Papers

Classical binary evolution models predict dynamically unstable mass transfer in symbiotic stars with high mass ratios, leading to a common envelope. However, many observed S-type symbiotic systems show long-lived interaction, suggesting that an additional stabilizing mechanism may be at work. We investigate whether atmospheric Roche-lobe overflow can prolong the mass-transfer phase and help reconcile theory with observations. We implement the Rapid Unified Mass Transfer framework in MESA and compute a grid of white-dwarf–giant binaries covering a wide range of donor masses, mass ratios, and orbital periods. We then compare the resulting lifetimes and evolutionary tracks with well-constrained Galactic S-type symbiotic systems. For convective giant donors, our models recover stable mass transfer up to $q \simeq 1.5$, while atmospheric overflow strongly extends the symbiotic phase. RGB and early-AGB systems with $q \lesssim 1.5$ can remain interacting for up to $10^6$ yr at $\dot{M} \gtrsim 10^{-9},M_{\odot},{\rm yr}^{-1}$, much longer than the commonly assumed $\sim 10^3$ yr pre-common-envelope lifetime. In these systems, the orbit shrinks mildly and may re-expand after mass-ratio reversal. Systems with higher mass ratios still evolve toward a common envelope, but even for $q \simeq 2$–$4$ the symbiotic phase can last $10^4$–$10^5$ yr. The synthetic distribution in the orbital-period–mass-ratio plane and individual evolutionary tracks are broadly consistent with observed S-type symbiotic binaries, including recurrent novae. The RUMT framework, which incorporates atmospheric RLOF, provides an explanation for the long-term stability of many symbiotic binaries and may account for their high observed occurrence rate.

We establish an analogue of the Brezis-Nirenberg local linking theorem for a class of Szulkin-type functionals arising from relativistic action principles. In this framework, compactness of Palais-Smale sequences is formulated with respect to a topology induced by the effective domain of the functional, replacing the classical strong Palais-Smale condition. The proof combines the original construction of the min-max geometry, based on a negative gradient flow, with the Ekeland-Lasry regularization. The main difficulty is that the regularized functional is naturally associated with the strong topology of the underlying functional space, whereas compactness for the original functional is formulated in the topology induced by the effective domain. We overcome this obstacle through a new perturbative construction that recovers the required min-max structure. We apply our abstract multiplicity result to two representative relativistic models: the Lorentz force equation, describing the dynamics of a charged particle in an electromagnetic field, and the Dirichlet problem for the prescribed mean curvature operator in Minkowski space. As a consequence, under natural assumptions, each problem admits at least two non-constant solutions.

Block encodings are a basic interface between quantum algorithms and linear algebra. Standard LCU constructions achieve optimal circuit depth but typically require logarithmically many ancilla qubits. We ask how much quantum workspace can be reduced without sacrificing circuit depth, and study this tradeoff from both algorithmic and lower-bound perspectives. For a Hermitian decomposition $A=\sum_{j=1}^L \alpha_j H_j$, with $\|H_j\|=1$ and $\alpha=\sum_j|\alpha_j|$, we give two coherent $\varepsilon$-approximate block-encoding constructions. The first uses one ancilla qubit and has depth $\widetilde O(L(\alpha/\varepsilon)^{o(1)})$, while the second uses $O(\log\log(\alpha/\varepsilon))$ ancillas and achieves depth $\widetilde O(L)$. For a broad Suzuki-based coherent simulation architecture, we prove an ancilla-depth tradeoff. In the polynomial-resource regime and for a constant number of coherent rounds, $\log(1/\varepsilon)\le O((\log Q)^2+2^a\log Q)$, where $Q$ is depth normalized by the number of Hamiltonian terms and $a$ is the ancilla count. Thus polylogarithmic dependence on $1/\varepsilon$ requires more than constantly many ancillas within this architecture. In a separate repeated-query LCU model, for balanced coefficients $1/L$ and error $\varepsilon=\eta/L$ with fixed $0<\eta<1$, we prove $2^a=\Omega_\eta(L^2/(T+L))$, where $T$ is the number of oracle queries. Hence $a=\Omega(\log L)$ when $T=O(L^\alpha)$ for some $\alpha<2$. Moreover, in the exact case, $a\ge \log L$ regardless of $T$. We also extend this tradeoff to arbitrary nonnegative coefficients. Finally, we apply our low-ancilla constructions to normalized trace estimation in DQC1, obtaining an optimal algorithm linear in the approximate degree together with a matching query lower bound. Together, these results establish quantitative space-depth and space-query tradeoffs in two natural circuit models.

