High Energy Physics (Theory)
New exact bispectrum shapes in multifield inflation
Lucas Pinol
Using the effective field theory of multiple inflationary fluctuations, we present the first analytical calculation of the
primordial bispectrum in which the quadratic mixing between
curvature and isocurvature fluctuations is treated non-perturbatively. Building upon the operator representation of the exact linear solutions proposed in Ref.~\cite{Huenupi:2026abj}, we derive a simpler integral representation for these mixed mode functions. We prove that all scale-invariant tree-level bispectra reduce to a single vertex diagram, which can be evaluated with a Schwinger-parameter integral over independent pre-computable leg kernels. We showcase the power of our approach by considering the cubic time-derivative interaction $\dot{\pic}^3$, which leads to a purely single-field, equilateral phenomenology at small mixing. On the contrary, at strong mixing the obtained bispectrum shapes decorrelate from the equilateral template and become genuinely multifield, with a large amplitude, motivating a dedicated data analysis. The squeezed limit is obtained analytically in a closed form at any dimensionless mixing strength $\la$ for an isocurvature field of bare mass $m$ and features a cosmological
collider signal set by $\nu_{\rm eff} = i \muf=\sqrt{9/4-m^2/H^2-\la^2}$, with an effective mass dressed by $\la$, as previously evidenced in numerical or semi-analytical calculations. Our results encompass the $\la \ll 1$ limit of usual perturbative calculations, where the amplitude of the signal is necessarily small, but they also surpass them, thus opening a new analytical window into large multifield
primordial non-Gaussianities.
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Physics and Society
Equivalence of the Compton and Bethe-Feynman Yield Formulas
Edwin Lyman
The Bethe-Feynman formula has proven useful for estimating the explosive yields of simple fission weapons. However, derivations of the Bethe-Feynman formula found in the open literature utilize approximations whose validity is not obvious, and which contain an apparent contradiction. Here we show that the Bethe-Feynman formula can be extracted in a straightforward manner from the results of an earlier approach for estimating yield by Arthur H. Compton, as presented in the 1941 National Academy of Sciences Uranium Committee report. Compton's detailed derivation provides a more intuitive understanding of the physical basis for the Bethe-Feynman formula.
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Superconductivity
Altermagnetic spin textures coupled to superconductors: Domain wall spin-triplet superconductivity and supercurrent-induced torques
Yasir Dar, Mathias S. Scheurer and Constantin Schrade
Motivated by the absence of sizable stray fields and the recently discovered highly non-trivial impact of altermagnetic textures on itinerant electrons, we here study the form of Cooper pairs in spatially varying altermagnets coupled to conventional $s$-wave
superconductors. As a consequence of the detrimental impact of altermagnetism on
spin-singlet pairing and the local
symmetry reduction caused by textures in the
magnetic order parameter, we show that superconductivity predominantly impacts the regions between altermagnetic domains. Focusing on a planar radial domain wall for concreteness, we show that emergent Zeeman and
spin-orbit fields create spatially separated triplet hotspots and transitions between nodal and fully gapped superconducting regions, whose structure is set by both the domain wall and the altermagnetic order parameter. We also identify a reciprocal effect, where a supercurrent generates a quasiparticle-mediated quadrupolar torque that inherits the
symmetry of the altermagnetic order. Our results show that accounting for spatial inhomogeneities in the altermagnetic order parameter is essential for an understanding of the superconducting proximity effect and suggest that hybrid systems of altermagnetic textures and
superconductors offer unique opportunities for local engineering of Cooper pairs and for detecting altermagnetic order.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons
Fermiology of the kagome compound LuNb6Sn6 probed by de Haas-van Alphen oscillations
Tucker Beekmann, Caue Kaufmann Ribeiro, Kyryl Shtefiienko et al. (+4 more)
We report a detailed de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) study of the recently discovered kagome metal LuNb6Sn6 using torque magnetometry, magnetization, and heat-capacity measurements. Temperature-dependent torque and heat-capacity data reveal a charge density wave (CDW) transition at T_CDW = 85 K. The thermal hysteresis observed in both measurements establishes the first-order nature of the transition.
