance at each parent size to one moment fails.
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Statistical Mechanics

Decoherence-controlled collective criticality in a two-dimensional quantum Stag Hunt

Rajdeep Tah

Physical decoherence can preserve the microscopic strategic neutrality (i.e. zero effective field and equal potential of the two homogeneous strategic orientations) of a quantum game while changing the thermodynamic regime of the corresponding interacting population. We demonstrate this for an Eisert–Wilkens–Lewenstein (EWL) Stag Hunt embedded as independent nearest neighbor encounters on a square lattice. For the restricted strategies $\mathsf{Q}=i\mathbb{Z}$ and $\mathsf{D}=i\mathbb{Y}$, noisy two-player payoff matrices are determined for phase damping, depolarization, and amplitude damping and mapped exactly to channel dependent Ising parameters $\mathfrak{J}(\Gamma,p)$ and $\mathfrak{H}(\Gamma,p)$. Phase damping and depolarization show the clearest contrast: they share the same microscopic neutrality branch $\mathfrak{H}=0$, while only depolarization suppresses the interaction as $(1-p)^2$. At $\beta=1$, this produces an exact depolarization-driven square-lattice critical point at $p_{*}\approx 0.233460\ldots$, whereas phase damping remains in the ordered coexistence regime along the same neutrality branch. Monte Carlo finite size scaling is consistent with two-dimensional Ising criticality and distinguishes field driven coexistence below $p_{*}$ from a smooth crossover above it. Amplitude damping additionally reveals a strong dependence on channel placement: the post-strategy neutrality branch reaches $\Gamma=0$ at $p=1/3$ and then disappears. Resource negativity further shows that microscopic two-qubit entanglement and collective interaction strength are distinct quantities. The resulting extended lattice remains an ordinary classical Ising system.
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Materials Science · Cross-listed from math.NA

Buckling Prediction for Nonlinear Elastic Beams with Soft Inclusions

Thien Tran-Duc, J.E. Bunder and A.J. Roberts

We develop an efficient and accurate multiscale computational framework for predicting the buckling and post-buckling behaviour of elastic beams containing periodically distributed soft inclusions. The framework extends our previous multiscale, patch, computational homogenisation for linear elasticity by incorporating nonlinearity, and thus enables accurate prediction of both the buckling onset and the subsequent post-buckling response. Microscale computations are performed only within a sparse set of small subdomains (patches), while the macroscale behaviour is recovered through a proven patch-coupling algorithm. The scheme is assessed through quarter- and half-domain patch computations for beams with inclusion-to-matrix Young's modulus ratios ranging from 0.001 to 1. The results show that reducing the inclusion stiffness lowers both the critical buckling strain and the critical buckling stress, indicating an increased susceptibility to instability, while producing a milder post-buckling response with smaller transverse deflections and stress drops. Eigenvalue analysis of the Jacobian matrix accurately predicts the onset of instability and the corresponding critical strain and stress. Bifurcation diagrams of the nonlinear buckled configurations under compressive loading, and a quantitative analysis of the effect of the interpolation order on the predicted buckling and post-buckling responses, are also presented. Comparisons with full-domain simulations demonstrate that the proposed framework accurately predicts both the buckling threshold and the post-buckling behaviour while substantially reducing the computational cost. The methodology is readily extendable to heterogeneous beams, plates, shells, and other engineering structures.
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Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems

Isomonodromic Deformations for Linear $q$-Difference Systems of Degree One

Yiming Ma

We construct isomonodromy transformations for linear $q$-difference systems of the form $Y(qz)=A(z)Y(z)$, where $A(z)=A_0+z A_1$ has diagonal leading coefficient. These transformations shift eigenvalues of the leading coefficient $A_1$ together with roots of $\det A(z)$. They lift compatibility to the right eigenpairs of $A(z)$, yielding a discrete local tau function. The resulting deformation equations preserve the Birkhoff connection matrix, and reduce in their $q\to 1$ limit to the isomonodromic deformation of a meromorphic connection on $\mathbb P^1$ with an irregular singularity of Poincaré rank one at $\infty$.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

The Impact of Artificial Space Objects on Optical Astronomy as Determined from 32 Million Photometric Observations

Anthony Mallama, Sergey Karpov and Richard E. Cole

Photometric observations of satellites, rockets and space debris brighter than magnitudes 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 are characterized. Those magnitudes pertain to different levels of interference with astronomy as defined by the International Astronomical Union. The densities of objects per square degree of sky and brighter than the magnitudes listed above are 0.38 e-3, 0.76 e-3 and 1.10 e-3, respectively. Probabilities of objects appearing on astronomical images depend on the field of view and the exposure duration. For objects brighter than magnitude 7.0 the probability that one will appear on a 10 second exposure of a 10 degree square field of view is 15%. The probability that an object is visible to the unaided eye under dark sky conditions is 59%. These percentages represent all nighttime hours. We discuss how they change with the Sun's distance below the horizon. Examination of data for objects launched since the start of the spacecraft constellation era shows that satellites account for most of the bright observations. If the plans of satellite operators to launch a million spacecraft are realized, nearly every astronomical image of a few seconds duration and several degrees in size may be contaminated during several hours of each night. Finally, people viewing the night sky may perceive satellites more strongly than stars.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

POSEIDON III: The Aligned Orbit of the Hot Neptune Around the Hot Star WASP-195

Juan I. Espinoza-Retamal, Joshua N. Winn, Rafael Brahm et al. (+33 more)