The use of intense terahertz (THz) pulses to manipulate low-energy excitations offers a powerful approach for ultrafast control of electronic and magnetic properties in materials. Theory suggests that circular ionic motions driven by THz fields carry angular momentum, potentially generating internal magnetic fields. Recent experiments in nonmagnetic SrTiO3 (STO) have hinted at such THz-induced fields, but their origin remains debated. Here, we employ ultrafast x-ray diffraction to resolve the time-dependent ionic trajectories in STO following excitation by circularly polarized THz pulses. Our analysis reveals that oxygen ions, despite their lower mass, contribute around 90% of the phonon angular momentum. The resulting imbalance between the negatively and positively charged ions provides a clear explanation for the mechanism behind induced magnetism in STO. This work further provides the first quantitative measurement of circular ionic motions and their angular momentum and establishes a general methodology for the investigation of angular momentum transfer in solids, paving the way for new strategies to control topological phonon transport and phonon-driven magnetism in quantum materials.

While a looming atmospheric CO$_2$ overshoot calls for immediate carbon sequestration, delays associated to Enhanced Weathering (EW) carbon dioxide removal are being investigated. Topsoil acidity is already known to delay EW carbon sequestration, but subsoil acidity remains underexplored. Using century-long agricultural liming of formerly acidic heathland as a proxy for EW, this study provides empirical evidence of subsoil-imposed delays. Below such limed terrain, we observed a downward-progressing front of topsoil-produced alkalinity that still requires 30-100 years to penetrate the approximately 5 m thick acidic sandy unsaturated zone and reach the groundwater table. Subsoil acidity thus may cause beyond-reasonable delays, prohibiting EW as a viable short-term carbon capture strategy even on topsoils made non-acidic by preceding liming. When planning EW schemes, the amounts of stored acidic cations in top- and subsoil, as well as the rate and composition of infiltrating water, controlling the duration of the delay, require careful assessment.

Post-starburst (PSB) galaxies, identified by strong Balmer absorption and weak nebular emission, provide a key laboratory for studying rapid quenching. Using the final data release of the SDSS-IV MaNGA survey, we follow the traditional PSB selection criteria of Chen et al. (2019) and develop a new method to identify regions that simultaneously exhibit PSB features and nuclear activities (AGN-PSBs). Our final sample comprises 48 AGN-PSBs, 92 central PSBs (CPSBs), 89 ring-like PSBs (RPSBs), and 828 irregular PSBs (IPSBs). We find the global and spatially resolved properties of CPSBs and RPSBs are consistent with the results of Chen et al. (2019). In this work, we focus on the properties of AGN-PSBs, comparing them with CPSBs, RPSBs, and control galaxies. Similar to CPSBs and RPSBs, AGN-PSBs show positive $\mathrm{D}_{n}4000$ gradients relative to negative $\mathrm{D}_{n}4000$ gradients of their controls, which indicates younger stellar populations in the central region than that in the outskirt. Among the three sub-types, high-mass CPSBs (H-CPSBs, with $\log(M_{*}/M_{\odot})>9.5$) display the highest incidence of merger remnants and gas–star kinematic misalignment, consistent with a merger/interaction-dominated origin. AGN-PSBs and RPSBs, however, show lower and comparable fractions of merger remnants and gas–star kinematic misalignment, favoring less violent external mechanisms. Based on radial profiles of mass-weighted age and $V_{\rm star}/\sigma_{\rm star}$, we suggest that RPSBs can evolve into AGN-PSBs, whereas H-CPSBs likely follow a distinct evolutionary pathway. The existence of RPSBs and IPSBs also indicates that AGN feedback is not a necessary condition for the formation of PSB.

