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Physics

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Monday 24 August

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Quaternionic Hermitian Band Geometry in Four Dimensions: Realization on $S^4$ and Obstruction on $T^4$

Dongju Hwang, Minjae Yu and Gil Young Cho

We establish a realization-obstruction dichotomy for quaternionic Hermitian band geometry in four-dimensional parameter spaces: the minimal-charge lowest Landau level on $S^{4}$ provides a global realization, whereas an everywhere nondegenerate saturated realization induced by a single occupied quaternionic band is obstructed on $T^{4}$. An antiunitary symmetry $\mathcal{J}$ satisfying $\mathcal{J}^{2}=-1$ makes the occupied doublet a quaternionic band. Within this setting, we formulate the quaternionic Wirtinger inequality as a band-geometric bound involving the quantum metric and the second Chern density. At every nondegenerate saturation point, the canonical geometry of the quaternionic projective space pulls back to a compatible quaternionic structure on the parameter space; if these conditions hold everywhere, the parameter space acquires quaternionic Hermitian band geometry. On $S^{4}$, we express the minimal-charge states as quaternionic Perelomov coherent states and establish everywhere nondegenerate saturation, thereby realizing quaternionic Hermitian band geometry. On $T^{4}$, by contrast, a minimal four-band system saturates the inequality everywhere, but topology forces the quantum metric to become degenerate somewhere, obstructing a globally induced quaternionic structure. An explicit lattice Dirac Hamiltonian exhibits this obstruction. Adding unoccupied bands cannot remove this obstruction when the inequality is saturated everywhere, since the image of any nondegenerate saturated projector remains confined to a fixed $\mathbb{H}P^{1}$. These results provide a symmetry-aware framework for non-Abelian band geometry and show how parameter-space topology constrains the global realization of quaternionic Hermitian band geometry.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Two-loop renormalisation and Higgs phenomenology in the five-dimensional MSSM

Ammar Abdalgabar, Alan S. Cornell, Aldo Deandrea et al. (+2 more)

The five-dimensional Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (5D MSSM) provides an attractive framework in which power-law renormalisation group evolution naturally generates a sizeable trilinear stop coupling, allowing the observed Higgs boson mass to be reproduced without requiring too heavy a supersymmetric spectra. In this work we present a comprehensive two-loop analysis of the 5D MSSM, deriving the complete renormalisation group equations governing the gauge, Yukawa and soft supersymmetry-breaking sectors and examining the perturbative consistency of the theory. Particular attention is given to the ultraviolet behaviour of the model, where we demonstrate that the potentially dangerous leading two-loop contributions cancel as a consequence of the underlying $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetry, leaving a well-behaved perturbative expansion. Building upon this framework, we compute the radiatively corrected Higgs effective potential including the complete Kaluza-Klein (KK) contributions through KK resummation, and investigate the resulting implications for the Higgs sector. The phenomenological viability of the model is subsequently explored through detailed numerical studies of the Higgs boson mass, electroweak precision observables, Higgs coupling modifiers and signal strengths, allowing constraints on the compactification scale and supersymmetric parameter space to be established. We find that the inclusion of the two-loop corrections preserves the characteristic power-law behaviour of the five-dimensional theory while yielding a phenomenologically viable parameter space consistent with current collider and precision measurements.
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All authors Ammar Abdalgabar, Alan S. Cornell, Aldo Deandrea, Howeida M. Esmaeil, Mohammed Omer Khojali

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Preparing for the Early eVolution Explorer: The Impact of Flare Temperature on Ozone Column Depth in Earth-Like Atmospheres

Jaime S. Crouse, Nicholas F. Wogan, Ward S. Howard et al. (+4 more)

Atmospheric photochemical models incorporating the impacts of stellar flares often assume a $\sim$9,000 K spectrum at ultraviolet-optical wavelengths. Recent multiwavelength observations, however, reveal a more complex picture with temperature measurements spanning 4,000-40,000 K, although the occurrence rates for flares with different temperatures remain unknown. Here, we model the evolution of a Proterozoic Earth-like world with 0.01 bar of O$_2$ under repeated flaring to identify the impact of flare effective temperatures. We explore four scenarios - two host star types (K2V and M2.5V) and two flare temperatures (9,000 K and 19,000 K) - selected to bound the potential parameter space. The hotter flares have a larger impact on O$_3$ photochemistry for both stellar types. M-star planetary atmospheres are more volatile and exhibit rapid changes in their O$_3$ production and destruction rates. Meanwhile, K-star planetary atmospheres are more stable and are only impacted by the hottest flares, proving advantageous for biosignature searches. We simulate 0.2-1.0 $\mu$m reflected light spectra for all four scenarios, and find that 19,000 K flares can result in either production or destruction of O$_3$ depending on the host star spectral type increasing the 0.2 $\mu$m feature by $\sim$2$\times$ for the K2V star but decreasing it by 50% for the M2.5V star. Future missions such as the EVE SMEX mission concept will provide robust flare temperature constraints for young FGKM stars, which will serve as inputs to improve photochemical models to inform future HWO observations.
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All authors Jaime S. Crouse, Nicholas F. Wogan, Ward S. Howard, Meredith A. MacGregor, Guadalupe Tovar Mendoza, Jacob Lustig-Yaeger, Evgenya L. Shkolnik

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.PR

Eulerian walkers on $\mathbb{Z}^2$ have range exponent $2/3$

Ahmed Bou-Rabee and Yuval Peres

In the Eulerian walker model (also known as rotor walk), each site of the square lattice begins with an arrow pointing to one of its four neighbors. A walker that starts at the origin repeatedly turns the arrow at its current site clockwise by $90^\circ$ and steps in the new direction. Priezzhev, Dhar, Dhar, and Krishnamurthy (1996) introduced this as a model of self-organized criticality and conjectured that, for independent uniform initial directions, the region explored in the first $t$ steps has radius of order $t^{1/3}$. We establish this conjecture and further show that the walker visits every lattice site infinitely often, and that the region it has visited by time $t$, rescaled by $t^{1/3}$, converges to a convex body.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

Dust trapping, collisional velocity and velocity dispersion in gravito-turbulent discs

Cristiano Longarini, Cathie J. Clarke, Richard A. Booth et al. (+1 more)

High-resolution ALMA observations indicate that planet formation is already well underway in the earliest stages of disc evolution, when discs are typically massive enough to be regulated by gravitational instability (GI). In this regime, the interplay between dust dynamics and GI may enable rapid core formation, but the conditions under which this process operates remain poorly constrained. In this work, we use three-dimensional global SPH simulations to investigate the dynamics of dust particles in gravitationally unstable discs over a wide range of Stokes numbers. We focus on three key quantities that regulate early planet formation: dust trapping in spiral arms, collisional velocities between dust grains, and the dust velocity dispersion. We find that particles with Stokes numbers in the range St ~ 0.1-1 undergo the strongest concentration within spiral arms while simultaneously exhibiting low velocity dispersion. This combination makes this aerodynamic regime the most favourable for the onset of dust-driven gravitational instability and direct dust collapse. Where direct comparisons of collision velocities are possible, our three-dimensional results are in excellent agreement with previous two-dimensional studies and are consistent with a picture in which grains are partially coupled to a Kolmogorov-like turbulent velocity field in the gas. Our results indicate that, in young self-gravitating discs, dust particles in this intermediate coupling regime provide a natural pathway to the formation of planetary cores.
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All authors Cristiano Longarini, Cathie J. Clarke, Richard A. Booth, Cat Leedham

Mathematical Physics

Bound States in Exactly Solvable Polaritonic Models

Sam Johar, Ryogo Katahira and Joseph Kraisler

We study a one-dimensional scalar model for an effective-mass quasiparticle field coupled to a continuum of two-level atoms with at most one excitation present. We prove a general theorem on the existence of bound states under sign-definite spatially localized perturbations of constant atomic density and analyze the bound states for several exactly solvable examples.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Strong Lensing Cosmology with Population-level Calibrated Neural Ratio Estimation

Sreevani Jarugula, Brian D. Nord, Aleksandra Ćiprijanović et al. (+1 more)