Stellar obliquities provide important clues as to the formation and migration histories of planetary systems, but measurements remain scarce for Neptune-mass planets, especially those orbiting hot stars (above the Kraft break). Here we present observations of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect in the hot-star/hot-Neptune system WASP-195 ($T_{\rm eff}=6470\pm100$ K, $v\sin{i_\star}=10.5\pm1.1$ km s$^{-1}$) obtained with the Keck Planet Finder and NEID spectrographs. A joint analysis of these observations, archival photometry, and archival radial velocities yields a sky-projected stellar obliquity of $\lambda=-10\pm7^\circ$, consistent with spin-orbit alignment. This makes WASP-195 one of the few hot-star/hot-Neptune systems with a measured obliquity. Archival radial velocities from SOPHIE exclude Jupiter-mass planets within approximately 3 au at $5\sigma$ confidence. The aligned and nearly circular orbit is naturally consistent with a history of disk-driven migration, although coplanar high-eccentricity migration or Roche-lobe overflow cannot be ruled out. We also investigate why so few Neptunes around hot stars have measured obliquities. Their scarcity likely reflects a combination of the lower intrinsic occurrence of short-period Neptunes around hot stars and the difficulty of confirming planet candidates in this regime, where rapid stellar rotation broadens spectral lines and hampers conventional radial-velocity confirmation. Rapid rotation also increases the detectability of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect, a feature that could help to widen the planet confirmation bottleneck while expanding the obliquity census of small planets around hot stars.
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All authors Juan I. Espinoza-Retamal, Joshua N. Winn, Rafael Brahm, Luke B. Handley, Elise Koo, Caleb Lammers, Cristobal Petrovich, Gu{\dh}mundur Stefánsson, Andrés Jordán, Xian-Yu Wang, Songhu Wang, Nicholas Saunders, Erik A. Petigura, Lauren M. Weiss, Ashley D. Baker, Theron W. Carmichael, Fei Dai, Jerry Edelstein, Jack Foley, Benjamin J. Fulton, Steven Giacalone, Steven R. Gibson, Samuel Halverson, Andrew W. Howard, Howard Isaacson, Emma McIntyre, Pranav H. Premnath, Maleah Rhem, Kodi Rider, Ryan A. Rubenzahl, Arpita Roy, Christopher Smith, Judah Van Zandt, Josh Walawender, Elina Y. Zhang, Jingyi Zhang

Materials Science

Repairing PBE-Spurious Metallicity for HSE06-Level Screening of 2D Photocatalysts for Green Hydrogen Production

Ritam Chakraborty and Arpan Das

Semilocal PBE calculations can remove viable photocatalysts before screening by labeling narrow-gap semiconductors as metals. We address this failure mode in the Computational 2D Materials Database (C2DB) by combining leakage-aware repair of PBE-spurious metallicity with HSE06–PBE $\Delta$-learning. Stage~I classifies HSE06-unknown PBE metals using structural, chemical, magnetic, and stability descriptors, while excluding HSE06/GW quantities and PBE electronic shortcuts. Stage~II learns $E_g^{HSE} - E_g^{PBE}$ for the corrected insulating population. The curated XGBoost regressor reconstructs HSE06 gaps with a mean absolute error of 0.108~eV ($R^2=0.989$), compared with 1.036~eV for raw PBE. The Stage~I classifier is used only for triage because the labeled true-metal class contains 29 materials; its best holdout performance gives 87.5% accuracy, 0.286 true-metal recall, and 0.643 balanced accuracy. The corrected pH~0 electronic screen yields 10 strict and 29 initial relaxed green-hydrogen photocatalyst candidates. Four strict and 18 relaxed candidates would fail the same 1.6–2.8~eV gap window at the PBE level. Targeted VASP HSE06 calculations for six ML-predicted compounds give material-level MAEs of 0.417, 0.182, and 0.110~eV for the C2DB-native, Magpie+structural, and curated models, respectively; \feat{1AgBr-1} shifts above the upper gap cutoff, leaving 28 retained relaxed candidates. The workflow shows that high-fidelity correction must be evaluated by candidate membership, not only by global regression error.
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Accelerator Physics

Controlling a digital twin of the CEBAF injector from EPICS

Jude Doredant and Volker Ziemann

The Experimental and Instrumental Control System EPICS is used to control magnets and to read data from diagnostic devices in the CEBAF accelerator. We describe a prototype system where an EPICS installation, local on a laptop or Raspberry Pi, controls beam optics simulations. They can be running on the same computer or on a separate computer connected via the network. The prototype focuses on modeling and controlling the moderately complex injector beam line of CEBAF, which only comprises a few dozen magnets and beam monitors.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Radiative and Dalitz decays of $\Upsilon(1S)$ in the light of the ATOMKI X17 anomaly

Chien-Thang Tran and Mikhail A. Ivanov

We study the radiative decay $\Upsilon(1S)\to \eta_b\gamma$ and the Dalitz decay $\Upsilon(1S)\to \eta_b e^+ e^-$ within the framework of the Covariant Confined Quark Model. We provide theoretical predictions for the hadronic form factor, the radiative decay constant, and the decay branching fractions. Within the Standard Model we predict $\Gamma(\Upsilon(1S)\to\eta_b \gamma) = 9.3(9)\, \textrm{eV}$ and $\Gamma(\Upsilon(1S)\to\eta_b e^+ e^-) = 4.8(5)\times 10^{-2}\, \textrm{eV}$. The contribution of the hypothetical ATOMKI $X17$ vector boson to the Dalitz channel is also investigated.
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