We develop a semi-analytic framework for stationary, axisymmetric GRMHD jets that efficiently generates resolved polarized images from the near-horizon region out to $\sim 10^5\,r_g$ across a broad parameter space, enabling rapid exploration of how gravity and magnetohydrodynamic flows imprint scale-dependent signatures on jet morphology and polarization. We identify a new scale-dependent separation in polarimetric diagnostics. Outside the photon ring, plasma loading strongly modifies the polarization-angle profile of the integrated jet-layer emission through inertia-driven winding of the magnetic field. At large image-plane radii, the polarization angle follows a power-law in radius, with an index determined by the jet collimation profile. Near the horizon, in contrast, jets converge to a universal polarization pattern controlled solely by black hole spin. This convergence is hierarchical: differences in velocity and magnetic-field structure are erased first, whereas collimation-dependent differences persist to smaller radii, thereby allowing these effects to be disentangled. These results establish a largely achromatic polarimetric diagnostic that connects GRMHD jet dynamics to resolved image structure, with direct implications for high-resolution polarimetry and for constraining black hole spin and jet formation.

Formation of primordial black holes (PBHs) requires a significant enhancement of curvature perturbations. This enhancement generates a twofold gravitational wave (GW) signature: a low-frequency stochastic background of scalar-induced GWs (SIGWs) and a distinct high-frequency signal from subsequent PBH binary mergers. Assuming a monochromatic PBH mass function, we use PBH abundance constraints on the primordial curvature power spectrum to evaluate the stochastic SIGW background. We also compute the stochastic GW background from mergers of the corresponding PBH binaries, incorporating merger-rate suppression effects to obtain realistic estimates. Furthermore, we derive a model-independent correspondence between the characteristic frequencies of these two signals. This unified framework links these otherwise distinct GW channels, enabling the same primordial fluctuations to be probed across widely separated frequency bands.

Memory devices for single photons are notable components for quantum information processing and quantum communications. The present study investigates the possibility of achieving storage of light at the level of single photons inside nanofibers by exploiting stimulated Brillouin scattering. We present first the standard approach using a coherent buffer in a nanoscale waveguide by transferring the optical signal coherently to an acoustic wave, and that can be extracted by the reverse process. The life time of the acoustic wave put limitation on the applicability of such approach for single photon signals. We introduce a configuration for achieving a slow signal at the level of single photons without gain or loss. The process utilizes photon-phonon Brillouin interactions involving two counter propagating pump fields. The photon storage is achieved through time delay of significantly slow signal inside nanowires. We address the condition for getting negligible influence due to the scattering off thermal phonons.

We investigate the Kitaev-$J_3$ honeycomb model using variational Monte Carlo calculations combined with a vison-quasiparticle analysis of the parent Kitaev spin liquid (KSL). We provide evidence for deconfined magnetic phases in which zigzag or antiferromagnetic order coexists with remnant $\mathbb{Z}_2$ topological structure inherited from the KSL. The optimized variational wave functions retain multiple linearly independent topological sectors on a torus, whereas those of conventional ordered phases collapse to a single sector. The vison-quasiparticle analysis shows that magnetic order naturally arises from vison-pair condensation while single visons remain gapped, yielding a microscopic mechanism for magnetic ordering without immediate confinement. The resulting phases further host gapless spinons with multiple Majorana cones, offering a possible microscopic scenario for the anomalous low-temperature longitudinal thermal transport reported in magnetically ordered Kitaev materials such as Na$_2$Co$_2$TeO$_6$. Our results reveal a microscopic route to fractionalized magnetism beyond the conventional dichotomy between magnetic order and spin-liquid behavior.