Strong gravitational lensing contains key information about cosmic acceleration. Modern and next-generation galaxy imaging surveys are expected to provide high-quality data on $\mathcal{O}(10^5)$ galaxy-galaxy lensing systems. The plethora and complexity of the data are likely to present computational challenges for parameter inference methods for fitting high-dimensional likelihoods, which are often analytically intractable. Neural Ratio Estimation (NRE) efficiently computes individual likelihood ratios that can be combined into population-level posteriors. We use simulations to study the capacity of NRE to jointly predict the dark energy equation-of-state parameter $w$ and the total matter density $\Omega_{m}$ from lensing images and companion spectroscopic information. We also introduce a post hoc posterior coverage calibration procedure that mitigates the model overconfidence that is typically found in neural density estimation applications. Our experiments show that the errors on both parameters decrease with increasing inference population sizes. In particular, for 100 lenses in a standard $\Lambda$CDM Universe, our calibrated NRE model achieves median fractional uncertainty of $22.8\%$ in $w$ and $2.9\%$ in $\Omega_{m}$. This proof of concept demonstrates a potentially scalable approach for efficient cosmological parameter inference with large populations of galaxy-scale lenses observed in future surveys.
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All authors Sreevani Jarugula, Brian D. Nord, Aleksandra Ćiprijanović, Shubhendu Trivedi

Statistical Mechanics

Non-Abelian Spin Counting of Ordered Stochastic Trajectories: Reentrant Finite-Time Chern Numbers

Yangyang Du

Conventional full counting statistics assigns commuting phases to integrated stochastic currents and therefore resolves net transport but not, in general, the temporal ordering of events associated with different cycles. We introduce a non-Abelian counting construction in which crossings of two fundamental cycles rotate an auxiliary spin about different axes. The resulting ordered trajectory statistic has an exact finite-dimensional evolution equation for its first moment. The two rotation angles form a counting torus, and whenever the mean spin is nonzero its normalized direction defines a map $\mathbb T^2\to\mathbb S^2$, equivalently a complex eigenline bundle with a Chern number. Our main analytical result is a Chern–parity correspondence. Reflection symmetry equips this eigenline with a real structure and expresses $C_T\bmod2$ through first Stiefel–Whitney classes on the circles fixed by reflection. When the transverse polarization has no additional zeros along the reflection-fixed circles, these classes reduce to ordinary current-parity statistics at the four high-symmetry counting points. For a five-state nonequilibrium figure-eight network, varying only the observation time produces four polarization-gap closings and the reentrant sequence $C_T=0\to-1\to0\to-1\to0$. Every transition occurs at $(\pi,\pi)$ and coincides with a sign reversal of $\mathbb E[(-1)^{Q_1+Q_2}]$, while the full integer Chern number is obtained independently from the two-dimensional spin texture. Finite observation time can therefore organize a fixed stochastic process into distinct topological sectors of its ordered path ensemble.
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Optics

Diffractive optical element for super-Gaussian beam shaping on intersatellite optical communications

Mario Badás Aldecocea, Ziheng Wang, Mohammad Dabiri et al. (+1 more)

Pointing jitter can significantly degrade the performance of intersatellite optical communication links. This work investigates diffractive optical beam shaping as a means of generating super-Gaussian profiles with reduced sensitivity to transmitter misalignment. Phase screens are designed using a Gerchberg–Saxton phase-retrieval algorithm and evaluated for different super-Gaussian orders. Lower-order profiles are reproduced accurately, whereas higher orders are increasingly limited by numerical discretization and finite-aperture effects. The practical implementation of the phase screens using fused-silica diffractive optical elements is assessed through sensitivity analyses of radial manufacturing resolution, phase quantization, phase-depth errors, and incident-beam wavefront aberrations. The results provide manufacturing tolerances and wavefront-quality requirements for preserving the desired beam shape.
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All authors Mario Badás Aldecocea, Ziheng Wang, Mohammad Dabiri, Iman Tavakkolnia

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

From arithmetic spectra to a quantum-corrected black hole geometry

Kimet Jusufi and Ankit Anand

The Euler product of the Riemann zeta function is the partition function of a free bosonic gas whose mode energies are the logarithms of the primes. We show that this arithmetic gas, combined with the assumption that the entropy–geometry correspondence holds, leads to a quantum-corrected black-hole metric. The prime gas is a Hagedorn system. Its entropy is linear in the energy, which is exactly what an entropy linear in the horizon area requires, and the simple pole of the zeta function at $\beta=1$ fixes the coefficient of the logarithmic correction to the area law. The nontrivial zeros cannot play this role: their level density grows only logarithmically, and far too slowly to be extensive. Demanding that the reconstructed geometry reduce to Schwarzschild at large radius then fixes the map from arithmetic energy to horizon area and yields the closed-form metric $f(r)=1-2GMr/(r^{2}+\lz^{2})$ with $\lz^{2}=\alpha G/\pi$. This describes a two-horizon black hole with Reissner–Nordström horizon structure but no Coulombic hair, a positive-energy anisotropic source obeying the null energy condition, a softened central singularity, a bounded Hawking temperature, and a cold extremal remnant that ends the evaporation. The same length scale follows independently from requiring that the first law hold exactly with the corrected entropy. The nontrivial zeros survive only as exponentially suppressed log-periodic ripples in the area, which suggests a physical interpretation of the Riemann hypothesis as the statement that arithmetic corrections to black-hole thermodynamics are as small as they can be.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

The ALMA EGO-10 Survey of Massive Protoclusters: Correlation of 1.3 mm Continuum Source Clustering with Evolutionary State

Michael C. Logue, Claudia J. Cyganowski, Crystal L. Brogan et al. (+4 more)

Massive stars characteristically form in clustered environments. Characterising young massive 'protoclusters' is therefore crucial to constraining the mechanism(s) of massive star formation, and of the assembly of stellar clusters. We present 1.3 mm continuum results from the ALMA EGO-10 imaging survey, targeting ten Spitzer GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects (EGOs) - massive protostars with active outflows traced by extended 4.5 $\mu$m emission. Our sensitive 1'.6$\times$1'.6 mosaics reveal rich protoclusters associated with all targets. With a mean spatial resolution 2200$\times$1600 AU, we identify 570 cores - between 13 and 135 per field. We quantify protocluster structure with the $Q$-parameter, finding structural diversity with 0.5 $\lesssim Q \lesssim$ 0.9. The sample is notable for the wealth of complementary high-resolution multiwavelength data available. Correlating our cores with these observations, we find only 2%, 5% and 4% of cores host 6.7 GHz CH$_3$OH masers, 22 GHz H$_2$O masers and cm-$\lambda$ continuum sources, respectively. The massive protostars traced by 6.7 GHz masers typically reside near protocluster centres (median offset 0.045 pc), and all at $d<$ 3 kpc are found in clustered locales, with $>$10 cores within 10,000 AU. Using VLA cm-$\lambda$ continuum observations, we construct a new evolutionary indicator: the ratio of protocluster cm-$\lambda$ continuum luminosity to the mass of the associated ATLASGAL clump ($L_\text{cm}/M_\text{AGAL}$). This ratio correlates positively with $Q$, with the correlation driven primarily by the cm-$\lambda$ continuum emission from MYSOs. This suggests dynamic protocluster structure, evolving from subclustered to centrally condensed, consistent with the global collapse in hierarchical, clump-fed models of massive star formation.
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All authors Michael C. Logue, Claudia J. Cyganowski, Crystal L. Brogan, Todd R. Hunter, Alessio Traficante, Allison P. M. Towner, Stella S. R. Offner

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Disentangling propagation effects from Fast Radio Burst spectra: An analysis on simulated data