Quantum oscillation measurements identify two major dHvA frequencies: F_alpha ~ 20 T and F_beta ~ 200 T, and their angular dependence is consistent with ellipsoidal
Fermi surface (FS) pockets. Landau fan diagram analysis reveals evidence for a nontrivial Berry phase associated with the F_alpha pocket, indicating possible nontrivial electronic
topology in LuNb6Sn6. Analysis of the temperature and
magnetic field dependence of the oscillations using the Lifshitz-Kosevich formula yields electronic parameters that indicate anisotropic
quantum transport properties. First-principles calculations provide further insight into the electronic structure, revealing Dirac-like band crossings, a flat band, and multiple van Hove singularities near the
Fermi level. Our calculations based on the pristine phase cannot fully reproduce the experimentally observed
quantum oscillation frequencies, suggesting that CDW-induced FS reconstruction plays a crucial role in the ground-state electronic structure of LuNb6Sn6. These results provide new insight into the FS
topology and electronic structure of LuNb6Sn6, enriching our understanding of the electronic properties of kagome materials.
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All authors Tucker Beekmann, Caue Kaufmann Ribeiro, Kyryl Shtefiienko, Jiaqiang Yan, Brenden R. Ortiz, Christopher A. Mizzi, Keshav Shrestha
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
When will T Coronae Borealis next erupt as a nova? Constraints from recurrence, orbital phase, and accretion-state evolution
Songpeng Pei, Xiaowan Zhang, Renzhi Su et al. (+6 more)
T Coronae Borealis (T CrB) is the nearest symbiotic recurrent nova and is now intensively monitored for its next eruption. We combine three constraints on the eruption time: historical recurrence, orbital phase, and recent
accretion-state
evolution. Conditioning on no eruption by 2026 July 11, the three effective historical intervals give illustrative survival-conditioned probabilities of 30.2% for the rest of 2026 and 56.9% within the following year; these are empirical indicators, not physical prediction probabilities. The four adopted historical eruption phases do not select a unique ignition phase, but form two loose pairs near $\phi\simeq0.44$ and $\phi\simeq0.62$, used here only as monitoring windows. The 1946 pre-eruption dip is difficult to explain by either a pure
accretion-rate decline or standard
dust extinction, and may have involved both
accretion restructuring and source-dependent obscuration. If the renewed 2026 decline is the true pre-1946 analogue, an eruption around 2026 December remains plausible. Conversely, if post-2024 brightness remains below the 2014–2023 high state, an
accretion-deficit estimate gives an earliest lower limit near 2029 May. The data therefore support conditional monitoring windows, not a unique date. These are conditional diagnostic scenarios rather than competing point predictions; the eventual eruption epoch will test their underlying assumptions.
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All authors Songpeng Pei, Xiaowan Zhang, Renzhi Su, Ziwei Ou, Yongzhi Cai, Qiang Li, Yu Liu, Xiaoqin Ren, Taozhi Yang
Fluid Dynamics
Flow in a porous non-axisymmetric annular conduit: Coupling wall compliance and peristalsis
Nishanth Surianarayanan and Ivan C. Christov
Coenen et al.\ (J. Fluid Mech., vol.~921, 2021, p.~R2) developed a reduced-order model of peristaltic pumping in non-axisymmetric annular conduits with rigid walls, in the context of periarterial space (PAS) flows. In vivo studies show that the PAS's outer wall undergoes significant displacement due to flow within and that the penetrating PASs form a porous pathway. To account for these biomechanical aspects, we revisit the problem of flow in an eccentric annular conduit and incorporate porous drag and two-way-coupled fluid–structure interaction between the compliant outer wall and the cerebrospinal fluid flow within. A Darcy–Brinkman term in the axial momentum equation accounts for drag due to the porous medium. We account for changes in hydraulic resistance due to peristalsis and compliant-wall displacements perturbatively, thereby reducing the problem to a single nonlinear partial differential equation for the axial pressure. This reduced-order model allows us to build a mechanistic understanding of flow through a porous penetrating PAS and enables parametric studies. For small-amplitude peristaltic waves, analytical solutions are possible.
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Mathematical Physics
"Goldfish” equations for infinitely many particles
Francois Leyvraz
The “goldfish” equations, so named because of their striking beauty, are a system of $N$ nonlinear ODE's, where $N$ is an arbitrary integer. They can be solved exactly in a very simple manner, by transforming them to free motion using a transformation involving the transition from the set of coefficients\/ of a
polynomial to that of its zeroes. This paper aims to explore the possibility of extending this solution to the case in which $N$ is infinite. The main difficulty involves the transition from
polynomials to entire functions. Another approach using non-standard analysis, is left to future work.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Analytical Structure and Spectroscopic Signatures of Quartic Nonlinear Electrodynamics in Holographic Fermion Systems
Vitor Neves da Silva and Luiz Antonio Barreiro
We investigate the effects of the leading string-inspired quartic correction $\alpha'^2F^4$ on
holographic fermions and charge transport in a bottom-up AdS$_4$/CFT$_3$ model. Working in the probe limit, we derive the nonlinear electrostatic background, obtain an exact first integral of the gauge equation, establish the associated constitutive relation, and identify the endpoint of the globally regular electrostatic branch. A nonlinear response function naturally emerges from the gauge sector and provides a unified description of the background, gauge-field fluctuations, and transport coefficients. Using these analytical backgrounds, we compute the fermionic retarded Green's function and spectral function. The quartic interaction shifts the
Fermi momentum, enhances the spectral weight, increases the renormalized
Fermi velocity, and reduces both momentum and energy linewidths, providing spectroscopic signatures consistent with enhanced quasiparticle coherence while preserving the
holographic Fermi surface. We further investigate optical and DC conductivities, showing that the nonlinear interaction redistributes the optical response from the infrared toward intermediate frequencies, whereas the DC conductivity is obtained analytically as $\sigma_{\mathrm{DC}}=\mathcal K(1)=\rho/E(1)$ and decreases monotonically with increasing nonlinear coupling. These results establish a direct connection between nonlinear bulk electrodynamics, momentum-resolved spectroscopic observables, and transport properties in the dual strongly coupled theory.
