High Energy Physics (Theory)
From Fredholm Determinants to AdS/CFT Observables: A Universal Strong-Coupling Framework
Bercel Boldis and Dennis le Plat
We investigate the trans-series structure of the cusp anomalous dimension of $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory and the dynamically generated mass gap of the $\mathrm{O}(6)$ sigma model at strong 't Hooft coupling. We consider the one-parameter deformation of the cusp anomalous dimension, known as the tilted cusp, and review its strong-coupling expansion obtained through its representation in terms of Fredholm determinants with a
matrix Bessel kernel. The advantage of this deformation is that the non-perturbative scales separate naturally, revealing structures that remain hidden in the physical limit. Motivated by this observation, we introduce the tilted mass gap, which reduces to the physical $\mathrm{O}(6)$ mass gap at a special value of the deformation parameter and exhibits a deep connection with the tilted cusp. This formulation allows us to determine the complete strong-coupling trans-series and resurgence structure of the $\mathrm{O}(6)$ mass gap, while extending and proving conjectured relations between successive non-perturbative corrections. Building on the underlying Fredholm determinant representation, we construct an Alien calculus that generates all non-perturbative sectors of these AdS/CFT observables directly from their perturbative expansions. Finally, we derive an exact all-orders relation between the strong-coupling trans-series of the $\mathrm{O}(6)$ mass gap and the cusp anomalous dimension of planar $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Fe K$\alpha$ line from the Broad Line Region of PDS456 with XRISM/Resolve
Alfredo Luminari, Fabrizio Nicastro, Stefano Bianchi et al. (+1 more)
The high-luminosity, high-mass and likely super-Eddington
quasar PDS 456 is known for its extremely dynamic environment. A wealth of observational features from the millimetric up to the X-ray band shows energetic
outflows at all scales, from
accretion disc up to
galaxy scales. Broad Emission Lines in the optical and UV show significant widths and line-of-sight velocities. Moreover, NIR interferometry revealed a partially outflowing Broad Line Region. Thanks to the unprecedented energy resolution of the X-ray microcalorimeter Resolve onboard XRISM, we detect a neutral Fe K$\alpha$ line, the main tracer of cold matter around AGNs. The line blueshift ($v_{\rm out}=2700$ km s$^{-1}$) and width ($\sigma \leq 700$ km s$^{-1}$) are on the lower bound of the range of values of the optical-UV emission lines, possibly suggesting a stratified medium. The derived column density, $N_{\rm H} \approx 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$, is significantly lower than what expected for Broad Line Regions, again in agreement with a composite emission. The very small Equivalent Width (9 eV) marks one of the smallest measurements in the literature and probes the high-luminosity end of the so-called Iwasawa-Taniguchi (or X-ray Baldwin) effect.
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All authors Alfredo Luminari, Fabrizio Nicastro, Stefano Bianchi, Elias Kammoun
Statistical Mechanics
Half dualization and non-invertible particle-vortex duality defect on lattice
Zhi-Qiang Gao
We introduce half dualization as a general principle to construct non-invertible duality defects. The construction performs a duality transformation only in a subregion of spacetime, leaving an interface between the original theory and its dual. A non-invertible duality defect can be hosted on this interface. Half dualization is applicable whenever a local duality transformation is available, and does not depend on the spacetime dimension. We demonstrate the construction procedure in the (2+1)-dimensional Villainized charge-$n$ XY model on a cubic
lattice. Half dualization yields a non-invertible particle-
vortex duality defect whose fusion with its orientation reverse produces a (1+1)-dimensional $\mathbb{Z}_n$ gauge theory on the fusion surface. We then apply half dualization to the $\mathbb{Z}_n$-gauged XY model relevant to the 3D XY$^\ast$ transition. In the gauged model, the half dualization interface hosts a gauge covariant duality wall, rather than a genuine gauge invariant duality defect. It flows to an invertible duality defect in infrared when the $\mathbb{Z}_n$ gauge theory is confined or Higgsed.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Out-of-time-ordered Correlators in de Sitter Revisited
Alexey Milekhin, Vladimir Narovlansky and Jiuci Xu
We study the 4-point out-of-time-ordered correlator (OTOC) of scalar fields using the eikonal approximation to
gravity around a de Sitter background. It can be defined in a gauge-invariant way by dressing the operators to an observer. We consider de Sitter space in any dimension and any bulk masses of the scalar fields. At tree level we find the maximal Lyapunov exponent of $2 \pi/\beta_{\rm dS}$. However, we describe an IR problem in this calculation at the loop level associated with the vector part of the graviton propagator. Regularizing this divergence leads to the vanishing of all odd powers in Newton's constant in the asymptotic expansion, so that the leading answer comes with twice the maximal Lyapunov exponent in simple operator configurations. We find that the perturbative OTOC in de Sitter can initially grow, which is not allowed by the
quantum bound on chaos. Interestingly, we find that this growth is mediated by large diffeomorphisms in the graviton propagator.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
A CKM blind spot: probing $b$-column rescaling with kaons
Avital Dery
CKM unitarity triangle constraints are insensitive to New Physics scenarios in which the $b$-column is uniformly rescaled. This is because B physics data over-constrain the angles of the (bd) unitarity triangle, but only calibrate its normalization. We identify this flat direction and derive model-independent constraints on the rescaling. We find that $|\varepsilon_K|$ already constrains the rescaling at the same level as the direct measurement of the $b$-column normalization, with current data allowing for ${\cal O}(4\%)$ deviations. Projected inputs promote the kaon sector to be the leading probe. A toy model employing mixing with a vector-like up-type singlet provides a proof of principle for a possible UV realization.