We establish an upper bound on extractable work for time-dependent, non-Markovian quantum heat engines operating with finite baths. This bound analytically isolates the distinct thermodynamic penalties arising from system-bath correlations, bath non-equilibrium, and residual interaction energy. Evaluating this framework operationally via a quantum polytropic cavity-optomechanical cycle, we demonstrate that maximal efficiency requires quasi-static operation to successfully harvest coherent, non-Markovian system-bath resonances. Conversely, optimising for maximum power enforces a strict finite-time regime. Under realistic hardware constraints, this acceleration necessitates larger discrete operational steps, where we expect Trotterisation errors to manifest as physical noise. Such noise would irreversibly suppress delicate quantum memory effects, forcing a collapse to the memoryless Markovian Otto limit. Coupled with the permanent energetic tax of switching finite-bath interactions, our results indicate that the exploitation of quantum memory resources and finite-power operation belong to different operational regimes.

In this article, we consider the $r$-logarithm for defining three-parameter family of Rényi relative entropies that are generalization of the $\alpha$-$z$-Rényi relative entropies. All the members of $r$-deformed $\alpha$-$z$-Rényi relative entropies satisfy the necessary axioms to be a divergence. We expose the range of parameters $\alpha$, $z$ and $r$ for which the data processing inequality holds. We also establish that $r$-deformed $\alpha$-$z$-Rényi relative entropy is an upper bound of the Tsallis relative entropy. Now, we have two upper bounds of the Tsallis relative entropy, which are $r$-deformed $\alpha$-$z$-Rényi relative entropy and the other one, which is discussed in literature. We investigate the order relationship between these two upper bounds of the Tsallis relative entropy. We observe that our new upper bound is more tighter when applicable to the density operators.

Static and frequency-dependent polarizabilities were computed for 41 molecules using RPA, RPA(D), HRPA, HRPA(D), SOPPA, SOPPA(CC2), and SOPPA(CCSD) with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set and benchmarked against CCSD reference values and available experimental data. The analysis reveals a pronounced distinction between the performance of these methods for aromatic versus non-aromatic molecules. Across all frequencies, HRPA consistently yields substantially larger deviations from CCSD than the other approaches, whereas HRPA(D) and SOPPA(CCSD) provide the most accurate results overall. For static polarizabilities, HRPA(D) performs best for non-aromatic systems, followed by SOPPA(CCSD) and RPA(D), while SOPPA(CCSD) is most accurate for aromatic molecules. In the frequency-dependent regime, HRPA(D) remains the most accurate method for non-aromatic molecules, although RPA(D) shows greater consistency. For aromatic molecules, SOPPA(CCSD) performs best at low frequencies, with RPA offering intermediate accuracy but higher consistency than most other methods; at higher frequencies, RPA becomes the most accurate approach, followed by RPA(D), while SOPPA(CCSD) deteriorates. These trends highlight the importance of doubles corrections in RPA(D) and HRPA(D), which achieve accuracy comparable to or better than SOPPA(CCSD) at lower computational cost. The strong performance of RPA for aromatic molecules is attributed to its characteristic overestimation of the lowest electronic excitation energy. Comparison with experimental data confirms SOPPA(CCSD) as the most reliable method for static polarizabilities, while RPA and HRPA(D) provide the best agreement for frequency-dependent polarizabilities of aromatic systems.

In this study, we combine residual correction with the physical treatment of charmonium masses within a Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) motivated potential-model framework via variational Monte Carlo (VMC). The aim is not to propose a new charmonium spectrum, since this sector has already been examined extensively through different potential models. Instead, the main objective is to evaluate how effectively a Machine Learning (ML) correction can improve a VMC baseline when both stages are built on the same screened funnel potential. In this workflow, the screened interaction provides the physical input and determines the underlying mass structure. The proposed run uses the variational method via VMC and deterministic eigenvalue diagonalization in the process of mass calculation. In total, ten charmonium states are calculated, among which seven use the experimental reference masses. The VMC step generates a large set of configurations and local energy estimators that are fed into the neural network (NN) residual corrector at the sample level, while the corrections and experimental uncertainties are collected at the state level. It then learns the residual difference between the raw physics baseline and the internal reference targets. This hybrid procedure reduces the systematic mass offset of the raw calculation across the studied states. For the experimentally verified seven states, the correction reduces the MAE from $438.1~\mathrm{MeV}$ to $24.1~\mathrm{MeV}$, corresponding to a $94.5\%$ reduction. These results show that ML can serve as a residual-correction layer for potential-model spectroscopy.