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Soft Condensed Matter
Catalytic Crosstalk: Cooperative Enzyme Dynamics in Artificial Crowded Environments
Rik Chakraborty, Manisha Jhajhria, Arnab Maiti et al. (+4 more)
In cellular environments, enzymes operate under densely crowded conditions that often hinder catalytic efficiency by limiting substrate
diffusion and essential conformational dynamics. While reports suggest that crowding can often lead to inhibition of enzyme's catalytic activity, persistent efficiency of cellular biochemistry hints at underlying cooperative mechanisms among these molecules. Here, we experimentally demonstrate catalytic crosstalk between two enzymes - catalase and urease - in artificially crowded environments. Our results reveal that when co-localized in dense media, these enzymes mutually enhance each other's catalytic activity and dynamic behavior. This cooperative interaction leads to a net increase in reaction rates and mobility, suggesting an emergent many-body effect in enzyme assemblies. Modeling enzymes as dimeric active particles, we propose a minimal simulation framework that qualitatively captures the observed synergy. Our findings show that inter-enzyme cooperation can counteract the detrimental effects of crowding, offering insights into how enzymatic efficiency is sustained in complex biological milieu.
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All authors Rik Chakraborty, Manisha Jhajhria, Arnab Maiti, Nividha, Priyanka, Snigdha Thakur, Krishna Kanti Dey
Mathematical Physics
Study of Duffing oscillator using an improved Lindstedt Poincare method and relevant comparisons
Ramij Ahamed and Subhankar Ray
The undamped Duffing oscillator is a nonlinear dynamical system with broad applications in physics, engineering and biological system. We present a comprehensive analysis of this system using the Lindstedt Poincare method (LPM) and its modifications and make comparison with numerical solution obtained using higher order Runge-Kutta. It is also shown the method suggested in this article converges better than the standard LPM and Lindstedt Poincare method with Burton's modification.
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Superconductivity
High-Q superconducting microwave resonators using MBE titanium nitride
Anand Ithepalli, Haoran Lu, Eegene Clara Chung et al. (+9 more)
Using molecular beam epitaxy, we have realized thin films of titanium nitride (TiN) on c-plane sapphire that exhibit the lowest observed full-width at half maximum X-ray rocking curve width of 18 arcsec. Though the (111) oriented TiN exhibits an abrupt and crystalline interface with sapphire, for the first time we observe sub-surface defects in the sapphire substrate, which nucleate structural defects in the epitaxial TiN layer. Using quarter-wavelength coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonators in a 3 \textmu m/6 \textmu m/3 \textmu m gap/strip/gap lines in a hanger geometry, we find the internal quality factor of the TiN resonators to be $>10^{6}$ in the single-
photon $\langle n \rangle \sim 1$ limit at 5.8 GHz and 10 mK, rising to $>20 \times 10^{6}$ at $\langle n \rangle \sim 10^{6}$. The results are of high interest for applications of superconducting TiN in several areas, and provide a path towards epitaxial Josephson junctions with crystalline barriers in the future for high coherence
qubits.