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Quantum Physics
Classical and quantum mechanics across representations: an operational reading of the Wigner Weyl correspondence
Samuel Schlegel, Borivoje Dakić and Flavio Del Santo
The physical content of a theory is not intrinsically tied to any single mathematical formalism. Both classical and
quantum mechanics admit equivalent representations, notably in phase space and in
Hilbert space, related by the Wigner-Weyl correspondence. While this correspondence has long been studied in mathematical physics, its foundational and operational implications are often left implicit. Here we give a systematic account of what changes, and what does not, when classical and
quantum theories are expressed in each other's native
language. This representational viewpoint separates artifacts (such as the appearance of non-positivity or negativity under certain maps) from robust structural distinctions that persist across representations, in particular noncommutativity and its $\hbar$-dependent $\star$-deformation of the classical
algebra. We develop the comparison at the level of states, kinematics, and dynamics, and extend it to measurement by formulating both outcome statistics and state-update rules within the same framework.
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High Energy Physics (Theory)
Magic without a phase: phase-independent stabilizer Rényi entropy in gluon scattering
Jinwei Chu and Savan Kharel
Magic, also known as non-stabilizerness, measures the usefulness of a
quantum state for
quantum computation. While magic is defined relative to a choice of computational basis, in some physical settings the available data determine this basis only up to local phase conventions. In this paper, we generalize the notion of magic and formulate it in a phase-independent manner, and hence define a generalized stabilizer Rényi
entropy. As a case study, we consider higher-multiplicity tree-level
gluon scattering, interpreting the outgoing helicities as
qubits. In this setting, the helicity data naturally determine a local basis for each
qubit but leave a phase ambiguity. For $3\to 2$ scattering, we find that the final-state phase-independent magic is generically larger than the maximum attainable in $2\to 2$ scattering. For $2 \to 3$ scattering, we find a nonzero minimal value approached in the soft limit. Moreover, when the three outgoing momenta become symmetric, the magic approaches a local minimum only a few percent above the soft-limit value. In all cases considered, the color dependence cancels from the phase-independent stabilizer Rényi
entropy.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Photometric Variability and Rotation of Beta Pictoris b from JWST NIRCam Coronagraphic Imaging
Yifan Zhou, Beth A. Biller, Aarynn L. Carter et al. (+28 more)
We report the detection of photometric variability in the directly imaged super-Jupiter $\beta$ Pictoris b. Using JWST NIRCam dual-band coronagraphic imaging, we conducted a 16-hour continuous photometric monitoring campaign in the F210M and F410M filters. We developed and validated a time-series photometry framework that combines PSF subtraction, principal component analysis for systematic noise removal, and injection-and-recovery tests to confirm signal fidelity. Both light curves show consistent sinusoidal variability at $\sim$5$\sigma$ and $\gg 5\sigma$ significance in the F210M and F410M bands, respectively. A joint sinusoidal fit yields a rotation period of $P_{\rm rot} = 9.00 \pm 0.13$ hr and variability amplitudes of $0.85 \pm 0.07\%$ and $0.89 \pm 0.04\%$ in F210M and F410M, respectively. The near-identical amplitudes and periods in both bands confirm a common astrophysical origin in a heterogeneous atmosphere. Combining $P_{\rm rot}$ with the previously measured projected rotational velocity, we constrain the line-of-sight
spin axis inclination of $\beta$ Pic b. The result favors an equator-on viewing geometry, consistent with line-of-sight
spin-orbit
alignment: the planetary
spin axis, orbital plane, debris disk, and
stellar equator are all mutually aligned. This stands in sharp contrast to the large obliquities of wide-separation companions that are likely formed via gravitational fragmentation. Together with the system's young age, this observation provides independent dynamical evidence that $\beta$ Pic b formed via core
accretion. This result constitutes the first detection of rotational modulation in a close-in, high-contrast
exoplanet that likely formed via core
accretion, demonstrating that time-series coronagraphic imaging with JWST opens a powerful new window onto the rotation, atmospheric dynamics, and
spin-orbit architecture of this population.
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All authors Yifan Zhou, Beth A. Biller, Aarynn L. Carter, Marshall D. Perrin, Michael Poon, Genaro Suárez, Ben J. Sutlieff, Johanna M. Vos, Jason J. Wang, William O. Balmer, Marta L. Bryan, Anthony Boccaletti, Julien H. Girard, Eileen C. Gonzales, Jens Kammerer, Jarron M. Leisenring, Paulina Palma-Bifani, Kevin R. Wagner, Dániel Apai, Mickäel Bonnefoy, Brendan P. Bowler, Kyle Franson, Pengyu Liu, Marcio Meléndez, Stanimir A. Metchev, Simon Petrus, Laurent Pueyo, Isabel Rebollido, Andrew J. Skemer, Xianyu Tan, Niall Whiteford
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Here, There and Everywhere: How AGN jets affect galaxy cluster environments
Isaac Rosenberg, Martine Lokken, Renée Hložek et al. (+3 more)
Active
galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback via black hole-driven jets and winds plays a key role in redistributing matter across megaparsec scales. However, the implementation of jet feedback in cosmological simulations remains highly prescriptive, leading to uncertainties in the predicted state of the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium and other extragalactic observables. We investigate how variations in AGN jet velocity, orientation, and delayed hydrodynamic coupling impact the thermodynamic state of gas surrounding
galaxy clusters. We aim to identify observational signatures in the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect and
galaxy properties that can constrain these models. We employ zoom-in hydrodynamic simulations centered on three
galaxy clusters from The Three Hundred, utilizing the SIMBA-C model and various feedback parameters. We use filament-finding
algorithms and oriented stacking to probe the effect on large-scale structure and compare our results to observational data for brightest cluster
galaxies from eRASS1, black hole-
halo mass relations and baryonic mass fractions. Jet velocity is the dominant tested parameter in heating low-density environments at $z > 1$. At lower-$z$, higher velocity jets quench
star formation, expel baryonic matter, and prevent black hole growth. While the tSZ signal within the central cluster and surrounding filaments is only affected by $\sim10\%$, the signal in under-dense regions outside filaments is enhanced by $\sim100\%$. In this case study, high velocity AGN jets provide the best match to
galaxy properties from eRASS1 and other X-ray surveys. We find that hot gas in low-density regimes is a sensitive probe of AGN feedback. Future high-resolution tSZ surveys like the Simons Observatory and spectral-distortion experiments like FOSSIL have the potential to probe the thermal state of the gas outside clusters to distinguish between these feedback models.