Aishwarya Kumar, Fereshteh Rajabi and Martin Houde

We present a methodology to decouple propagation effects, specifically scattering and dispersion, from the intrinsic spectro-temporal properties of repeating Fast Radio Bursts. Utilizing the Triggered Relativistic Dynamical Model, and assuming superradiance as the emission mechanism, we generate simulated sub-bursts and inject controlled levels of scattering and residual dispersion. For each burst, we measure the sub-burst slope, defined as the trajectory of the centroids in the dynamic spectrum, and the characteristic duration of the burst profile. We then fit a modified sub-burst slope law to the resulting slope-duration measurements to recover the scattering timescale, residual dispersion measure, and other model parameters. Under the thin-screen approximation, the scattering timescale at $1~\mathrm{GHz}$ is precisely recovered, typically to within $\sim 1-2\%$ of the true value. In contrast, the residual dispersion is recovered with comparatively lower precision, with median absolute errors of $\sim 0.3-0.6\ \mathrm{pc \, cm^{-3}}$, reflecting its weaker constraint and degeneracy with an intrinsic parameter. Despite this, the modified sub-burst slope law successfully reproduces the spectro-temporal evolution and accurately constrains the scattering properties even for diverse intrinsic burst populations. These results demonstrate that our framework yields a tractable method for separating propagation-induced distortions from intrinsic emission characteristics to a meaningful degree, enabling more reliable inference of the physical properties of FRB sources.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Generalized Chiral $U(1)_{B-L}$: Towards a Less Constrained $Z'$ and Dark Matter

Ranjeet Kumar and Hemant Kumar Prajapati

Extensions of the Standard Model by a $U(1)_{X}$ gauge symmetry predict a new $Z'$ boson, whose mass is severely constrained by high-mass dilepton resonance searches at the LHC. We show that these bounds can be relaxed by generalizing the chiral $(B-L)$ charge assignment while preserving gauge anomaly cancellation. The resulting $U(1)_X$ charges are parameterized by two independent parameters, and an appropriate choice of these parameters suppresses the $Z'$ branching fraction into charged leptons, substantially weakening the dilepton constraints. The framework accommodates Dirac neutrino masses through a Dirac type-I seesaw mechanism and a stable singlet scalar DM candidate without requiring an additional discrete symmetry. We find that the modified charge assignment, although beneficial for collider phenomenology, introduces a tension between obtaining the observed relic abundance and satisfying direct detection limits when DM annihilation proceeds solely through the $Z'$ portal. The inclusion of scalar-mediated annihilation channels resolves this tension and opens up a broad viable parameter space, with DM masses ranging from $M_{\rm DM}\simeq 60~{\rm GeV}$ to $10~{\rm TeV}$. The resulting parameter space is consistent with the observed relic density, direct detection, collider, and electroweak precision constraints, demonstrating that a generalized chiral charge structure can simultaneously accommodate a less constrained $Z'$ sector, neutrino masses, and viable dark matter phenomenology.
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Statistical Mechanics

Run-and-tumble particles with preferred reorientation

Callum Britton, Ziluo Zhang, Seongjun Han et al. (+1 more)

Run-and-tumble particles (RTPs) are canonically modeled with uniform reorientation probabilities, an assumption that breaks down for many biological microswimmers. In this work, we investigate the dynamics of RTPs with arbitrary non-uniform tumble distributions. By deriving an exact Doi-Peliti field theory, we explicitly calculate a wide array of spatial and orientational observables. Notably, we demonstrate that the spatial dynamics exhibit an effective persistence and chirality governed entirely by the first Fourier modes of the tumble distribution, establishing a formal mapping to the dynamics of chiral active Brownian particles. Furthermore, our field-theoretic framework provides a systematic method to compute spatial moments to arbitrary order, allowing for the complete characterization and identification of complex tumbling dynamics. We illustrate the framework with wrapped Gaussian and bimodal Gaussian distributions, demonstrating explicit control over persistence and chirality. We further extend the field theory to $d$ dimensions, recovering the mean squared displacement in terms of a single effective tumble rate. Our results establish a direct link between the shape of the tumble distribution and the emergent dynamics, and provide a foundation for the study of interacting RTPs with non-uniform reorientation.
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All authors Callum Britton, Ziluo Zhang, Seongjun Han, Thibault Bertrand

High Energy Physics (Theory)

Energy of toroidal M2 brane in flat 11d background

Arkady A. Tseytlin and Zihan Wang

The supermembrane action is non-linear and a priori non-renormalizable. Still, some quantities in this theory may be free of log UV divergences and thus defined unambiguously. To explore this possibility we compute the energy of an M2 brane wrapped on a 2-torus in flat 11d space to two loops in the inverse-tension expansion. The result is free of logarithmic divergences and the same should hold also at higher loop orders. For fermions periodic around both circles the quantum corrections cancel, consistent with the BPS nature of the wrapped M2 brane state. For fermions antiperiodic around one or both circles the energy is a non-trivial function of the radii given by infinite sums of modified Bessel functions. We also compute 3-loop correction to the energy of the bosonic membrane on $\mathbb R^2\times S^1$. In contrast to the string case, it contains, besides powers of the 1-loop $\zeta(3)$ coefficient, a new term proportional to $\zeta(9)$. Summing contributions of all-loop bubble graphs leads to a simple cubic equation for the membrane energy. The analogous resummation in the Nambu or GS string case reproduces the familiar exact square-root expression ${\mathcal E}=\sqrt{(2\pi R\,T_1)^2+m_0^2}$. We find that the bubble-graph part of the membrane energy does not vanish for any value of the radius $R_{11}$. If contributions of other non-trivial diagrams in the supermembrane case do not qualitatively change this conclusion, this would disfavour the conjectured relation between 11d theory on an antiperiodic circle and the strong-coupling limit of type 0A string theory.
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Atomic Physics

Extreme-ultraviolet spectroscopy using quantum logic: a feasibility study for the 1S-2S transition in singly-ionized helium

A. Martínez de Velasco, V.P.J. Barbé, E.L. Gründeman et al. (+10 more)

Extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) spectroscopy represents an important new direction in precision physics, with potential applications ranging from the metrology of fundamental constants to tests of physics beyond the Standard Model. However, the application of quantum control methods for precision spectroscopy remains an open challenge in the XUV range. Here we present a novel quantum logic (QL) spectroscopy method for precision spectroscopy of weak XUV transitions, and numerically validate its feasibility for the $1S-2S$ transition at 40.81\,eV in singly-ionized helium (He$^{+}$). We propose a scheme based on a single He$^{+}$ ion co-trapped with a Be$^{+}$ ion in a Paul trap, and He$^{+}$ excitation with pairs of frequency-comb (FC) laser pulses upconverted to the XUV via High-Harmonic Generation (HHG). We investigate a nondestructive QL scheme to detect $1S-2S$ excitation, and compare its performance with a destructive readout based on state-selective ionization. Phase coherence of the XUV light is modelled and an optical cavity is used to filter the FC pulses prior to HHG. We model the motional excitation dynamics of trapped ions outside the Lamb-Dicke regime, and numerically validate a scheme we proposed in \cite{Grundeman} to cancel the first-order Doppler broadening and the recoil shift by synchronizing the ion's secular period with the time delay between the two excitation pulses. We show that precision spectroscopy of the $1S-2S$ transition in He$^{+}$ at the 10 kHz level is feasible, for improved tests of quantum electrodynamics (QED), a measurement of the Rydberg constant $R_{\infty}$ independent of hydrogen measurements, or an improved determination of the alpha particle and helion charge radii. The proposed method may also be applied to XUV spectroscopy of other ions outside the Lamb-Dicke regime.
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All authors A. Martínez de Velasco, V.P.J. Barbé, E.L. Gründeman, A. Díaz Calderón, M. Collombon, J.J. Krauth, C.F. Roth, M. Favier, R. Taieb, T.E. Mehlstäubler, P.O. Schmidt, L.S. Dreissen, K.S.E. Eikema

Nuclear Experiment

Core Breaking at Low Spin in $^{68}$Zn from Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence