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All authors Anand Ithepalli, Haoran Lu, Eegene Clara Chung, Xiangqin Wang, Amit Rohan Rajapurohita, Keun-Yeol Park, Celesta S. Chang, Peter McMahon, Huili Grace Xing, David Muller, Valla Fatemi, Debdeep Jena
Superconductivity
Magnetic Order in bilayer Ruddlesden-Popper Nickelates
Yiming Wang, Guijing Duan, Zhiguang Liao et al. (+3 more)
The recent discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in the
bilayer nickelate La$_3$Ni$_2$O$_7$ has led to extensive interest in the correlation physics of its normal state. Given that the superconducitivity develops near a density wave order in the phase diagram, it is important to elucidate the nature of this order. Based on the accumulated experimental evidence for a bad metal state in proximity to an orbital-selective Mott phase, here we describe
magnetic correlations of the system in a conceptually new way – in terms of effective local moments experiencing a combination of RKKY and superexchange interactions. This gives rise to a
magnetic order with a wavevector that is close to $\mathbf{Q}=(\pi/2,\pi/2)$ and, at the same time, yields a clear understanding of the associated
spin dynamics. Our results are consistent with the rapidly emerging experiments about the
magnetic correlations in the density wave order of the
bilayer nickelate. Implications for unconventional superconductivity in this and related multiorbital systems are discussed.
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All authors Yiming Wang, Guijing Duan, Zhiguang Liao, Kuan-Sen Lin, Rong Yu, Qimiao Si
Materials Science
Hyperfine driven spin relaxation of charge carriers in metal-halide perovskites
Guillaume Lague, Frédérick Bernardot, Mauricio Calvo et al. (+6 more)
Spin relaxation of localized charge carriers in
semiconductors is primarily governed by hyperfine interaction with the surrounding
nuclear spin bath. While this mechanism is well-established in III-V bulk materials and
quantum dots, its critical role in metal halide perovskites (MHPs) has only recently emerged. Their inverted band structure induces an unusual hierarchy of hyperfine couplings, with hole interactions dominating electron interactions, particurlaly in Pb-based perovskites. Here, we adapt a
spin relaxation model - originally developed for
muon spin spectroscopy - to provide an exact description of longitudinal
spin relaxation for localized carriers across arbitrary hyperfine correlation times. This approach is motivated by recent experimental evidence in MAPbI3, which places carrier
spins in an intermediate correlation regime, where conventional mono-exponential approximations fail. Our analysis reveals distinct hyperfine relaxation channels: electrons couple primarily to halogen
nuclei, whereas holes are governed by metal
nuclei. This leads to a key prediction - perovskites with lighter halogens and metal cations exhibit significantly extended
spin lifetimes. Applied to time-resolved Faraday rotation data obtained from two perovskite samples, our model extracts key microscopic parameters - including the carrier localization volume and hyperfine correlation time - demonstrating the necessity of the exact dynamical solution over a single-exponential approximation. These findings provide microscopic insight into hyperfine-driven
spin relaxation in MHPs and establish a robust framework for characterizing carrier localization and
spin dynamics.
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All authors Guillaume Lague, Frédérick Bernardot, Mauricio Calvo, Olfa Selmi, Sofia Masi, Christophe Testelin, Hernan Miguez, Ivan Mora-Sero, Maria Chamarro
Atomic Physics
Measuring Interaction-Induced Energy Shifts of Rydberg Atoms in Hot Vapor
Tomasz Prokop, Bartosz Kasza, Wojciech Wasilewski et al. (+1 more)
We demonstrate a method to measure energy shifts of the top level in a four-level ladder setup induced by atom interactions in thermal vapors. It utilizes the observation of two transmission minima corresponding to a split electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) effect. We apply this method to measure mean Rydberg atom interactions in a hot vapor. We believe this approach could provide a valuable tool for accurately modeling mean-field Rydberg atom interactions, as well as sensing the occurrence of strong interactions.
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All authors Tomasz Prokop, Bartosz Kasza, Wojciech Wasilewski, Michał Parniak
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Cosmic string gravitational wave backgrounds at LISA: II. Reconstruction of conventional signals over astrophysical foregrounds
Androniki Dimitriou, Daniel G. Figueroa, Peera Simakachorn et al. (+2 more)
We study the reconstruction of conventional
cosmic-string signals with LISA in the presence of all major known astrophysical foregrounds expected in the LISA band. These include
stellar-origin black-hole binaries (SOBHBs),
galactic (WDs) and extragalactic (ExWDs) white
dwarfs, extreme-mass-ratio-inspirals (EMRIs), and massive black-hole binaries (MBHBs). Using the Simulation-based Inference package GWBackFinder, we perform a joint inference on the LISA noise, foregrounds, and signal, across a range of injected string tensions $G\mu$. We find that reconstructing tensions with an error $\lesssim 10\%$ requires values as large as $G\mu \gtrsim 10^{-11}$, i.e. a factor $\sim10^5$ larger than previous estimates with no foregrounds, and $\sim 10^2$ larger compared to estimates accounting only for SOBHB and WD foregrounds. This work is the second in a series initiated in Ref. arXiv:2508.05395, which aims to quantify LISA's ability to measure representative
cosmic-string models.