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All authors Isaac Rosenberg, Martine Lokken, Renée Hložek, Weiguang Cui, Sara Santoni, Romeel Davé
Quantum Physics
Ultraviolet structure of entanglement harvesting from energy density and other quadratic couplings
Matheus H. Zambianco, Boris Ragula and Eduardo Martín-Martínez
We study
entanglement harvesting with particle detectors coupled to the renormalized energy density of a massless scalar field. Our analysis identifies the distributional mechanism underlying the persistent ultraviolet divergences previously observed for quadratic detector couplings and discusses that the energy density coupling exhibits the same underlying structure. We show that these divergences are entirely controlled by the switching correlation at coincident interaction times. Consequently, pointlike detectors are UV finite whenever the switchings do not overlap. For Gaussian-smeared detectors, the harvesting correlations are automatically finite in 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions, while in higher dimensions the remaining divergences are removed by non-overlapping switchings. Finally, we derive general expressions for arbitrary zero-mean Gaussian states and illustrate the formalism with a thermal field state.
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High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Synchrotron Emission from Cooled Particle Distributions
Ross Ferguson and Ben Margalit
Synchrotron emitting electrons can lose energy (`cool') through various processes including radiative losses (e.g., synchrotron or inverse-Compton cooling) and adiabatic expansion. Such cooling will shift electrons in energy-space and therefore change the electron distribution function. This in turn alters the nature of synchrotron emission and absorption from these electrons. In past literature these effects have typically been considered using either simplified one-zone frameworks, or using numerical methods as part of more accurate local modeling. In this work we extend the latter `local' treatment by deriving analytic expressions that are both accurate and more computationally efficient than previous numerical approaches. Considering two concrete cases of injected power-law and thermal electron distribution functions, we derive analytic fitting functions for the resulting emission and absorption coefficients including the effects of cooling. These fitting functions can be applied to synchrotron afterglow modeling from a variety of astrophysical sources, such as gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), luminous fast blue optical transients (LFBOTs), and jetted
tidal disruption events (TDEs).
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Other Condensed Matter · Cross-listed from math.NA
Tensor-Network Finite Elements for Analytic Operator Equations
Abhijatmedhi Chotrattanapituk, Michael J. Landry, Chu-Liang Fu et al. (+1 more)
Operator equations (OEs) underpin quantitative modeling across science and engineering. Finite-element (FE) methods discretize continuous OEs into finite-dimensional algebraic systems, whereas tensor networks (TNs) provide flexible variational representations of correlated discrete systems. Here, we develop a framework that connects FE with TN for analytic OEs. The power of this method comes from its ability to convert highly non-linear partial differential equations into linear
matrix equations. In particular, we show that FE discretization induces a hierarchy of multilinear interaction tensors, through which differential, integral, nonlinear,
memory, and delay equations can be expressed within a common algebraic structure. The resulting systems are reformulated as weighted-residual optimization problems over TN degrees of freedom.
Matrix-product-state calculations for one-dimensional linear and nonlinear
diffusion reproduce conventional solutions with controlled error while preserving continuity and Neumann boundary conditions. The framework provides a common variational
language for analytic OEs and establishes a direct connection between FE numerical formalism and TN variational
algorithms, offering a general foundation for TN-based and
quantum-inspired approaches to solving OEs.
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All authors Abhijatmedhi Chotrattanapituk, Michael J. Landry, Chu-Liang Fu, Mingda Li
High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)
Pedro Bittar and Carlos E. M. Wagner
Dynamical dark energy offers an alternative to a cosmological constant with distinct observational signatures. However, the small energy density scale, Hubble-sized mass, and Planckian excursions make simple models fine-tuned and unnatural. In this work, we show that a weak version of the
axion, identified with the phase field of the anomalous $U(1)_{B+L}$ of the Standard Model, can generate the scale hierarchies expected for dark energy. The
axion potential is controlled by sources of explicit
baryon and
lepton number violation and is radiatively stable. We show that the leading contribution comes from two inequivalent Weinberg operators, one $B+L$-conserving and one $B+L$-violating, which generate the
axion potential. We propose a
flavor selection rule in the
lepton sector that simultaneously removes the quadratic divergence and dominant temperature-dependent contributions to the effective potential. The resulting potential first appears at quartic order in the
axion-dependent
neutrino masses and, depending on the
flavor model and PMNS parameters, its amplitude is parametrically close to the dark-energy density. Since the scale of dark energy is sensitive to changes in the
neutrino parameters, improved measurements of $m_{\beta\beta}$, the sum of
neutrino masses, $\delta_{\rm CP}$ and $\theta_{23}$ can favor certain models. Cosmologically, the field behaves as thawing quintessence, stays frozen by Hubble friction until late times and never enters the adiabatic regime.