Coherence-based spectroscopy methods are powerful tools to explore structure and dynamics of matter. However, towards higher photon energies, the generation of sequences of pulses with well-characterized relative delays and phases remains a challenge. Here, we introduce a method to measure the relative phase $\varphi$ between subsequent transform-limited pulses from high-repetition-rate x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). It is based on a Ramsey-type interference measurement, enabled by introducing long-lived Mössbauer resonances into the XFEL beam path up- or downstream a primary experiment, which allow one to bridge the temporal gap between the XFEL pulses. The measured phase can be used as additional input for the analysis of the primary experiment.

We revisit the zero-transcendentality sector of bosonic string effective amplitudes with spin-1 external states, conjectured to correspond to a mass-deformed $(DF)^2$ theory, known as the $(DF)^2{+}\text{YM}$ theory. Imposing gauge invariance, locality, and cyclicity under minimal assumptions uniquely fixes a set of dimension-raising operators and leads to a recursive construction of amplitudes from Yang-Mills amplitudes in the $\alpha'{\to}0$ limit. At finite $\alpha'$, certain derivative operators dressed with gauge invariant and $\alpha'$-dependent factors, what we call $\textit{inverse operators}$, reconstruct the full bosonic string effective amplitudes, yielding compact expressions that universally factorize into tachyon-pole coefficients times Yang-Mills-Scalar amplitudes. This structure holds at arbitrary multiplicity and also extends to the amplitudes of the pure $(DF)^2$, $(DF)^2{+}\phi^{3}$ and $(DF)^2{+}\text{YM}{+}\phi^{3}$ theories.

We study the compilation of structured quantum gate families on two-dimensional neutral-atom arrays, aiming to reduce addressing and transport overhead under realistic hardware constraints. For single-qubit gates, we exploit the algebraic structures of gate families at the matrix level, enabling efficient rank-one decompositions over appropriate algebraic structures and thereby reducing the number of addressing layers. For controlled-Z (C-Z) gates, we formulate the transport scheduling problem using graph-theoretic models, leading to efficient compilation algorithms under realistic transport constraints. We provide provable performance guarantees for the proposed methods and validate them through extensive numerical experiments. Across representative single-qubit gate families, our methods reduce the number of addressing layers by up to a factor of two compared with naïve row- or column-wise implementations. For C-Z gates, our scheduling strategy reduces the required number of atom transport operations by approximately 50%. When applied to QAOA circuits for MaxCut, the proposed framework reduces transport cost by more than 30% on average. These results show that the physical constraints of neutral-atom hardware can be converted into algebraic and graph-theoretic structure, turning a hardware-level scheduling bottleneck into tractable decomposition and coloring problems.

Glauber's coherent state is denoted by $\ket{\alpha}$ and its two-mode extension is represented by $\ket{\alpha,\beta}$. In this work, we introduce a two-mode superposition operator $A=tab+ra^\dagger b^\dagger$, whose action on the two-mode coherent state produces the two-mode coherent superposed quantum state $\ket{\psi}=(tab+ra^\dagger b^\dagger)\ket{\alpha,\beta}$. We investigate the nonclassicality and quantum non-Gaussianity of this state by means of the Wigner distribution and Wigner logarithmic negativity. Once its intrinsic nonclassical and non-Gaussian structure is established, the state is employed as the entangled resource in the Braunstein-Kimble continuous-variable (CV) teleportation protocol. We compute the ideal teleportation fidelity for coherent and squeezed inputs and analyze how the strengths of nonclassicality and non-Gaussianity influence the teleportation efficiency. Our results identify specific parameter regimes where enhanced non-Gaussian features or increased nonclassicality enable fidelities beyond the classical threshold, thereby revealing the operational significance of engineered two-mode quantum states in CV quantum information processing.