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All authors Androniki Dimitriou, Daniel G. Figueroa, Peera Simakachorn, Isak Stomberg, Bryan Zaldivar
Applied Physics
Stochastic Ising networks with asymmetric and time-delayed interactions
Hantao Zhang, Sidra Gibeault, Matthew W. Daniels et al. (+4 more)
Stochastic Ising networks are widely used to describe collective dynamics in complex systems and to compute, yet physical implementations of these networks often contain both asymmetric interactions and nonzero signal propagation times that fall outside conventional theories of their behavior. Here, we study
stochastic Ising networks with asymmetric and time-delayed interactions motivated by experimental observations in coupled superparamagnetic tunnel junctions. Time delay fundamentally reshapes the dynamics induced by antisymmetric couplings, producing strong oscillatory temporal correlations consistent with experiment. Sufficiently long delays strongly suppress the non-uniformity of steady-state probability distributions, a behavior explained by an exponential suppression of the first-order equal-time cross-correlation between pairs of
spins. Residual non-uniformity is due to the equal-time cross-correlation mediated by a third
spin that contributes only at higher order in the coupling strength. These relatively featureless probability distributions coexist with pronounced delayed temporal correlations, distinguishing them from
equilibrium high-temperature behavior. We further show analytically that these delay-induced near-uniform distributions emerge in a broad class of
stochastic networks that lack
symmetry-breaking bias fields. Introducing
symmetry-breaking bias fields restores a strong dependence of the steady state on interactions with qualitatively modified behavior. Simulations of networks with five coupled
spins demonstrate that these effects persist beyond minimal systems with only two
spins.
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All authors Hantao Zhang, Sidra Gibeault, Matthew W. Daniels, Philippe Talatchian, Ursula Ebels, Advait Madhavan, Mark D. Stiles
High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Next-to-next-to-leading order QCD corrections to pion (kaon)-induced exclusive Drell-Yan process
Yu Jia, Bernard Pire, Qin-Tao Song et al. (+2 more)
The high-energy pion and kaon beams proposed for future experiments at J-PARC offer a unique opportunity to investigate exclusive Drell-Yan processes induced by pions or kaons, which correspond to inverse deeply virtual
meson production with $M=\pi,K$. To facilitate precise comparisons between theoretical predictions and forthcoming experimental data, we calculate the next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) QCD corrections to the processes $\pi^- p\to \gamma^*(\to l^+l^-) + n$ and $K^- p\to \gamma^*(\to l^+l^-) + \Lambda$. Our calculations are performed within the generalized parton distribution (GPD) factorization framework, accurate to leading twist in the generalized Bjorken limit ($Q^2\gg |t|,\,\Lambda_{\rm QCD}^2$). We find that the NNLO QCD corrections are substantial and positive; therefore, their inclusion is imperative for reliable theoretical predictions in confrontation with future experiments.
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All authors Yu Jia, Bernard Pire, Qin-Tao Song, Guang Tang, Zhe-Yu Wang
High Energy Physics (Theory)
Magnetic corrections to the fermionic Casimir effect with Lorentz symmetry violation and a compactified extra dimension
Andrea Erdas
In this work I study the effect of a
magnetic field on the Casimir effect due to a massive, charged
fermion field that violates Lorentz invariance in an aether-like manner while maintaining CPT, in a space with one toroidally compactified extra dimension. I take the
fermion field to obey MIT bag boundary conditions on two identical square parallel plates. I do this investigation using the
zeta function technique that enables me to calculate the Casimir energy and pressure for a massless
fermion, and one with a light mass, in the presence of a constant
magnetic field perpendicular to the plates. I examine the cases of timelike Lorentz violation, of spacelike Lorentz violation in the direction of the
magnetic field, of spacelike Lorentz violation in the direction perpendicular to the
magnetic field, and of spacelike Lorentz violation in the direction of the compactified extra dimension. In all scenarios, I find simple and accurate analytic expressions of the
magnetic field dependent Casimir energy and pressure.
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Quantum Physics
Counterexamples to additivity of minimum output $p$-Rényi entropy of quantum channels for all $p\ge 0$
Debbie Leung, Benjamin Lovitz, Ion Nechita et al. (+1 more)
The additivity of minimum output
entropies is a central problem in
quantum information theory. Nonadditivity is known for every Rényi order $p>1$, at the von Neumann point $p=1$, and for sufficiently small positive $p$, while much of the interval $0<p<1$ has remained open. In this work, we prove that for every $p>0$ there exist finite-dimensional
quantum channels whose minimum output $p$-Rényi
entropies violate additivity. Our proof combines two constructions: random projection-induced channels yield nonadditivity for $p>3/4$, and antisymmetric postprocessing extends the violation to all positive Rényi orders. Our estimates also improve the output-dimension bound obtained by Belinschi, Collins, and Nechita for additivity violation of minimum output von Neumann
entropy.