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Strongly Correlated Electrons
Three-Dimensional Non-Foliated Fractional Quantum Hall Phases with Irrational Anyons in Twisted van der Waals Multilayers
Seyoung Jin, Hyeonseo Lim, Youngwook Kim et al. (+1 more)
Three-dimensional fractional
quantum Hall phases offer a route to intrinsically higher-dimensional topological order beyond simple stacks of two-dimensional
quantum Hall liquids. Such phases can exhibit non-foliated, intrinsically three-dimensional
entanglement structures, exponentially large topological degeneracies and quasiparticles with irrational braiding statistics. Their microscopic realization has remained elusive because Landau quantization in three dimensions generally leaves dispersive one-dimensional bands, favoring metallic and density-wave states over incompressible fractional
liquids. Here we show that large-angle twisted van der Waals multilayers provide a practical route around this obstruction. Large twist angles suppress coherent interlayer tunneling through momentum mismatch, while the atomic-scale layer separation preserves strong interlayer Coulomb interactions. Using Monte Carlo calculations to compare the energies of an extensive set of 862 competing trial wavefunctions, we find that generalized Halperin states with
quantum coherence extending across multiple consecutive layers are stabilized. In experimentally accessible
magnetic-field regimes, these states replace the metallic spontaneous-interlayer-coherent phases that dominate conventional untwisted graphite-like multilayers. The resulting
liquids realize non-foliated fractional
quantum Hall order closely related to fractonic topological order, hosting quasiparticles with rational electric charges but irrational braiding statistics. Their large topological degeneracy and non-rational statistical phases may offer unconventional resources for
quantum information storage and processing. Our results establish twisted van der Waals multilayers as a realistic materials platform for three-dimensional fractional
Hall matter beyond conventional two-dimensional
quantum Hall systems.
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All authors Seyoung Jin, Hyeonseo Lim, Youngwook Kim, Gil Young Cho
Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
SiMOS quantum-dot spin qubits enabled by extreme-ultraviolet lithography
Thomas Van Caekenberghe, Paul Steinacker, Bart Raes et al. (+31 more)
The realization of large-scale silicon
quantum processors requires
spin qubits compatible with advanced
semiconductor manufacturing technologies, demanding lithographic processes that combine nanometer-scale precision with exceptional uniformity. Although the highest-performing silicon
spin qubits demonstrated to date have relied on electron-beam (e-beam) lithography, its serial exposure process limits reproducibility studies and wafer-scale fabrication. Here, we demonstrate high-performance silicon metal-
oxide-
semiconductor (SiMOS)
spin qubits fabricated using extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography in a 300 mm
semiconductor pilot line. We report wafer-scale
quantum-dot uniformity metrics, including 100 % room-temperature gate-to-gate leakage yield and sub-nanometer control of critical gate dimensions. We characterize four double-dot systems realized in two triple-
quantum-dot devices. Gate set
tomography (GST) reveals consistently high fidelities across all four systems, with values up to 99.8 % for SPAM, 99.9 % for single-
qubit gates, and 99.1 % for two-
qubit gates. The devices exhibit highly reproducible exchange turn-on characteristics of 10-13 dec/V, indicating high fabrication uniformity enabled by EUV patterning. These results establish EUV lithography as a viable manufacturing technology for
quantum processors based on high-fidelity SiMOS
spin qubits.
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All authors Thomas Van Caekenberghe, Paul Steinacker, Bart Raes, Sofie Beyne, Clement Godfrin, Jacques Van Damme, Sylvain Baudot, Arne Loenders, Gulzat Jaliel, Stefan Kubicek, Johan De Backer, Yannick Hermans, Sugandha Sharma, Shuchi Kaushik, Yuchao Jiang, Yosuke Shimura, Roger Loo, Vukan Levajac, Kristof Moors, George Simion, Florian K. Unseld, Ensar Vahapoglu, Ajit Dash, Tuomo Tanttu, Chris C. Escott, Chih Hwan Yang, Andre Saraiva, Arne Laucht, Wee Han Lim, Nard Dumoulin Stuyck, Massimo Mongillo, Danny Wan, Andrew S. Dzurak, Kristiaan De Greve
Data Analysis and Statistics
Profile-Likelihood and Baseline-Sensitivity Diagnostics for Digitized Radiation-Sensor Decay Datasets
Victor V. Golovko
Accurate interpretation of radiation-sensor decay data is important for environmental monitoring, site remediation, radiation metrology, detector quality assurance, and
nuclear data evaluation. When the original gamma-spectrometry records are unavailable, a published decay plot may be the only source that can be reanalyzed independently. This study presents a reproducible reduced-data workflow for testing half-life estimates from a digitized 198-Au decay
dataset. A weighted exponential fit to the digitized data points reproduces the published room-temperature half-life, indicating that the main decay scale is retained in the figure-level
dataset. The analysis then tests how the fitted result changes under plausible figure-level effects, including baseline-like offsets, time-axis reconstruction, finite-window leverage, and ratio-based robustness checks using pairwise summaries and Steiner's most frequent value statistics. The no-offset fit is locally well constrained, but small constant offsets can shift the fitted half-life because the normalization, decay constant, and residual baseline are partly degenerate over the limited time window. Toy Monte Carlo diagnostics show that some
estimator shifts are expected for finite-window exponential data. This study does not revise recommended
nuclear data or replace the original experiment. Instead, it shows how published radiation-sensor decay data can be tested for reproducibility, identifiability, and sensitivity to analysis choices when only reduced or figure-level information is available.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Reconstruction of f(G) Gravity from an Interacting Viscous Generalized QCD Ghost Dark Energy Model: Cosmology and Thermodynamics: Cosmology and Thermodynamics
Zhanar Umurzakhova, Aziza Altaibayeva, Ulbossyn Ualikhanova et al. (+1 more)
In this work, we investigate an interacting viscous generalized QCD ghost dark energy model in the framework of reconstructed $f(G)$
gravity proposed in Phys.\ Lett.\ B 631, 1–6 (2005). The interaction between dark matter and dark energy together with bulk viscosity is incorporated to describe a more realistic
cosmic evolution. A hybrid expansion law is adopted to reconstruct the modified Gauss-Bonnet function, which naturally connects the early matter-dominated epoch with the present accelerated expansion of the universe. Since an exact analytical reconstruction is difficult, the $f(G)$ function is obtained numerically in both the early- and late-time regimes. Motivated by the numerical reconstruction, a reconstruction-inspired power-law form of $f(G)$ is also considered to examine the cosmological implications of the model. The results show that the reconstructed $f(G)$ function evolves smoothly throughout the
cosmic history, while the effective equation of state gradually approaches the de Sitter phase at late times. The thermodynamic behavior of the model is further examined using Barrow
entropy following Eur.\ Phys.\ J.\ C 81, 644 (2021). The non-negative
evolution of the total
entropy shows the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics. The study finally concludes that the interacting viscous generalized QCD ghost dark energy model in reconstructed $f(G)$
gravity provides a viable and thermodynamically consistent framework for explaining the late-time accelerated expansion of the universe.