S. R. Johnson, R. V. F. Janssens, B. A. Brown et al. (+11 more)

Low-spin excited states in $^{68}$Zn have been studied at the High Intensity Gamma-Ray Source (HI$\gamma$S) from the ground state up to the particle emission threshold using the nuclear resonance fluorescence technique (NRF) and the newly developed Clover Array. Low-spin levels were excited by linearly-polarized, $2.90 - 9.79$ MeV photon beams. Spin-parity quantum numbers as well as associated $M1$ and $E1$ decay strengths were determined for a large fraction of the 158 states observed. In addition, long-duration coincidence measurements at 9.46 and 9.79 MeV enabled the investigation of the level scheme near the ground state. The results have been interpreted with shell-model calculations using two different model spaces and several effective interactions often used to describe nuclei in this mass region. While the structure near the ground state can be understood in terms of excitations involving solely valence nucleons, core breaking is required to account for the evolution of the total $M1$ strength at excitation energies above $\sim5$ MeV.
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All authors S. R. Johnson, R. V. F. Janssens, B. A. Brown, A. D. Ayangeakaa, S. S. Bhattacharjee, E. Churchman, S. W. Finch, U. Friman-Gayer, S. Frye, M. Fulghieri, D. Gribble, X. H. -K. James, R. Longland, C. Wegner

Instrumentation and Detectors

Post-diffusion cooling effects on Hall-derived active lithium donor profiles in high-purity germanium

Kunming Dong, Dongming Mei, Anupama Karki et al. (+2 more)

Lithium (Li) diffusion is commonly used to form $n^{+}$ contacts in high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors, but the final electrically active donor profile can be sensitive to the post-diffusion thermal history. Li was introduced into HPGe coupons using a lithium-in-oil suspension and diffused for $30~\mathrm{min}$ at nominal temperatures of $240$–$310~^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$. Short- and long-cooling protocols were documented by measured witness-Ge cooling histories. Sequential material removal combined with Hall-effect measurements at $77~\mathrm{K}$ was used to reconstruct difference-derived apparent Hall donor profiles. Because Hall response in a nonuniform conducting layer is mobility weighted, these profiles are operational electrically active-donor metrics rather than direct local or total-Li concentration profiles. Complementary-error-function fits were used to obtain the extrapolated apparent intercept $N_{s,\mathrm{app}}$ and the apparent profile-width parameter $D_{\mathrm{app}}$. For the coupons studied, short cooling was associated with larger $N_{s,\mathrm{app}}$ and sharper profiles, whereas long cooling was associated with lower $N_{s,\mathrm{app}}$ and broader low-concentration tails. Fit-derived concentration-threshold depths likewise extended farther into the Ge bulk for the long-cooling coupons. These results show that the complete post-diffusion thermal history should be considered when parameterizing Hall-active Li-diffused $n^{+}$ contacts for HPGe detector fabrication.
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All authors Kunming Dong, Dongming Mei, Anupama Karki, Partrick Burns, Sanjay Bhattarai

Materials Science

Large Jahn-Teller shifts and splittings observed in halide perovskite CsPbBr3

Maryam Sajedi, Maxim Krivenkov, Dmitry Marchenko et al. (+7 more)

Despite the fundamental role of Jahn-Teller effects of first and second order in shaping structural and electronic properties, there is hardly any observation in angle-resolved photoemission of solids. In oxide and halide perovskites, band structure replicas have occasionally been reported as fingerprints of Jahn-Teller effects, but no accompanying energy shifts or splittings that would allow a conclusion about their origin. In CsPbBr3, we uncover both key signatures: Upon cooling, orthorhombic replica bands emerge which had eluded earlier studies. This includes an extra valence band maximum at {\Gamma} which can even be distinguished at room temperature. Most importantly, band narrowing along {\Gamma}-M, a splitting at {\Gamma}, and the lifting of degeneracy between nonequivalent M points, all of several 100 meV, become apparent. Temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction, used as input for band structure calculations, links these effects directly to tilts and rotations of the PbBr6 octahedra. Our results uncover a strong electron-lattice interaction which is at the heart of so-far unresolved questions concerning polaronic transport, dynamic disorder, and exciton trapping in halide perovskites.
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All authors Maryam Sajedi, Maxim Krivenkov, Dmitry Marchenko, Saleem Ayaz Khan, Andrei Varykhalov, Jaime Sánchez-Barriga, Daniel M. Többens, Thomas Unold, Ján Minár, Oliver Rader

Computational Physics · Cross-listed from cs.CG

Riesz Energy Subset Selection in the Euclidean Plane is NP-Hard: A Reduction from the Ising Model on Planar Cubic Graphs

Michael Emmerich

We prove that minimum Riesz $s$-energy subset selection in the Euclidean plane is NP-complete already for the fixed exponent $s=2$. To our knowledge, this is the first Euclidean hardness result for exact Riesz-energy subset selection in which both the ambient dimension and the exponent are fixed. The reduction uses Barahona's planar cubic Ising model with uniform field. A spin is encoded by one diagonal of a four-point square. Axis-aligned selector chains implement ferromagnetic consistency, while a $45^\circ$ terminal geometry yields an antiferromagnetic source interaction. Rational diagonal perturbations realize the magnetic field, and all remaining interactions are dominated by polynomial separation. Because $s=2$ and all coordinates are rational, every constructed energy and the decision threshold are rational exactly.
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2608.23506 · 24 Aug · Keywords: Riesz energy, subset selection, NP-completeness, geometric optimization, planar cubic graphs, independent set, Ising model, computational geometry Update V3.0: Adversarial proof audit with Claude Fable 5 and augmented Git with lean proof support and audit result. Sharpened some constants. No fundamental changes or new results w.r.t. previous versions

Abstract PDF $AFM ×1$FERRO ×1$MAG ×1$PLYN ×1 +1

Astrophysics of Galaxies

The Road to Normalcy: Environment-Driven Evolutionary Pathways for Primordial Black Holes

Saiyang Zhang, Junehyoung Jeon, Boyuan Liu et al. (+2 more)

We investigate how cosmological environment regulates the evolution of primordial black hole (PBH) seeds in the early universe using a suite of hydrodynamical simulations. Unlike traditional seeding channels, PBHs provide early BH seeds without the need of special conditions for gas collapse/fragmentation that favor overdense regions, thus covering diverse large-scale environments. We find that PBHs follow distinct evolutionary pathways depending on the gas supply and halo assembly history. In underdense regions, limited inflow suppresses both accretion and star formation, producing faint, metal-poor systems, while in overdense environments, sustained gas inflow drives rapid BH growth and the formation of compact, centrally concentrated stellar components. These differences lead to large variations in BH-to-stellar mass ratio, metallicity, and morphology, collectively bracketing a range of possible evolutionary pathways for PBH-seeded systems. We show that compact, BH-dominated sources resembling recently observed Little Red Dots naturally arise as one phase within these evolutionary pathways before evolving into more extended galaxy–AGN systems. Our results suggest that both the initial seed properties and cosmological environment jointly shape early BH–galaxy co-evolution, while subsequent environmental regulation can erase the memory of the initial seeding channel.
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All authors Saiyang Zhang, Junehyoung Jeon, Boyuan Liu, Volker Bromm, Priyamvada Natarajan

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Dynamical Love numbers of analogue rotating black and white holes

Satadal Datta, Wei-Can Syu and Da-Shin Lee

We calculate the dynamical tidal response coefficients (TRCs) of 2+1D analogue black and white holes generated by draining and fountaining bathtub flows, respectively. The parameter space is characterized by the frequency and azimuthal number of the Fourier modes and the rotation of the analogue black or white hole. In general, the TRC is a complex-valued function of these parameters. Its real and imaginary parts are defined as the tidal Love number (TLN) and the tidal dissipation coefficient (TDC), respectively. The TRC of the analogue black hole (ABH) exhibits several interesting features. At certain points in the parameter space, including the static case of vanishing perturbation frequency, the TLN exhibits logarithmic running, while the TDC vanishes. Unlike in Einstein gravity, fluid dynamics allows for the physical existence of an analogue white hole (AWH) event horizon. Time-independent, torque-free, barotropic, inviscid, axisymmetric fluid dynamical equations can yield a pair of transonic background flow solutions. The solutions in the pair, corresponding to an ABH-AWH pair, share the same angular momentum and Bernoulli constant but have opposite mass flow rates, all of which are conserved quantities. For such an ABH-AWH pair, the TRC of the AWH is the complex conjugate of the TRC of the ABH.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons