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All authors Debbie Leung, Benjamin Lovitz, Ion Nechita, Peixue Wu
Accelerator Physics
Interaction of degenerate higher order modes in periodic SRF accelerating structures
Vyacheslav Yakovlev, Sergey Belomestnykh, Timergali Khabiboulline et al. (+1 more)
The paper considers the effect of degenerate higher-order mode (HOM) interaction, which may lead to the formation of trapped modes with high shunt impedance. Methods for eliminating these modes are discussed.
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All authors Vyacheslav Yakovlev, Sergey Belomestnykh, Timergali Khabiboulline, Andrei Lunin
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Sulfur photochemistry observationally traces mantle redox states of rocky planets
Ioannis Panagiotou, Tim Lichtenberg, Shang-Min Tsai et al. (+1 more)
Volatile outgassing from planetary interiors controls the composition of rocky
exoplanets' secondary atmospheres. However, observations indicate that disequilibrium processes, such as photochemistry and vertical transport, can strongly alter the chemical structure of Hot Jupiters. Which process dominates under different types of rocky
planets, and how outgassing and photochemistry jointly determine the atmospheric composition, remain open questions. Sulfur species are promising tracers of interior-atmosphere coupling because their atmospheric abundances are sensitive to both mantle redox state and
stellar irradiation. The PROTEUS planetary interior-atmosphere
evolution modelling framework is coupled to two chemical models, FastChem and VULCAN, for post-processed chemistry calculations. We run a grid of planetary
evolution simulations spanning diverse mantle redox states, instellation fluxes, and
Solar versus M-
star host-
star spectra. For each case, we compare atmospheric compositions under thermochemical
equilibrium, only vertical transport, and vertical transport plus photochemistry. The bulk atmospheric composition remains controlled by the redox state of the mantle and outgassing history, even when disequilibrium chemistry is included. Reduced mantles produce atmospheres rich in H2, and oxidised mantles are dominated by CO2. Photochemistry affects the upper atmosphere, strongly depleting neutral volatiles and enhancing radicals, especially for highly irradiated cases. SO2 is strongly enhanced at intermediate-to-oxidised redox states. Synthetic emission spectra show that photochemical SO2 can generate absorption features at 4 um and at 7.3 / 8.7 um, reaching ~60 ppm and ~100 ppm, before sequentially returning to the outgassed signatures of ~30 ppm and ~50 ppm for the oxidised mantle redox state. These signatures are detectable with JWST, motivating targeted observational campaigns.
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All authors Ioannis Panagiotou, Tim Lichtenberg, Shang-Min Tsai, Harrison Nicholls
Quantum Physics
Entanglement Detection for Two-Qubit and Three-Qubit Pure States via Unitary Transformations and Ancilla State Measurements
Yu-Hang Liu, Yuan-Hong Tao, Yi-Wen Liu et al. (+2 more)
Quantum entanglement is the fundamental hallmark of
quantum mechanics and a core resource for realizing long-distance
quantum communication and scalable linear
quantum computing. Accordingly, the precise detection and quantitative quantification of
entanglement constitute a foundational and critical problem in
quantum information theory. To date, researchers have proposed numerous sufficient conditions for
entanglement detection as well as a variety of
entanglement measures to characterize the
entanglement strength of
quantum states; nevertheless, efficient and direct measurement schemes for core
entanglement parameters remain underdeveloped. Based on
unitary transformations and auxiliary measurements, this paper proposes a set of
quantum circuit schemes capable of directly measuring the bipartite concurrence and the tripartite 3-tangle
entanglement measure. By introducing auxiliary
qubits and constructing specific controlled
unitary operations, the proposed scheme maps the analytical expressions of the two
entanglement measures onto the measurement probabilities of output states from
quantum circuits. It enables efficient and direct quantitative measurement of bipartite and tripartite
entanglement without performing full
quantum state
tomography. This work provides a feasible technical route for the experimental characterization of
entanglement properties and lays a groundwork for the practical deployment of multipartite
entanglement resources in
quantum information processing.