We present the subensemble acceptance method 3.0 (SAM-3.0), which corrects cumulants of an observable measured in a subsystem of a large system for the effect of exact global conservation of multiple charges. The required input is the set of joint grand-canonical cumulants of the acceptance observable with the total event charges, from which the canonical cumulants follow algebraically via a closed recursion based on (multivariate) partial exponential Bell polynomials. The framework accommodates any number of observables, including non-conserved quantities such as net protons, and any number of simultaneously conserved charges, including the total energy, which yields the microcanonical ensemble. The mapping contains SAM-1.0 and SAM-2.0 as special cases and, unlike SAM-2.0, reproduces the exact binomial-acceptance limit. We also derive the leading finite-size corrections from the saddle-point expansion. We apply the method to update the hydrodynamics-based non-critical baseline (Hydro-EV) for net-proton cumulants at RHIC-BES energies, finding a refined baseline that agrees with direct canonical Monte Carlo sampling and stays close to the earlier SAM-2.0 result. We further validate the formalism against direct Monte Carlo sampling with exact simultaneous conservation of baryon number, electric charge, and strangeness, including hadronic-afterburner effects.

The limited predictive skill of forecasts makes it difficult for decision-makers to act decisively. Advance assessment of real-time forecast credibility can strengthen decision-makers' resolve and confidence to act. Such an assessment can draw on real-time observations of large-scale background signals. This study evaluates how credible the 2026 East Asia summer temperature forecast is. Enhanced predictability of East Asia summer temperature can be indicated by the synergistic forcing of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) across three key oceanic regions: the tropical western Pacific, the Japan Sea-Kuroshio-Kuroshio Extension (K-KE), and the North Atlantic. Based on the latest observational data and model predictions, the SSTAs in these three regions maintain positive anomalies, which suggests that East Asia's summer temperature forecast skill will stay at a relatively high level in the coming summer. Based on the predictions, the following summer is expected to feature pronounced positive temperature anomalies over central and eastern China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, which may trigger regional droughts and place severe strain on power supply networks.

We study primordial black hole (PBH) formation in axion $U(1)$ inflation using lattice simulations. In axion $U(1)$ inflation with a bumpy potential, the curvature perturbations can be enhanced in a narrow range of wavenumbers, potentially leading to PBH formation. After confirming that our lattice simulations reproduced the known curvature power spectra for chaotic inflation and simple axion $U(1)$ inflation, we calculate the curvature power spectrum in the bumpy axion inflation model in the strong backreaction regime. We find that large curvature perturbations are generated, which lead to PBH production with an abundance sufficient to account for dark matter.

We investigate the structural, electronic, and optical properties of native point defects in CaO using first-principles density-functional calculations. Oxygen vacancies are favored under O-poor conditions, whereas calcium vacancies dominate under O-rich conditions. Calculated migration barriers and binding energies indicate that vacancy complexes are thermodynamically stable and can survive high-temperature annealing. Optical transition energies, evaluated using the Franck-Condon framework, suggest that several experimentally observed absorption and emission peaks can be attributed to negatively charged vacancy complexes as well as isolated oxygen vacancies.