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All authors Zhanar Umurzakhova, Aziza Altaibayeva, Ulbossyn Ualikhanova, Surajit Chattopadhyay
Materials Science
DeepCormack: Fermi surface tomography using model-based data-driven algorithms
Georg F. B. Lovric, Bryn Drury, Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb et al. (+2 more)
The experimental reconstruction of the 3D two-
photon momentum density (TPMD) via angular correlation of electron-positron annihilation radiation (ACAR) is a particularly useful method for studying material
Fermi surfaces. It does not rely on low temperatures, UHV conditions, or strong
magnetic fields, and enables the study of the
spin-resolved electronic structure of materials. Yet, it remains a challenging inverse problem. Typically, 10^8 positron annihilation events are measured for 3–6 projections of the TPMD at different angles. The standard reconstruction approach is an ACAR adaptation of Cormack's method (the MCM) that leverages the inherent
symmetry in the
crystal's structure. However, the poor signal-to-noise ratio means collecting data of sufficient quality for
Fermi surface studies can take months per sample. We present DeepCormack, a family of data-driven model-based reconstruction
algorithms that augments the MCM by integrating supervised deep-learning models (CNN, MLP, and UNet) at various stages. To overcome the lack of large experimental training sets, we propose a method which leverages singular value decomposition with dynamic mode decomposition to generate realistic synthetic TPMD volumes, requiring only a single reference momentum density computed via density functional theory. On test data, DeepCormack improves reconstruction quality over MCM by about 8.5 dB PSNR at 200M counts and remains stable at reduced counts, enabling significantly faster acquisition times. Generalisation to experimental data depends strongly on how well the training distribution from the reference momentum density matches the sample. We therefore recommend pairing DeepCormack with a DFT calculation of the target material to create sample-specific training data. Our proposed method offers either much higher quality reconstructions, or enables significantly faster ones, on the order of weeks.
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All authors Georg F. B. Lovric, Bryn Drury, Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb, Stephen B. Dugdale, Ander Biguri
Quantum Physics
Biased-Noise Quantum Reed-Solomon Codes and a Tornado Concatenation for Cat Qubits
Cheng-You Ho, Daniel Wang, Simba Shi et al. (+2 more)
Dissipative cat
qubits exponentially suppress one Pauli error channel with the mean
photon number, leaving the conjugate bit-flip error as the dominant failure mode. This strong noise bias makes the full machinery of general
quantum error correction unnecessary: a code need only protect against a single error type, and any classical linear code can be promoted to a Clifford stabilizer code that does exactly this. We use this observation to build a bit-flip-only
quantum Reed-Solomon (RS) code. Starting from the maximum-distance-separable RS code [7, 3, 5] over GF($2^3$), we binary-expand it to the linear code [21, 9, 6] over GF(2) and realize it as a [[21, 9, $d_X = 6, d_Z = 1$]] bit-flip code whose stabilizers are products of $Z$ operators. Because no phase-flip correction is attempted, the construction discards the redundancy that standard
quantum RS codes spend on correcting $Z$ errors – which a strongly biased cat
qubit renders unnecessary – and yields a shallow Clifford
circuit that samples directly in Stim. Errors are decoded by an optimal bounded-distance syndrome-lookup table. We then introduce a Tornado architecture: a two-layer concatenation that wraps every position of the outer RS code in an inner distance-three repetition code, yielding a [[63, 9, 18]] code decoded by a two-stage inner majority vote and outer lookup decoder. Monte-Carlo simulation shows that at a physical bit-flip rate $p = 0.1$ the Tornado code reaches a logical error rate $p_L \approx 5.3 \times 10^{-3}$, below both parent codes, and that its logical error rate scales as $p_L \propto p^6$ at low $p$, in contrast to $p^2$ for the repetition code and $p^3$ for the standalone RS code. We give the exact construction, the error and
circuit model, an asymptotic scaling analysis, and an honest account of the overhead cost and single-shot assumptions.
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All authors Cheng-You Ho, Daniel Wang, Simba Shi, Justin Luo, Henry Ng
Geophysics
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment of Palghar District, Maharashtra, India by considering spatially non-uniform seismicity
Suman Sinha, S. Selvan, Sachin Khupat et al. (+1 more)
The Palghar district of Maharashtra has recently received
attention because of frequent occurrences of earthquakes in its vicinity in the last few years since November, 2018. The district area falls under seismic zone III, as per the seismic zonation map of India. As the recent earthquake activities have been preceded by many major seismic events in the region, it necessitates to re-evaluate the level of seismic hazard of the area in a reliable and realistic way. With this aim in mind, the probabilistic seismic hazard map of Palghar district with regard to 5% damped Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and Pseudo Spectral Acceleration (PSA) at 0.2 s and 1.0 s for 10% and 2% probability of exceedance (PoE) in 50 years at engineering bedrock level is presented. The estimation of hazard are performed in a finer grid resolution of 0.02 deg X 0.02 deg and takes into consideration the nonuniform distribution of earthquake probability within a seismic source zone (SSZ) and data-driven selection of appropriate Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs). The spatial variation of the hazard maps, reflected in he final results, demonstrates notable improvements over the earlier studies.