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All authors Yu-Hang Liu, Yuan-Hong Tao, Yi-Wen Liu, Ying-Huan Zhou, Shao-Ming Fei
Fluid Dynamics
Diffusioosmosis of electrolyte solutions in axisymmetric channels
Elena F. Silkina, Evgeny S. Asmolov and Olga I. Vinogradova
We present a theory of a flow of salt solutions in long axisymmetric channels induced by concentration and pressure drops between their ends. The consideration is restricted to thin, compared to the local radius, electrostatic diffuse layers, but remains valid even when the concentration drop is quite large. We show that the magnitude of the diffusio-osmotic fluid flow rate $Q_{DO}$ in the cylinder is the same as in the slit of equal to its diameter thickness, but channels of variable cross-sections could either retard or enhance it, depending on their geometry. The application of the pressure drop $\Delta p \neq 0$ results in an extra contribution $Q_{P}$ to the total flow rate of fluid $Q$, but does not affect $Q_{DO}$. We calculate the curves $\Delta p (Q)$ for several axisymmetric channels and conclude that they are nearly linear, with the sensitive to the shape slopes. This leads to the possibility of introducing a simple, but rather accurate, cylinder approximation, where the radius of the imaginary cylinder is related to a hydrodynamic resistivity of the real channel and can be easily determined, if its geometry is known. We also derive an equation relating the ionic flux with the total flow rate of fluid and demonstrate that both the sign and magnitude of ionic flux could be tuned by using the appropriate channel shape. Our analysis provides a framework for interpreting experimental and numerical data, as well as may guide the design of micro- and nanofluidic devices.
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Materials Science
Emergent d-wave altermagnetism in chlorine-adsorbed FeSe monolayer
Zi-Hao Ding, Ze-Feng Gao, Kai Liu et al. (+2 more)
The recent emergence of altermagnetism has opened new frontiers in condensed matter physics, yet material platforms capable of hosting both intrinsic altermagnetic order and superconductivity remain exceedingly rare. Here, based on
symmetry analysis and first-principles calculations, we propose a realistic route to engineer robust altermagnetism in monolayer FeSe, a prototypical iron-based
superconductor. By designing a stoichiometric Fe2Se2Cl structure through single-side Cl adsorption and introducing gate-tunable hole doping, we achieve a highly stable altermagnetic ground state. Our calculations reveal a synergistic mechanism: hole doping firmly stabilizes the checkerboard
magnetic order, while the asymmetric ligand environment intrinsically breaks the outof-plane spatial inversion
symmetry. Consequently, this interplay induces a
giant altermagnetic
spin splitting of up to 620 meV. Crucially, we demonstrate that this altermagnetic state and its
giant spin splitting are highly resilient, persisting even in a 10-layer slab model that accurately simulates the bulk limit. By introducing altermagnetism into the well-established FeSe-based superconducting family, our findings identify Fe2Se2Cl as a promising platform for spintronic applications and motivate future studies of the possible interplay between altermagnetism and superconductivity.
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All authors Zi-Hao Ding, Ze-Feng Gao, Kai Liu, Peng-Jie Guo, Zhong-Yi Lu
Optics
Detecting clear-air turbulence via beam broadening in a Rayleigh-scattering lidar system
Christopher Miller, Daniel Lum, Brandon Rodenburg et al. (+4 more)
The volume of clear-air
turbulence (CAT) in the atmosphere at flight cruising altitudes is increasing rapidly, posing a growing problem for civil aviation and resulting in reduced confidence in aviation safety. There are limited remote detection capabilities for CAT, since clear air produces no measurable radar return.
Lidar has been proposed as a viable detection methodology, and several systems have been demonstrated. However, these systems have to date demonstrated limited detection ranges of less than 15 km. In this work, we propose a novel
lidar-based CAT detection methodology that uses Rayleigh scattering and relies on a differential detector measurement to quantify beam spread and thereby estimate the eddy dissipation rate (EDR), which is the international aircraft-independent metric for quantifying aviation
turbulence strength. Additionally, we present experimental results demonstrating the validity of the optical efficiency model used in the detection simulations. We show that, under modest assumptions, a size, weight, and power (SWAP) constrained system that implements this method can detect moderate CAT at ranges in excess of 30 km, equating to two minutes of flight time for typical commercial aviation cruising speeds, which represents a substantial range improvement over prior approaches. This is an important advance because-for the first time-it potentially allows the cabin to be secured before the
turbulence is encountered, reducing the injury risk to passengers and flight attendants.