A common Morse Hamiltonian bridges the planar Kepler–Coulomb and hyperbolic Landau systems, linking flat electric dynamics to curved magnetic dynamics. A radial Liouville transformation with coupling-constant metamorphosis maps the separated Kepler problem to the Morse system, while fixed-horocyclic-momentum reduction maps the hyperbolic Landau problem to the same system. In a common normalization, the Coulomb coupling is the signed product of the magnetic field and conserved horocyclic momentum, while the quantum Landau reduction has the universal half-density shift $1/4$. Beyond this shared reduction, we construct a direct classical orbit map on the regular nonradial sectors for all signs of the Kepler energy. It maps the Landau height to a scaled inverse Kepler radius, Kepler ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas to magnetic circles, horocycles and hypercycles, and Hamilton's hodograph affinely to the Landau carrier circle. The reduced Kepler symplectic form and the Binet-selected complex structure determine a Poincaré Kähler metric. Its nondegenerate Binet orbits have constant geodesic curvature of magnitude equal to the inverse eccentricity, while zero coupling gives geodesics. The orbit map identifies this metric isometrically with the Poincaré configuration-space metric of the hyperbolic Landau problem. Composing the quantum Liouville maps eliminates the Morse wavefunction and yields an exact weighted intertwining identity between the radial Kepler and horocyclic Landau operator pencils. At distinguished half-integer magnetic fields, the angular-momentum grading of a fixed Kepler shell is reorganized into the finite reduced Landau tower and its threshold endpoint. These exact correspondences hold in the stated reduced sectors despite the unitary inequivalence of the complete parent systems.

With the advancements in clock timing technology, increasingly smaller time differences can be distinguished. Therefore, it is critical to investigate the fractional frequency shift of clocks at different locations on Earth. In this paper, we study it systematically under the influence of a subtle lunar tidal potential based on a new method. Our calculations in the geocentric Fermi frame show that when two clocks are located at the same latitude, the longitude difference changes the fractional frequency shift between them. A similar phenomenon occurs when there is a difference in latitude between two clocks on the ground at the same longitude. Interestingly, when the Moon's longitude changes, the phase and amplitude of the lunar tidal fractional frequency shift between two clocks with the same longitude difference will change, while the change in the Moon's latitude only affects the amplitude of the fractional frequency shift of these two clocks. Our results provide useful information for the calibration and synchronization of clocks on Earth.

Despite increasing scale and resolution, many biological measurements remain destructive, revealing only spatial information rather than the dynamics it encodes. By combining flexible representations with mechanistic constraints, physics-informed machine learning offers a promising route to inferring these dynamics from static snapshots. Motivated by subcellular imaging of gene expression, we ask when a static spatial pattern of molecules can identify spatially varying diffusivity, creation, destruction, and boundary exchange, and how different inference schemes perform on the task. A structural identifiability analysis shows that distributed sources are non-identifiable, whereas a point source such as a transcription site can restore identifiability. These limits are further shaped by seemingly innocuous modeling choices: the boundary conditions, the spatial regularity of the underlying dynamics, and even the stochastic calculus convention. We then adapt several physics-informed schemes, differing in how they represent the solution and enforce the governing equations, and demonstrate effective inference from a single snapshot. Physics-informed approaches can thus recover spatial heterogeneities of biological dynamics from static data, but their use should be accompanied and guided by careful identifiability analysis for meaningful interpretation of the results.

Recent experiments on $\alpha$-decay of odd-odd superheavy nuclei give an important information on the structure of the low-lying states of these nuclei. For this reason it is interesting to calculate the excitation spectra of these superheavy nuclei and compare the results with the experimental data. The aim of this work is to calculate the excitation energies of the two-quasiparticle states of nuclei belonging to the $\alpha$-decay chain of $^{288}$Mc. The approximation of the noninteracting quasiparticles based on the Woods-Saxon single particle potentials is used. Different sets of deformation parameters are considered. The spectra of the low-lying two-quasiparticle states are calculated. The $\alpha$-decay spectra of nuclei belonging to the $\alpha$-decay chain of $^{288}$Mc are obtained and compared with the experimental data. A possibility of the $E1$ transitions in $^{276}$Mt and $^{272}$Bh following $\alpha$-decay of $^{288}$Mc is considered. It is shown that the E1 transitions in $^{276}$Mt can be related to the transition $\pi[505]9/2\rightarrow\pi[615]11/2$. In $^{272}$Bh the $E1$ transition can be related to the neutron single quasiparticle states.