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All authors Suman Sinha, S. Selvan, Sachin Khupat, Rizwan Ali
Quantum Physics
Events as Spacetime Anchors: Local Irreversibility at the Interface of Quantum Field Theory and Relativity
Shuo Zhang
General relativity (GR) is naturally organized around spacetime events and their causal order, whereas
quantum field theory (QFT) is formulated in terms of states, operators, and
unitary evolution, without an intrinsic criterion for when a
quantum process becomes a definite spacetime fact. We propose an event-centered framework in which events are locally irreversible records generated by
quantum-environment interactions and serve as an interface between
quantum dynamics and relativistic spacetime structure. Event anchoring is characterized operationally by three jointly sufficient conditions: local classicalization, redundant environmental recording, and irreversibility against recovery. Their joint satisfaction defines local generative freezing. We realize these criteria in an explicit repeated-collision open-system model. The model is illustrative rather than a derivation from relativistic QFT, but it remains globally
unitary and yields the freezing time in closed form. For all admissible tolerances, local classicalization is certified no later than channel-level irrecoverability, and generically earlier. Full anchoring occurs only when both irrecoverability and the required record redundancy have been reached, producing irrecoverability-limited and redundancy-limited regimes. At the level of anchored records, physical history is therefore represented as a partially ordered causal skeleton of frozen events on which effective field-theoretic descriptions operate. The framework addresses event anchoring–when a candidate outcome becomes a stable spacetime fact–while remaining compatible with standard QFT and relativistic causality. It does not derive the Born rule or solve single-outcome selection, which belong to the separate problem of event generation.
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Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
On the Detectability of Volcanic Exo-Ios That May Fuel Auroras on Super-Jupiters
Brooke Kotten, Mary Anne Limbach, Johanna M. Vos et al. (+12 more)
Studies suggest Jupiter's aurorae are supplied with
plasma from volcanic
outflows on the
planet's innermost moon, Io. Repeating bursts of
radio emission thought to trace massively scaled-up analogs of Jupiter's aurorae have been detected around nearly a dozen isolated substellar worlds, yet the source of the electrons fueling the aurorae remains unknown. Volcanism from tidally heated exosatellites may provide the
plasma that fuel the aurora on these worlds. We assess whether transit observations provide a viable means of detecting exosatellites around aurorally active substellar worlds, thereby enabling future tests of this hypothesis. Specifically, we analyze JWST near- and mid-infrared light curves of SIMP 0136+0933, a $12.7 M_J$ "super-Jupiter", known to exhibit auroral emission. We demonstrate the capability to detect exosatellites in the SIMP 0136+0933 system with satellite-to-host mass ratios comparable to those of Jupiter's Galilean moons, achieving detection success rates of 66% for Io-to-Jupiter mass ratio satellites and 93% for Ganymede-to-Jupiter mass ratio satellites. Although the existing light curve is sufficient to demonstrate that this technique is capable of detecting transiting exosatellites, the available archival data are too short in duration to place meaningful constraints on the presence of a transiting satellite in this system. We conclude that JWST light curves spanning $\sim$1.5 days for 4-12 known aurorally active super-Jupiters would be sufficient to yield evidence for or against this hypothesis. A small target sample may suffice, as short satellite periods boost transit probabilities and aurorally active worlds may be preferentially observed near edge-on inclinations.
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All authors Brooke Kotten, Mary Anne Limbach, Johanna M. Vos, Merle Schrader, Allison McCarthy, Melodie M. Kao, Mikayla J. Wilson, Andrew Householder, Andrew Skemer, Kevin B. Stevenson, Genaro Suarez, Beth Biller, Jacqueline Faherty, Eileen C. Gonzales, Philip Muirhead
Applied Physics
Non-intrusive MEMS microphone sensing of acoustic field state in resonant acoustic levitators
Jan H. Dörsam, Maximilian L. Amberg, Sven Suppelt et al. (+6 more)
Reliable operation of resonant acoustic levitators requires knowledge of the acoustic field state because the optimum transducer-reflector distance and resonant operating condition shift with wavelength, temperature, object insertion, and mechanical
alignment. Existing adjustment methods are limited, especially for compact closed-loop operation and architectures without a passive reflector. Here, we investigate transducer-mounted microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microphones as off-axis external sensors that acquire relative acoustic signals without placing sensors inside the levitation cavity. Using a linear microphone configuration, we performed transducer-reflector distance sweeps over resonance modes n = 5-8 and compared microphone amplitude with acoustic radiation force measured by a precision balance and with peak-to-peak transducer current. The channel-mean microphone-voltage maxima occurred within two sampled distance increments, or at most 30 micrometers, of the force maxima. At the microphone-derived peak positions, at least 98.3% of the corresponding maximum force was retained. Microphone amplitude localized the force maximum more sharply than peak-to-peak transducer current. In one frequency-shift experiment, microphone phase provided a proof of principle for correction-direction estimation, while envelope modulation captured channel-resolved field changes during object oscillation. Ring measurements showed channel-dependent responses as transducer-reflector tilt was varied, but did not provide a calibrated or unique tilt estimate. These results show the potential of external MEMS microphones as relative acoustic observables for resonance-related field-state assessment and provide a basis for compact transducer-side feedback. The principle may also be transferable to transducer-transducer and array-based architectures.