Momentum-resolved EELS study of collective charge excitations in 1$T$-TaS$_2$

Farzaneh Hoveyda-Marashi, Xuefei Guo, Caitlin Kengle et al. (+5 more)

We use momentum-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy (M-EELS) to study the low-energy charge excitations of 1$T$-TaS$_2$ across the nearly commensurate-to-commensurate charge-density-wave (CDW) transition. Single-crystal x-ray diffraction and elastic M-EELS measurements confirm the expected rotation of the CDW wave vector upon entering the commensurate phase. In the nearly commensurate phase, the low-energy M-EELS spectra reveal an acoustic phonon branch and two optical phonon features whose energies and dispersions are broadly consistent with previous calculations and inelastic x-ray measurements. Across the transition, the optical phonon energies remain nearly unchanged, while their spectral intensity develops a pronounced temperature dependence near the CDW ordering wave vector. At higher energies, the finite-momentum charge response undergoes a substantial redistribution of spectral weight below the transition, consistent with the opening of an energy gap. These results demonstrate that M-EELS provides simultaneous access to lattice dynamics and finite-momentum valence band charge excitations in 1$T$-TaS$_2$, revealing their evolution across the commensurate CDW transition.
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All authors Farzaneh Hoveyda-Marashi, Xuefei Guo, Caitlin Kengle, Camille Bernal-Choban, Yue Su, Jin Chen, Dipanjan Chaudhuri, Peter Abbamonte

Space Physics · Cross-listed from math.PR

Stochastic Dynamics of Low Earth Orbit Near Full Capacity

Priyank Behera, Aditya S. Gopalan and Harsha Honnappa

The capacity of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to sustain space operations is under mounting pressure from megaconstellations, legacy fragmentation debris, and new payload classes. Existing assessments of orbital capacity and debris evolution are largely deterministic, tracking mean populations of intact satellites and fragments with ordinary differential equations; they cannot capture the inherent randomness of collisions, breakup sizes, and launch schedules. We develop a stochastic extension of the two-species Lotka–Volterra model of Bradley and Wein, formulated as a density-dependent Markov chain, and study its deterministic and stochastic scaling limits. Because intacts and fragments differ by many orders of magnitude, these limits emerge on distinct time-scales, and different pathways to a collisional Kessler cascade become visible only on the appropriate time horizon. On a fast intact time-scale we obtain an ODE approximation and a Gaussian SDE approximation; on an intermediate fragment time-scale we obtain an ODE approximation, a Gaussian SDE approximation, and the critical Kessler threshold, above which the ODE approximation runs away in Kessler syndrome. Crucially, on a third, slow time-scale at the critical threshold, the fragment count converges to a Feller diffusion, in which runaway is triggered purely by fluctuations rather than by the drift—an effect the ODE approximations and their Gaussian SDE approximations cannot see. Debris runaway may occur sooner, and with higher probability, than deterministic models predict: the intact population can appear well-behaved while fragments quietly accumulate risk. Constellation deployment, debris-removal investment, and slot allocation should account for these stochastic effects, and planning for runaway must depend on the variance of the collision dynamics, not on the mean alone.
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Soft Condensed Matter

Approaching the theoretical limit of wicking on textured surfaces

Zhaoyang Lv, Chen Ma, Li-Chen Huang et al. (+1 more)

Wicking in a capillary tube could happen as long as the liquid contact angle is smaller than 90 degrees, making it possible for weak hydrophilic liquids to spontaneously invade the tube. For textured surfaces, energy minimization argument predicts the same. However, wicking of weak hydrophilic liquids on textured surfaces has not been possible due to energy barriers induced by the textures. We demonstrate how these barriers could be avoided by adjusting the shape and arrangement of the pillars, thus the wettability required for wicking reaches the theoretical limit. An unprecedented wicking contact angle of 82 degrees is reported. More surprisingly, wicking coefficients of such surfaces can be larger than that of rectangular grooves at the same porosity. These findings may significantly advance biomedical and thermal management technologies.
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All authors Zhaoyang Lv, Chen Ma, Li-Chen Huang, Yanshen Li

Materials Science

Emergent Noncollinearity and Near-Degenerate Magnetic Superlattices in AT6X6 Kagome Metals

Weiyi Xia, Wei-Shen Tee, Peter Minch et al. (+3 more)

Ferromagnetic AT6X6 Kagome compounds are a popular class of systems in which quantum magnetism with topological features has been observed. These systems allow easy chemical substitution, creating an opportunity to fine-tune their properties. In this paper, we present electronic-structure and magnetic ground-state studies of several AT6X6 compounds with relatively low magnetic-ground-state stability. We find unusual magnetic orderings, including complex spin-spiral states and the formation of magnetic long-range superstructures. While LiFe6Ga6 and TiMn6Ge6 retain collinear AFM ground states with low-energy FM/AFM layer sequences, competing spin-spiral and long-period antiferromagnetic structures in MgFe6Ga6 and a double-spin-spiral ground state in TiFe6Ga6 were determined. Magnetism in all these systems appears local, with adiabatic energy profiles suggesting non-Heisenberg long-range interactions, including a strong biquadratic term. In TiMn6Ge6, we found the conditions for magnetic tunneling. Our results show that, in addition to traditional magnetic topological features in such FM Kagome systems, near-degenerate magnetic superstructures suitable for spintronic switching applications can form naturally. Overall, these systems represent a potentially rich playground for neutron diffraction and spintronics experimental studies.
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All authors Weiyi Xia, Wei-Shen Tee, Peter Minch, Feng Zhang, Cai-Zhuang Wang, Vladimir Antropov

Fluid Dynamics

Increased throughput in antisymmetrically actuated acoustofluidic flow-through devices

Klara Andersson, Sazid Z. Hoque, Wei Qiu et al. (+4 more)

Separation of low-abundance biological objects requires high throughput for practical use of an acoustofluidic system. Increasing the flow rate helps in achieving high-throughput if the acoustic energy density can be increased proportionally, and this may be possible with an efficient coupling of the transducer to the device. In particular, antisymmetric actuation using two electrodes with opposite phases is theoretically proven to enhance the acoustic energy density of the device. In this work, we study the symmetric and antisymmetric actuation mechanisms of an acoustofluidic system using both experiments and three-dimensional numerical simulations. The acoustic focusability experiments show that under the same electrical input power, the antisymmetric actuation mode performs better than the symmetric actuation, quantified in terms of the normalized width of the band formed by the focused particles. Numerical simulations of this particle bandwidth are performed for both actuation modes, and the results suggest that the antisymmetric actuation mode is more robust than the symmetric one, being weakly dependent of the geometric symmetry properties of the system. The simulation results corroborate the experimental findings, which indicate that the antisymmetric actuation increases the acoustophoretic efficiency and robustness for high-throughput applications.
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All authors Klara Andersson, Sazid Z. Hoque, Wei Qiu, Andreas Lenshof, Pelle Ohlsson, Henrik Bruus, Thomas Laurell

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Updated Upper Limits on the Isotropic Gravitational-Wave Background from LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA Data through April 2025

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration: A. G. Abac et al. (+1804 more)