This study provides a theoretical expansion of the recent Data Relativistic Uncertainty (DRU) framework by formalizing a physics-to-AI paradigm for image enhancement. By modeling images as probabilistic wave functions rather than deterministic states, the paradigm explicitly integrates wave-particle duality to illustrate the system flow of how DRU leverages the intrinsic physical uncertainty of light, a dimension requiring further theoretical discussion. Consequently, this paradigm provides a rigorous Explainable AI (XAI) approach that enhances the interpretability of how DRU mitigates illumination bias and maintains robustness against data noise.

We study the cosmological dynamics of interacting dark energy and dark matter in Classical Einstein Gravity and Loop Quantum Cosmology. Two dark matter scenarios are considered: superfluid dark matter described by a generalized cubic equation of state and the standard pressureless fluid. The dark energy component is modeled using both a generalized nonlinear equation of state and a constant equation of state. We examine two phenomenological interaction terms, $Q=\alpha\dot{\rho}_m$ and $Q=\beta\dot{\rho}_d$, which govern the energy transfer between the dark sectors. In classical gravity, the pressureless matter model exhibits stable late-time attractors, whereas the superfluid dark matter model admits only saddle and non-hyperbolic critical points. Extending the analysis to Loop Quantum Cosmology, quantum geometric corrections replace the Big Bang singularity with a nonsingular quantum bounce, and significantly modify the phase-space dynamics. As a result, the stable attractors of the classical pressureless matter model disappear, and all interacting models possess only saddle and non-hyperbolic critical points. These findings highlight the significant influence of both dark matter properties and quantum gravitational effects on the asymptotic evolution of interacting dark-sectors.

We investigate the dynamics of charged test particles and quasi-periodic oscillations around a Reissner–Nordström-like black hole in Kalb–Ramond (KR) gravity in the presence of an external magnetic test field. The KR background introduces a Lorentz-violating parameter $\ell$, which modifies the spacetime geometry, horizon structure, circular orbits, and characteristic frequencies of particle motion. In contrast to the standard Wald-type prescription, the magnetic-field configuration is constructed from the source-free Maxwell equation on the charged KR background, allowing the magnetic profile to be consistently adapted to the modified geometry. We derive the equations of motion, the effective potential, the conditions for circular orbits, and the orbital and radial epicyclic frequencies of charged particles. The results show that the black-hole charge $Q/M$, the KR parameter $\ell$, the specific particle charge $\epsilon$, and the magnetic coupling $\beta=bM$ jointly affect the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) and the quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) frequencies. We then apply the obtained frequencies to the relativistic precession model, where the upper QPO frequency is identified with the orbital frequency and the lower one with the periastron-precession frequency. Using the observed twin-peak QPO data of GRO J1655–40, XTE J1550–564, and M82 X-1, we perform a Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis to constrain the model parameters. The obtained posterior constraints indicate that the charged KR black-hole model with an external magnetic field can consistently reproduce the observed QPO pairs within the adopted parameter ranges. These findings suggest that QPO observations may serve as a useful phenomenological tool for probing Lorentz-violating black-hole geometries and electromagnetic effects in strong-gravity environments.

We performed ultrasonic measurements on the unconventional superconductor Sr$_2$RuO$_4$ to investigate the dynamical properties of the electronic states near its superconducting transition temperature, $T_\mathrm{c} = 1.4$ K. We observed an increase in the in-plane transverse ultrasonic attenuation coefficient as the temperature approached $T_\mathrm{c}$. The ultrasonic attenuation exhibited a Landau-Khalatnikov-type ultrasonic frequency dependence with a typical relaxation time of approximately $10^{-10}$ s. Under an applied magnetic field of 10 T, the superconducting transition was suppressed. However, the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient exhibited an increase down to low temperatures, indicating the slowing down of fluctuations associated with multipole degrees of freedom. Based on group-theoretical considerations, we propose that the electric hexadecapole plays a crucial role in the slowing down. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between multi-component superconducting order parameters and multipole degrees of freedom.