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All authors Jan H. Dörsam, Maximilian L. Amberg, Sven Suppelt, Sören Soennecken, Chuanchao Xu, Alexander A. Altmann, Tomislav Maric, Dieter Bothe, Mario Kupnik
Lattice Field Theory
Inclusive P-wave Quarkonium Decay Widths from Lattice QCD and pNRQCD
Nora Brambilla, Viljami Leino, Julian Mayer-Steudte et al. (+4 more)
Inclusive hadronic decay widths remain a long-standing challenge for first-principles QCD. We present a framework combining
lattice QCD with strongly-coupled potential nonrelativistic QCD (pNRQCD) to compute inclusive P-wave heavy quarkonium decays to light
hadrons. At leading order in the velocity expansion, all nonperturbative effects, apart from the square of the derivative of the wavefunction at the origin, are encoded in a single universal moment of the two-point chromoelectric correlator, which we determine for the first time from a quenched
lattice QCD calculation matched to $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$ via the gradient flow. Combined with perturbative short-distance coefficients and the square of the derivative of the wavefunction at the origin, our result reproduces the observed $\chi_{cJ}(1P)$ widths and, at the same time, provides predictions for the unmeasured $\chi_{bJ}(nP)$ widths. The framework extends naturally to inclusive decays and production of ordinary and exotic
hadrons.
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All authors Nora Brambilla, Viljami Leino, Julian Mayer-Steudte, Panayiotis Panayiotou, Andrea Shindler, Antonio Vairo, Xiang-Peng Wang
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Simulating the convection in red super-giant stars: wobbling jets in common envelope evolution
Shlomi Hillel, Ron Schreier and Noam Soker
We use our newly constructed three-dimensional red supergiant (RSG)
stellar model, which also mimics
nuclear energy production and photospheric emission, to calculate the
stochastic component of the angular momentum of the mass that a companion spiraling within the RSG's envelope accretes during common envelope
evolution (CEE). The accreted mass has a fixed-direction angular-momentum component arising from the density gradient in the RSG envelope and orbital motion. The angular momentum component with a stochastically varying direction results from vigorous envelope convection. We do not include the companion's influence on the RSG envelope during the CEE and consider an undisturbed, non-rotating RSG
stellar model. We find that the fluctuating angular momentum amplitude can be several times the fixed-axis angular momentum. The total specific angular momentum of the accreted mass easily forms intermittent
accretion disks around
neutron stars and black holes, but it is only marginally sufficient, or not at all, to form
accretion disks around main-sequence
stellar companions. The intermittent
accretion disks we expect to form will launch wobbling jets with varying axes. We discuss aspects of wobbling jets in the CEE and the grazing envelope
evolution (GEE), which might precede the CEE or replace it altogether. Studies have claimed that jets are a crucial ingredient in many cases of CEE, and the standard CEE should include jets that the companion launches, before (like the GEE), during, and/or at the exit from the CEE. Our study supports this claim and emphasizes the importance of wobbling jets.
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Plasma Physics
A Shortcut to Statistically Steady-State Turbulence with Flow Matching
Gianluca Galletti, Gerald Gutenbrunner, William Hornsby et al. (+5 more)
Many nonlinear physical systems exhibit an initial transient phase in which perturbations grow before nonlinear interactions lead to a statistically steady state. While this saturated regime is of primary interest, direct numerical simulations must resolve the full transient dynamics before reaching it, incurring significant computational cost. In Computational Fluid Dynamics, reduced-order approaches such as Large Eddy Simulation mitigate computational cost by modeling small-scale dynamics, enabling tractable approximations of turbulent flows. In contrast, for systems such as gyrokinetics, comparably effective closures for the full dynamics are not generally available, and high-fidelity simulations remain necessary. Existing surrogate modeling approaches for these systems are autoregressive, hence they suffer from accumulating error. We instead propose to bypass explicit time
evolution by directly modeling the distribution of saturated states under an ergodicity assumption, stating that ensemble averages over samples are equivalent to time averages of a single long simulation. We introduce GyroFlow, a latent generative model that directly estimates steady-state statistics of gyrokinetic
turbulence in 5D phase space, without resolving the transient phase. GyroFlow generates saturated snapshots from noise, conditioned on dimensionless operating parameters and outperforms autoregressive, reduced-order, and other generative approaches, while providing substantial speedup. To evaluate generation quality we propose FGyD, a distributional metric computed in the latent space of a pretrained gyrokinetic model, and show that it correlates with downstream flux accuracy and solver convergence. Finally, GyroFlow can be used to warm-start the numerical code used to produce the data.
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All authors Gianluca Galletti, Gerald Gutenbrunner, William Hornsby, Lorenzo Zanisi, Naomi Carey, Stanislas Pamela, Johannes Brandstetter, Fabian Paischer
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
The Carbon-Dependent Binary Frequency of CEMP-no Stars
John D. Dixon, Terese T. Hansen, Jennifer Marshall et al. (+15 more)
Studies of the oldest and most metal-poor
stars in the Milky Way confirm a common chemical signature of high carbon abundances and subsolar
neutron-capture enrichment. The so-called CEMP-no
stars are speculated to be bona fide population II
stars, potentially tracing the nucleosynthesis of the first
stars in the universe. However, constraining the binary nature of CEMP-no
stars is crucial for understanding their origins. The binary fraction of CEMP-no
stars has tentatively been found to vary with carbon enhancement, independent of
metallicity. Here we present the results of radial-velocity monitoring of 30 CEMP-no
stars over five years, increasing the total number of CEMP-no
stars with a constrained binary status by ${\sim}30\%$ in order to better investigate the CEMP-no binary fraction as a function of carbon. Combining our results with literature data, we find an overall binary frequency of $50^{+13}_{-13}\%$ among high-carbon ($A(\rm{C})\ge7.3$) CEMP-no
stars, compared to $18^{+5}_{-4}\%$ for low-carbon ($A(\rm{C}) < 7.3$)
stars, establishing a statistically significant increase in the CEMP-no binary frequency as a function of carbon for the first time. Our results indicate no correlation between
metallicity and binary frequency. Additionally, we derive orbital parameters for three new CEMP-no
stars in binary systems and estimate secondary masses for these
stars as well as seven binaries from the literature. We discuss these mass estimates in the context of investigating the nature of the unseen companions and the plausibility of a mass-transfer formation channel for high-carbon CEMP-no
stars.