We report results from a search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background using data collected by the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Collaboration. The analysis uses data from the first observing run through April 1, 2025, during the fourth observing run. New frequency-domain cuts are implemented to address a class of non-stationary spectral noise features that were not effectively identified and mitigated by existing data-quality checks in past analyses. Consequently, previously analyzed data from the fourth observing run are re-processed with the updated cuts. We find no evidence for a stochastic background signal and place upper limits on the gravitational-wave energy density. In particular, for a background following a power law with spectral index 2/3 as predicted by inspiralling compact binaries, we find $\Omega_\mathrm{GW}(25\,\mathrm{Hz}) \leq 2.0 \times 10^{-9}$, while scale-invariant backgrounds are constrained to $\Omega_\mathrm{GW}(25\,\mathrm{Hz}) \leq 2.8 \times 10^{-9}$, both at the 95% credible level for a log-uniform prior on $\Omega_\mathrm{GW}$. Relative to the constraints from previous data recomputed with the new frequency-domain cuts, these limits improve by a factor of 1.4. We also update bounds on alternative gravity scenarios predicting non-standard polarization modes, and we verify that correlated magnetic noise sources remain below the sensitivity of this search. Combining these observational constraints with population models of compact binary coalescences informed by the latest gravitational-wave transient catalog, GWTC-5.0, we predict the amplitude of the compact binary background to be $\Omega_\mathrm{CBC}(25\,\mathrm{Hz}) = 6.3^{+5.0}_{-2.2} \times 10^{-10}$ at the 90% credible level.
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All authors The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration: A. G. Abac, A. Abe, I. Abouelfettouh, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, A. Adam, C. Adamcewicz, S. Adhicary, D. Adhikari, R. X. Adhikari, V. K. Adkins, S. Afroz, A. Agapito, D. Agarwal, M. Agathos, N. Aggarwal, S. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, I.-L. Ahrend, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, T. Akutsu, L. Albers, W. Ali, S. Al-Kershi, C. Allene, A. Allocca, S. Al-Shammari, J. A. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Lopez, W. Amar, O. Amarasinghe, A. Amato, F. Amicucci, C. Amra, A. B. Anand, C. Anand, A. Ananyeva, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, M. Andia, M. Ando, F. Andrade-Oliveira, M. Andrés-Carcasona, J. L. Andrey, T. Andrić, J. Anglin, J. Anna, J. M. Antelis, S. Antier, T. Aoki, M. Aoumi, E. Z. Appavuravther, E. A. Appelt, S. Appert, S. K. Apple, K. Arai, A. Araya, M. C. Araya, F. Arciprete, J. S. Areeda, N. Aritomi, F. Armato, S. Armstrong, N. Arnaud, M. Arogeti, S. M. Aronson, G. Ashton, Y. Aso, L. Asprea, M. Assiduo, S. Assis de Souza Melo, S. M. Aston, P. Astone, P. S. Aswathi, F. Attadio, F. Aubin, K. AultONeal, G. Avallone, N. Avdeev, E. A. Avila, S. Babak, C. Badger, S. Bae, S. Bagnasco, S. Baimukhametova, L. Baiotti, T. Baka, K. A. Baker, T. Baker, G. Balbi, G. Baldi, N. Baldicchi, M. Ball, G. Ballardin, M. Ballelli, S. W. Ballmer, S. Banagiri, B. Banerjee, D. Bankar, T. M. Baptiste, P. Baral, M. Baratti, J. C. Barayoga, K. Baric, B. C. Barish, D. Barker, N. Barman, F. Barone, B. Barr, M. Barrios, L. Barsotti, M. Barsuglia, D. Barta, M. A. Barton, I. Bartos, A. Basalaev, R. Bassiri, A. Basti, M. Bawaj, J. C. Bayley, A. C. Baylor, P. A. Baynard II, M. Bazzan, V. M. Bedakihale, F. Beirnaert, M. Bejger, A. S. Bell, C. Bellani, D. S. Bellie, D. Beltran-Martinez, E. Benedetti, W. Benoit, I. Bentara, M. Ben Yaala, S. Bera, F. Bergamin, B. K. Berger, M. Beroiz, I. Berry, D. Bersanetti, T. Bertheas, A. Bertolini, J. Betzwieser, D. Beveridge, N. Bevins, J. Bezerra-Sobrinho, R. Bhandare, R. Bhatt, A. Bhattacharjee, D. Bhattacharjee, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhaumik, V. Biancalana, F. Bianchi, I. A. Bilenko, M. Bilicki, G. Billingsley, A. Binetti, S. Bini, S. Biot, O. Birnholtz, S. Biscoveanu, A. Bisht, M. Bitossi, M.-A. Bizouard, S. Blaber, J. K. Blackburn, L. A. Blagg, C. D. Blair, D. G. Blair, M. Bloch, N. Bode, N. Boettner, P. Bogdan, G. Boileau, M. Boldrini, G. N. Bolingbroke, L. D. Bonavena, V. A. Bonhomme, E. Bonilla, M. S. Bonilla, A. Bonino, R. Bonnand, A. Borchers, N. Borghi, V. Boschi, S. Bose, V. Bossilkov, Y. Bothra, A. Boudon, T. D. Boybeyi, M. Boyle, A. Bozzi, C. Bradaschia, M. J. Brady, P. R. Brady, A. Branch, M. Branchesi, T. Briant, A. Brillet, M. Brinkmann, P. Brockill, E. Brockmueller, A. F. Brooks, D. D. Brown, M. L. Brozzetti, S. Brunett, G. Bruno, R. Bruntz, J. Bryant, Y. Bu, F. Bucci, A. Buchicchio, A. Buggiani, O. Bulashenko, T. Bulik, H. J. Bulten, A. Buonanno, K. Burtnyk, R. Buscicchio, N. Busdon, D. Buskulic, R. L. Byer, R. Cabrita, V. A. Cáceres-Barbosa, L. Cadonati, G. Cagnoli, C. Cahillane, A. Calafat, J. Calderón Bustillo, J. D. Callaghan, T. A. Callister, E. Calloni, S. R. Callos, K. Cannon, V. Cantory, H. Cao, L. A. Capistran, E. Capocasa, G. Capoccia, E. Capote, C. Capuano, G. Capurri, F. Carbognani, K. J. Cardona-Martínez, M. Carlassara, M. Carpinelli, G. Carrillo, G. Carullo, A. Casallas-Lagos, J. Casanueva Diaz, C. Casentini, S. Caudill, M. Cavaglià, R. Cavalieri, A. Ceja, G. Cella, P. Cerdá-Durán, E. Cesarini, N. Chabbra, W. Chaibi, A. Chakraborty, P. Chakraborty, S. Chakraborty, S. Chalathadka Subrahmanya, C. Chan, J. C. L. Chan, M. Chan, C.-Y. Chang, K. Chang, S. Chao, P. Charlton, E. Chassande-Mottin, C. Chatterjee, Debarati Chatterjee, Deep Chatterjee, M. Chaturvedi, S. Chaty, A. Chen, A. H.-Y. Chen, D. Chen, H. Chen, H. Y. Chen, S. Chen, Yanbei Chen, Yiwen Chen, G. Cheng, H. P. Cheng, P. Chessa, T. Cheunchitra, H. T. Cheung, S. Y. Cheung, F. Chiadini, G. Chiarini, A. Chiba, A. Chincarini, D. Chintala, A. Chiummo, A. Chopra, C. Chou, S. Choudhary, N. Christensen, Y. K. Chu, S. S. Y. Chua, G. Ciani, P. Ciecielag, M. Cieślar, M. Cifaldi, B. Cirok, F. Clara, J. A. Clark, T. A. Clarke, A. Claveus, M. R. Claypool, S. Clesse, F. Cleva, S. M. Clyne, E. Coccia, E. Codazzo, P.-F. Cohadon, D. E. Cohen, E. Colangeli, O. Cole, M. Colleoni, C. G. Collette, J. Collins, S. Colloms, A. Colombo, G. Compère, C. M. Compton, G. Connolly, L. Conti, T. R. Corbitt, I. Cordero-Carrión, S. Corezzi, N. J. Cornish, A. Corsi, S. Cortese, L. A. Corubolo, L. Cotnoir, R. Cottingham, J. A. Cotturone, M. W. Coughlin, P. Couvares, R. Coyne, A. Cozzumbo, J. D. E. Creighton, T. D. Creighton, S. Crook, R. Crouch, J. Csizmazia, K. Csukás, T. J. Cullen, A. Cumming, E. Cuoco, M. Cusinato, R. R. Cuzinatto, L. V. da Conceição, T. Dal Canton, S. Dall'Osso, S. Dal Pra, G. Dálya, Y. Dang, B. D'Angelo, S. Danilishin, O. Danner, S. D'Antonio, K. Danzmann, K. E. Darroch, L. P. Dartez, R. Das, S. Das, A. Dasgupta, V. Dattilo, A. Daumas, I. Dave, A. Davenport, T. F. Davies, D. Davis, M. C. Davis, P. Davis, E. J. Daw, M. Dax, J. De Bolle, E. deBruin, M. Deenadayalan, J. Degallaix, M. De Laurentis, C. J. Delgado Mendez, F. De Lillo, S. Della Torre, W. Del Pozzo, O. M. del Rio, A. Demagny, F. De Marco, G. Demasi, F. De Matteis, C. de Melo, N. Demos, T. Dent, A. Depasse, N. DePergola, R. De Pietri, R. De Rosa, C. De Rossi, E. K. Derrick, M. Desai, D. DeSantis, S. Deshmukh, V. Deshmukh, R. De Simone, S. Determan, S. Dhage, A. Dhani, R. Dhatri, R. Dhurkunde, R. Diab, C. Diaz, M. C. Díaz, F. Diaz Guerra, M. Di Cesare, M. A. Dicorato, T. Dietrich, C. Di Fronzo, M. Di Giovanni, D. Diksha, J. Ding, S. Di Pace, I. Di Palma, D. Di Piero, F. Di Renzo, Divyajyoti, A. Dmitriev, J. P. Docherty, Z. Doctor, N. Doerksen, E. Dohmen, A. Doke, A. Domiciano De Souza, L. D'Onofrio, F. Donovan, K. L. Dooley, S. Doravari, O. Dorosh, F. Dosopoulou, M. Drago, J. C. Driggers, M. Dubois, R. S. Dumbreck, U. Dupletsa, D. D'Urso, P. Dutta Roy, H. Duval, S. Dwivedi, S. E. Dwyer, C. Eassa, M. Eberhardt, M. Ebersold, M. Ebiri, G. Eddolls, A. Effler, J. Eichholz, H. Einsle, M. Eisenmann, M. Emma, K. Endo, R. Enficiaud, V. Ernst, L. Errico, R. Espinosa, M. Esposito, R. C. Essick, H. Estellés, T. Etzel, M. Evans, T. Evstafyeva, J. M. Ezquiaga, F. Fabrizi, V. Fafone, S. Fairhurst, X. Fan, A. M. Farah, B. Farr, W. M. Farr, M. Favata, M. Fays, M. Fazio, J. Feicht, M. M. Fejer, J.