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All authors Christopher Miller, Daniel Lum, Brandon Rodenburg, Michael Stenner, Anthony DiCarlo, Bradford Snios, Paul D. Williams
High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Massive On-shell Splitting Functions in Spinor-Helicity Formalism
Yi-Ning Wang, Chao Wu and Jiang-Hao Yu
Collinear splitting functions govern parton
evolution, parton showers, and resummation at high-energy
colliders. While on-shell spinor-helicity methods have successfully yielded massless QCD splitting functions, a complete on-shell construction for massive particles, systematically incorporating finite-mass effects, is less developed. We present an on-shell constructive formalism for massive collinear splitting functions based on Soper-Weinberg collinear spinors, whose transformation properties follow from a light-front Galilean subgroup of the Poincaré group. Decomposing massive momenta and spinors with respect to fixed lightlike vectors $n$ and $\bar n$ makes the expansion in the
alignment regime $m<p_T\ll p_+$ manifest. The leading-order structures are matched to massless three-point amplitudes, while an additional
Higgs momentum along $\bar n$ probes the subleading spinor components and relates them to massless four-point amplitudes. We derive the complete set of leading and subleading massive splitting functions for all Standard Model particles and establish a systematic matching dictionary between massless and massive coupling coefficients at both the three- and four-point levels. Higher-point splitting functions are obtained through the recursive bootstrap relation with a universal substitution rule as a consequence of the Galilean
symmetry. This constructive framework extends naturally to effective field theory operators and higher perturbative orders, providing a flexible computational tool for precision
collider physics and parton shower development.
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Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Gyrotropy from Extrinsic Geometry in Twisted Materials
Spenser Talkington and Eugene J Mele
Gyrotropy in twisted
bilayer graphene can be used as a signature of interlayer electronic coupling. Gyrotropy can emerge in the absence of interlayer coupling in time-reversal symmetric
bilayer systems. This gyrotropy originates from the extrinsic geometry associated with the physical geometry of the system and is independent of the structure of the electronic states. We first illustrate this effect for a purely classical
bilayer array of one-dimensional wires. Next we study pristine twisted
bilayer graphene and show that the gyrotropy is entirely due to interlayer coupling. Finally we consider twisted
bilayer MoTe2, first as a pristine model where the gyrotropy exactly vanishes, and then with weak strain and displacement fields where we show that the
geometric gyrotropy can dominate the gyrotropy due to interlayer coupling. Our results call
attention to the necessity to separate the contribution of extrinsic physical geometry from the contribution of intrinsic electronic states to the properties of twisted materials.
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Atomic Physics
One more radiative-recoil correction to the Lamb shift in muonium
Michael I. Eides and Valery A. Shelyuto
We calculate radiative-
recoil contribution of order $Z^2\alpha(Z\alpha)^5(m/M)^2m$ to the Lamb shift in muonium. This correction is due to insertion of radiative
photons in the heavy line in the two-
photon exchange diagrams. Our calculations are inspired by a new round of precise $1S-2S$ and $2S-2P$ experiments currently in progress.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Type I/II Vortex Dynamics With Excited Normal Modes
Steffen Krusch, Morgan Rees and Thomas Winyard
We investigate the effects of excited normal modes on
vortex dynamics in the Abelian
Higgs model in the type I (static attraction) and type II (static repulsion) regimes. We demonstrate that shape normal modes compete with the static inter-
vortex forces. This can result in excited type I (II)
vortices repelling (attracting). In addition we observe the existence of spectral walls that prevent the formation (break up) of bound states in type I (II) systems. We study the long lived quasi-bound states and orbits induced by their competing forces and the effective centrifugal forces. Finally, we observe that the effect is strong enough to induce
vortex-antivortex pairs to follow long-lived orbits.
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Optics
A re-entrant chip-free-space photonic interface for telecom-to-Rubidium spectroscopy
Jia-Lin Chen, Ruixin Zhou, Deng-Hong Liu et al. (+13 more)
Photonic integrated
circuits (PICs) generate, route, and process light with high efficiency, scalability, and functional density on a single chip. Yet the tightly confined on-chip modes can not easily access or effectively interact with atomic vapors, fluids, gain media, and biological samples. Existing approaches require bringing the medium onto the chip or into a weak, tightly confined evanescent field, which restricts the interaction volume and the range of accessible media. Here, we demonstrate a re-entrant chip-free-space interface in which a thin-film lithium niobate
circuit frequency-doubles telecom light, emits the 780~nm field through a Rubidium vapor
cell, and recollects the reflected probe on the same chip. This emit-interact-recollect loop resolves the saturated absorption spectrum and stabilizes the telecom
laser to within $\pm 280$~kHz over 2 hours. Our study paves an route to embed external media into PICs through the re-entrant photonic interface.
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All authors Jia-Lin Chen, Ruixin Zhou, Deng-Hong Liu, You-Long Fan, Zhu-Bo Wang, Min Chen, Xiang Fang, Jia-Qi Wang, Zheng-Fu Han, Guang-Can Guo, Ai-Ping Liu, Pengfei Wang, Xiaochi Liu, Juanjuan Lu, Wei Chen, Chang-Ling Zou