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All authors John D. Dixon, Terese T. Hansen, Jennifer Marshall, Vinicius M. Placco, Timothy C. Beers, Anke Ardern-Arentsen, Birgitta Nordström, Lauren N. Aldoroty, Jared Cathey, Peter S. Ferguson, Katherine Kristofek, Karin Lind, Hudson Malone, Ferner Moreno, Jessica Myron, Alexander H. Riley, Else Starkenburg, Kaitlin B. Webber
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Gamma-Ray Modes in a Transitional Pulsar
Maksat Satybaldiev and Manuel Linares
Transitional millisecond
pulsars (tMSPs) exhibit a unique subluminous disk state, at the crossroads between
accretion and rotation power, where they switch between two distinct X-ray modes. We present the discovery of gamma-ray modes in PSR J1023+0038, the first confirmed tMSP, from stacking
Fermi-LAT data during the modes (which we identify using simultaneous X-ray observations). Surprisingly, we find that gamma rays and X-rays are anticorrelated during this mode switching: the gamma-ray flux is higher in the X-ray low mode, and vice versa. This contradicts the state-of-the-art model, which predicts bright gamma rays only in the X-ray high mode, from the interaction between the
pulsar wind and surrounding disk via synchrotron and inverse Compton processes. Because the
pulsar wind is likely absent in the gamma-ray high (X-ray low) mode, which is also brighter in the
radio band, we suggest that jet emission may be dominant in GeV gamma rays. We also discuss an alternative interpretation where the gamma-ray high mode is powered by self-synchrotron Compton emission in the propeller state.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Antikick Relation in High-Energy Head-On Collisions of Spinning Black Holes
Carlos O. Lousto, James Healy, Alessandro Ciarfella et al. (+1 more)
The collision of black holes at relativistic speeds probes
gravity in its most extreme dynamical regime. While the maximum gravitational
recoil from grazing high-energy collisions ($\approx28\,562$~km/s, i.e., $\sim0.1c$) and the maximum radiated energy $E_{\rm rad}$ and remnant
spin $\alpha_f^{\max}$ from such encounters ($E_{\rm rad}/M_{\rm ADM}\approx32\%$ where $M_{\rm ADM}$ is the ADM mass, and $\alpha_f^{\max}\approx0.987$) have been established previously~\cite{Healy:2022jbh,Healy:2024lhl}, here we focus on the head-on high-energy collision of equal-mass spinning black holes and on the detailed structure of the resulting
recoil. Performing a sequence of full numerical simulations for
spin magnitudes $s=0.5,0.65$, and $0.8$ over a range of initial momenta $\gamma v$, we characterize the peak
recoil $V_p$, the final
recoil $V_f$, and the antikick $\Delta V\equiv V_f-V_p$, and we provide phenomenological fits of their dependence on $\gamma v$ and $s$. We complement these results with a zero-frequency-limit (ZFL) analysis of the radiated energy and momentum, a quasinormal-mode model of the antikick, and a superposed boosted double-Kerr close-limit estimate. We find that in the relativistic regime ($\gamma v>1$) the peak and final
recoil are directly proportional, $V_p\approx7.4\,V_f$ (equivalently $\Delta V \approx-6.4\,V_f$), largely independent of both the initial momentum and the
spin magnitude, pointing to a common post-merger relaxation. While the ZFL predicts a leading linear-in-
spin dependence, the close-limit analysis predicts a leading $s^3$ dependence of the
recoil amplitude; with the three
spin magnitudes studied here the empirical exponent is $s^{1.27\pm0.08}$, motivating an even higher energy collision
spin sequence study.
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All authors Carlos O. Lousto, James Healy, Alessandro Ciarfella, Hiroyuki Nakano
Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Topological characterization of multifold band degeneracies in Altland-Zirnbauer symmetry classes
Askar Iliasov, Zoltán Guba, Tsuneya Yoshida et al. (+2 more)
Topological degeneracies of energy bands in crystalline matter are conventionally characterized by invariants computed on an enclosing sphere over which the spectrum remains gapped, a program completed for minimal degeneracies in all ten Altland-Zirnbauer (AZ)
symmetry classes. Higher-order degeneracies have instead been studied almost exclusively under crystalline-
symmetry protection. Here, we characterize generic $n$-fold degeneracies stabilized solely by AZ
symmetries acting locally in momentum space. Their codimension grows quadratically with $n$, placing multifold nodes in parameter spaces combining momenta with tuning parameters or synthetic dimensions. Crucially, the enclosing-sphere paradigm faces a fundamental obstruction: two $(n\,{-}\,1)$-fold degeneracy loci emanating from the $n$-fold node necessarily pierce every choice of enclosing sphere, leaving no uniform spectral gap and thus no standard homotopy classification. We elevate this obstruction into the diagnostic itself. Namely, on the two nodal
manifolds where the loci cross the sphere, complementary spectral gaps are restored, admitting conventional band invariants (Chern numbers, Stiefel-Whitney classes, and winding numbers). This observation establishes a general two-way correspondence: (1) the multifold node is topologically protected whenever the associated nodal
manifolds are robustly linked, and (2) invariants on cycles of one
manifold encode their linking numbers with cycles of the other. Carrying out this program for minimal models of all ten AZ classes, we recast multifold band
topology as the
topology of linked nodal
manifolds and lay the foundation for characterizing multifold nodes in models with arbitrarily many bands.
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All authors Askar Iliasov, Zoltán Guba, Tsuneya Yoshida, Apoorv Tiwari, Tomáš Bzdušek