-N. Feldhusen, E. Fenyvesi, A. Feo, J. Fernandes, T. Fernandes, G. Fernández Rodríguez, D. Fernando, S. Ferraiuolo, T. A. Ferreira, M. Ferrer-Martinez, F. Fidecaro, P. Figura, I. Fiori, M. Fishbach, R. P. Fisher, S. K. Fitzgerald, V. Fiumara, R. Flaminio, E. Flanagan, S. M. Fleischer, L. S. Fleming, F. Flocco, E. Floden, H. Fong, J. A. Font, F. Fontinele-Nunes, C. Foo, B. Fornal, P. W. F. Forsyth, A. Fragkos, N. Franchini, A. Franco-Ordovas, F. Frappez, F. Frasconi, J. P. Freed, Z. Frei, A. Freise, O. Freitas, R. Frey, W. Frischhertz, P. Fritschel, V. V. Frolov, M. Fuentes-Garcia, R. Fujii, T. Fujimori, Y. Fujiwara, P. Fulda, M. Fyffe, J. R. Gair, S. Galaudage, V. Galdi, M. Galimberti, A. Gamboa, S. Gamoji, A. Ganguly, B. Garaventa, P. García Abia, J. García-Bellido, C. García-Quirós, J. W. Gardner, S. Garg, J. Gargiulo, X. Garrido, A. Garron, F. Garufi, P. A. Garver, C. Gasbarra, F. Gautier, V. Gayathri, T. Gayer, G. Gemme, A. Gennai, V. Gennari, J. George, R. George, O. Gerberding, L. Gergely, A. Ghinassi, Archisman Ghosh, Sayantan Ghosh, Shaon Ghosh, Shrobana Ghosh, Suprovo Ghosh, Tathagata Ghosh, J. A. Giaime, K. D. Giardina, D. R. Gibson, C. Gier, F. Gittins, J. Glanzer, F. Glotin, E. Glowacki, J. Godfrey, R. V. Godley, O. Godwin, A. S. Goettel, E. Goetz, J. Golomb, S. Gomez Lopez, G. González, P. Goodarzi, S. R. Goode, A. Goodwin-Jones, M. Gosselin, S. M. Goss-Grubbs, C. Gostiaux, R. Gouaty, D. W. Gould, D. Goupilliere, K. Govorkova, A. Grado, V. Graham, A. E. Granados, M. Granata, V. Granata, S. Gras, P. Grassia, C. Gray, R. Gray, G. Greco, A. C. Green, L. Green, S. R. Green, A. M. Gretarsson, E. M. Gretarsson, D. Griffith, C. Grimaud, H. Grote, S. Grunewald, A. G. Guerrero, G. M. Guidi, T. Guidry, H. K. Gulati, F. Gulminelli, H. Guo, W. Guo, Y. Guo, A. Gupta, I. Gupta, N. C. Gupta, S. K. Gupta, V. Gupta, N. Gupte, N. Guttman, F. Guzman, M. Haberland, S. Haino, E. D. Hall, E. Z. Hamilton, G. Hammond, W.-B. Han, M. Haney, J. Hanks, C. Hanna, M. D. Hannam, O. A. Hannuksela, H. Hansen, J. Hanson, R. Harada, A. R. Hardison, S. Harikumar, K. Haris, I. Harley-Trochimczyk, J. Harms, G. M. Harry, I. W. Harry, M. T. Hartman, B. Haskell, C.-J. Haster, K. Haughian, H. Hayakawa, K. Hayama, J. Hedberg, A. Heffernan, D. Hegde, M. C. Heintze, J. Heinzel, H. Heitmann, F. Hellman, A. F. Helmling-Cornell, G. Hemming, O. Henderson-Sapir, M. Hendry, I. S. Heng, M. H. Hennig, C. Henshaw, A. Heranval, M. Heurs, A. L. Hewitt, J. Heynen, J. Heyns, S. Hido, S. Hild, M. Hill, S. Hill, Y. Himemoto, C. Hirose, D. Hofman, N. A. Holland, K. Holley-Bockelmann, I. J. Hollows, D. E. Holz, L. Honet, K. M. Hoops, M. E. Hoque, D. J. Horton-Bailey, J. Hough, S. Hourihane, N. T. Howard, E. J. Howell, C. G. Hoy, P. Hsi, H.-Y. Hsieh, C. Hsiung, S.-H. Hsu, W.-F. Hsu, H. Y. Huang, Y. Huang, A. D. Huddart, B. Hughey, D. C. Y. Hui, S. Husa, L. Iampieri, G. A. Iandolo, M. Ianni, Y. Ichinose, K. Ide, R. Iden, A. Ierardi, S. Ikeda, H. Imafuku, K. Imai, Y. Inoue, P. Iosif, J. Irwin, K. Ishida, R. Ishikawa, T. Ishikawa, H. Ishino, M. Isi, K. S. Isleif, Y. Itoh, S. Iwaguchi, M. M. Iwaya, B. R. Iyer, C. Jacquet, T. Jacquot, S. J. Jadhav, S. P. Jadhav, K. Jain, A. L. James, K. Jani, S. Jani, J. Janquart, N. N. Janthalur, S. Jaraba, P. Jaranowski, R. Jaume, W. Javed, M. Jensen, W. Jia, J. Jiang, H.-B. Jin, S.-J. Jin, G. R. Johns, N. A. Johnson, M. C. Johnston, R. Johnston, N. Johny, D. H. Jones, D. I. Jones, R. Jones, P. Joshi, S. K. Joshi, G. Joubert, J. Ju, L. Ju, I. L. Juarez-Reyes, K. Jung, H. B. Kabagoz, B. Kacskovics, T. Kajita, I. Kaku, V. Kalogera, M. Kalomenopoulos, M. Kamiizumi, N. Kanda, S. Kandhasamy, G. Kang, J. B. Kanner, S. J. Kapadia, D. P. Kapasi, A. Karia, A. S. Karia, R. Kashyap, M. Kasprzack, H. Kato, T. Kato, E. Katsavounidis, W. Katzman, R. Kaushik, K. Kawabe, S. Kawamura, D. Keitel, S. A. Kemper, L. J. Kemperman, J. Kennington, R. Kesharwani, J. S. Key, R. Khadela, S. S. Khadkikar, F. Y. Khalili, C. Khamar, F. Khan, M. Khursheed, N. M. Khusid, W. Kiendrebeogo, C. Kim, G. Kim, J. C. Kim, K. Kim, M. H. Kim, S. Kim, Y.-M. Kim, C. Kimball, K. Kimes, M. Kinnear, J. S. Kissel, S. Klimenko, A. M. Knee, N. Knust, K. Kobayashi, S. M. Koehlenbeck, K. Kohri, K. Kokeyama, S. Koley, P. Kolitsidou, A. E. Koloniari, K. Komori, K. Kompanets, A. K. H. Kong, A. Kontos, K. Kopczuk, L. M. Koponen, M. Korobko, X. Kou, N. Kouvatsos, T. Koyama, D. B. Kozak, E. Kraja, S. L. Kranzhoff, V. Kringel, N. V. Krishnendu, S. Kroker, A. Królak, K. Kruska, J. Kubisz, K. Kubota, G. Kuehn, D. Kukla, A. Kulur Ramamohan, Achal Kumar, Anil Kumar, Dhruv Kumar, Praveen Kumar, Prayush Kumar, Rahul Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Ravi Kumar, J. Kume, K. Kuns, N. Kuntimaddi, S. Kuroyanagi, K. Kwak, K. Kwan, S. Kwon, G. Lacaille, D. Laghi, A. H. Laity, N. Lajili, A. Lakhal, E. Lalande, M. Lalleman, S. Lalvani, M. Landry, R. N. Lang, A. Lange, J. A. Lange, R. Langgin, B. Lantz, I. La Rosa, O. Laske, P. D. Lasky, L. Lavezzi, J. Lawrence, M. Laxen, A. Lazzarini, C. Lazzaro, P. Leaci, L. Leali, Y. K. Lecoeuche, H. W. Lee, J. Lee, K. Lee, R.-K. Lee, R. Lee, Sungho Lee, Sunjae Lee, W. Lee, Y. Lee, F. Legger, I. N. Legred, J. Lehmann, L. Lehner, M. Le Jean, A. Lemaître, R. Lemrani Alaoui, M. Lenti, M. Leonardi, M. Lequime, M. Lesovsky, N. Letendre, M. Lethuillier, Y. Levin, S. Lexmond, K. Leyde, A. K. Y. Li, K. L. Li, T. G. F. Li, X. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Q. Liang, C-Y. Lin, E. T. Lin, F. Lin, L. C.-C. Lin, Y.-C. Lin, C. Lindsay, S. D. Linker, A. Liu, F. Liu, G. C. Liu, Jian Liu, S. Liu, F. Llamas Villarreal, J. 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Ramirez, F. A. Ramis Vidal, M. Ramos Arevalo, A. Ramos-Buades, S. Ranjan, M. Ranjbar, K. Ransom, R. Rao, P. Rapagnani, B. Ratto, A. Ravichandran, A. Ray, V. Raymond, M. Razzano, J. Read, J. Redepenning, J. Regan, T. Regimbau, T. Reichardt, S. Reid, C. Reissel, D. H. Reitze, A. I. Renzini, B. Revenu, A. Revilla-Peña, F. Ricci, M. Ricci, A. Ricciardone, J. Rice, J. W. Richardson, M. L. Richardson, K. Riles, H. K. Riley, A. Riminucci, F. Robinet, M. Robinson, A. Rocchi, J. Rodriguez, R. Rodriguez Lopez, L. Rolland, J. G. Rollins, A. E. Romano, R. Romano, A. Romero-Rodríguez, I. M. Romero-Shaw, J. H. Romie, S. Ronchini, T. J. Roocke, T. J. Rosauer, C. A. Rose, D. Rosińska, M. P. Ross, M. Rossello-Sastre, S. Rowan, K. Rowlands, S. K. Roy, S. Roy, T. RoyChowdhury, D. Rozza, P. Ruggi, G. H. Ruiz, E. Ruiz Morales, K. Ruiz-Rocha, V. Russ, S. M. S, S. Sachdev, T. Sadecki, F. Safai Tehrani, P. Saffarieh, S. Safi-Harb, S. Saha, T. Sainrat, S. Sajith Menon, K. Sakai, Y. Sakai, M. Sakellariadou, S. 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Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, N. Zhang, R. Zhang, T. Zhang, C. Zhao, J. Zhao, Yue Zhao, Yuhang Zhao, L.-M. Zheng, Y. Zheng, L. Zhizhong, H. Zhong, H. Zhou, H. O. Zhu, X.-J. Zhu, Z.-H. Zhu, Z. Zhu, D. Z. Zieba, A. B. Zimmerman, L. Zimmermann, M. E. Zucker

Superconductivity

Competing Extended-$s$- and $d$-Wave Pairing from Distinct Spin-Fluctuation Channels in Stoichiometric $\mathrm{FeTe}$

Yichen Hua, Wen-lin Yang, Jian-Jian Miao et al. (+2 more)

The recent observation of superconductivity in stoichiometric $\mathrm{FeTe}$ raises the question of how pairing develops in this tetragonal 11-type chalcogenide once interstitial Fe is removed. We construct an experimentally constrained five-orbital tight-binding model from first-principles calculations and treat electronic correlations and pairing within the fluctuation-exchange approximation. The linearized Eliashberg equation yields competing extended-$s$- and $d_{x^2-y^2}$-wave spin-singlet pairing instabilities. Near stoichiometric filling, spin fluctuations near $(\pi,0)$ and $(0,\pi)$ in the unfolded one-Fe Brillouin zone connect the $\Gamma/M$ hole pockets with the $X/Y$ electron pockets and favor an extended-$s$ gap that changes sign between the hole and electron sheets. Upon electron doping, depletion of the hole pockets shifts the dominant scattering toward the $X$–$Y$ channel near $(\pi,\pi)$, making the $d_{x^2-y^2}$-wave state the leading instability, with nodal lines that avoid most of the Fermi surface. The relative strengths of the two pairing channels vary with filling and interaction strength as the dominant spin-fluctuation channel changes. Under matched interaction strength, temperature, and filling, the extended-$s$ eigenvalue is larger in $\mathrm{FeTe}$ than in $\mathrm{FeSe}$ throughout the range considered, while the $d_{x^2-y^2}$-wave eigenvalue is also generally larger, particularly under electron doping. These results give concrete gap structures against which spectroscopic measurements of stoichiometric $\mathrm{FeTe}$ can be compared.
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All authors Yichen Hua, Wen-lin Yang, Jian-Jian Miao, Hu Xu, Changming Yue

Plasma Physics

Helical jets driven by a ring of laser irradiation

Kian Orr, Brandon K. Russell, Kirill Lezhnin et al. (+5 more)

Plasma jets are formed in various astrophysical systems as plasma is rapidly ejected from a source, with a subset of these jets being magnetized and having a helical structure. Here, we demonstrate that helical jets may be formed using a ring of laser pulses that arrive on planar foils sequentially with increasing energy. The formation of the jets and their properties, including kinetic helicity, are studied through a set of three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamics simulations with conditions informed by the parameters of the OMEGA laser facility. We find that jets with a higher degree of helicity may be generated under realistic experimental conditions when compared to a uniform jet. Synthetic x-ray and Thomson scattering diagnostics computed from simulated data demonstrate that the helical jet provides a unique fingerprint in both its morphology and plasma parameters. This laboratory helical jet platform may allow for controlled experimental study of the dynamics of helical plasma structures and, through interaction with other jets or targets, can allow for studies of shear-driven turbulence and mixing relevant to interactions between astrophysical jets and ambient clouds or crosswind.
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All authors Kian Orr, Brandon K. Russell, Kirill Lezhnin, Yang Zhang, Geoffrey Pomraning, Petros Tzeferacos, Hantao Ji, Lan Gao