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Physics

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Thursday 18 June

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Scanning-probe quantum sensing of microwave and static magnetic field response of an on-chip superconducting resonator

Senlei Li, Jingcheng Zhou, Zelong Xiong et al. (+2 more)

Superconducting resonators are finding increasing applications in designing advanced quantum circuits for ongoing sensing, metrology, and computing technological revolution. A detailed knowledge of microscopic electromagnetic properties of superconducting resonators is directly relevant for their further improvements on circuitry design and device performance. Here, we introduce scanning-probe quantum microscopy to report nanoscale sensing of microwave and static magnetic field environment of an on-chip niobium (Nb) superconducting resonator. Taking advantage of Rabi oscillation measurements, we show that microwave magnetic fields generated by the superconducting resonator mode can be utilized to achieve coherent control of a quantum spin sensor. We further visualize static electromagnetic field response of the Nb resonator, showing magnetic field-induced formation, evolution, and depinning of superconducting vortices. Our results provide insights into future design, testing and evaluation of solid-state superconducting resonators, highlighting the potential of quantum sensors as a local probe to investigate electromagnetic properties of superconducting quantum circuits.
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All authors Senlei Li, Jingcheng Zhou, Zelong Xiong, Hanyi Lu, Hailong Wang

Materials Science

Silicon Nanostructures for Biosensing: From Field-Effect Transistors to Photonic Resonators, and the Long Road to the Clinic

Ang Liu, Jun Cao, Zhihao Sun et al. (+1 more)

Silicon has a unique combination of properties that makes it one of the best material choices for biosensor platforms: it is inexpensive, its native oxide is atomically smooth, its fabrication processes are CMOS-compatible and have been refined for more than three decades, and it can support many transduction mechanisms in biosensor design. Over the past thirty years, researchers and engineers have used silicon nanostructures to produce ion-sensitive transistors, ultrasensitive nanowire field-effect biosensors, refractive-index-based porous silicon films, microring photonic resonators, suspended cantilevers, luminescent quantum dots, and solid-state nanopores. These device families have demonstrated successful sensing capabilities at the single-molecule, single-virus, or sub-femtomolar level under laboratory conditions; however, they have rarely been widely deployed in clinical assays. This gap is mainly caused by several well-characterized bottlenecks: for nanowire BioFETs, device variability and Debye screening; for porous silicon, fouling, pore wetting, and surface stability; for silicon photonics, thermal drift, spectral readout, and packaging; and across all platforms, calibration, reproducibility, and validation in real biofluids. In this review, we trace the development of silicon biosensors from their early stages to their current state, search and organize the literature focusing on the three most mature platforms and a set of emerging directions, summarize and compare the performance and bottlenecks of different platforms, and argue that progress over the next decade will come primarily from integrated readout, interface engineering, and systematic benchmarking rather than from the discovery of new silicon nanostructures.
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All authors Ang Liu, Jun Cao, Zhihao Sun, Jingsong Shang

Fluid Dynamics

Towards bridging the gap between data-driven and theoretical turbulence closures in stratified flows

Laure Zanna and Pavel Perezhogin

Turbulence closure models are essential for solving the equations of motion in realistic systems, where fully resolving all relevant scales of motion is computationally infeasible. Developing turbulence closures remains one of the most challenging problems in fluid dynamics. Specifically, the Navier-Stokes equations, when filtered to isolate large-scale motions, introduce new terms representing the influence of subgrid-scale turbulent stresses. These terms, which can only be computed directly by resolving the turbulence itself, therefore lead to the closure problem: we must add new equations or introduce assumptions to relate the unresolved scales of motions to the resolved flow. Here we consider the closure problem for oceanic flows, i.e., stratified, Boussinesq, incompressible, in a rotating frame of reference. In particular, we focus on a closure for ocean mesoscale eddies, which have horizontal scales of 10-100km and are key to the redistribution of momentum, energy, and tracers in the ocean. In particular, mesoscale eddies can reinject energy and momentum into the large-scale flow through an inverse energy cascade. Here, we explore a range of theoretical and data-driven ocean mesoscale closures and examine their connections using analytical and data-driven methods. This note aims to bridge the gap between novel methods from artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning and theoretical fluid dynamics to address significant challenges in the physics of turbulence.
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

Exact solutions using power law scalar potential in the Saez-Ballester-K-essence like theory

J. Socorro, A. Gil-Ocaranza, Ximena López-Mujica et al. (+1 more)

We investigate a K-essence like cosmological model whose scalar-field potential is constructed from a negative power-law Sáez–Ballester potential. By means of a suitable field redefinition from $\phi$ to $\varphi$, we show that the resulting field equations acquire a mathematical structure analogous to that of a previously solved Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) cosmological model. This correspondence allows us to obtain exact classical solutions for both the scale factor and the scalar field within the Hamiltonian formalism. The resulting cosmological dynamics exhibits a late-time accelerated expansion, with the deceleration parameter approaching the asymptotic value $q\rightarrow -1$, characteristic of a de Sitter phase. At the quantum level, the corresponding Wheeler-DeWitt (WDW) equation is derived and exact quantum solutions are obtained. These results provide a consistent classical and quantum description of the cosmological evolution generated by this class of K-essence models. In this formalism, the scalar field remains as a cosmic background where the universe unfolds, which is glimpsed from the quantum solution perspective.
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All authors J. Socorro, A. Gil-Ocaranza, Ximena López-Mujica, Cesar Aarón Pacheco-Vázquez

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Radio Follow Up of a Sub-threshold GRB in the Sky Localization Area of GW241125

Natalie Gottschlich, Alessandra Corsi, S. Bradley Cenko et al. (+5 more)

Since the Fermi satellite's identification of a candidate $\gamma$-ray burst (GRB) temporally coincident with GW150914, several tentative, and often debated, associations between electromagnetic (EM) transients and gravitational-wave (GW) signals from binary black hole (BBH) mergers have been reported. One such event, S241125n (later confirmed as GW241125_010116), was identified during the fourth observing run (O4) of Advanced LIGO and found to be spatially (within large GW localization uncertainty) and temporally coincident with a subthreshold GRB detected by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope Gamma-ray Urgent Archiver for Novel Opportunities (BAT-GUANO). Here, we present results from a radio follow-up campaign targeting the BAT-GUANO localization region, carried out with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). We also re-analyze Swift/XRT observations of the field, and combine these results with optical upper limits. Our analysis constrains the isotropic kinetic energy of a putative relativistic jet launched in the BBH merger to $\lesssim 3 \times 10^{50}$ erg for $n_{ISM} = 1.0 cm^{-3}$. We also discuss both the challenges and the diagnostic power of radio follow up in assessing candidate BBH-GRB associations, and present projections for analogous radio studies in the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run 5 (O5), and in the era of next-generation ground-based instrumentation. The enhanced sensitivity and localization capabilities of detector networks such as Cosmic Explorer and the Einstein Telescope, paired with the enhanced sensitivity of next-generation radio interferometers such as the next-generation VLA and the Square Kilometre Array, will significantly strengthen coordinated multi-messenger follow-up of BBHs. These next-generation facilities are likely to provide an answer to whether BBHs host relativistic ejecta powered by mini-disk accretion.
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All authors Natalie Gottschlich, Alessandra Corsi, S. Bradley Cenko, Divyajyoti, James DeLaunay, Derek B. Fox, Tanner O'Dwyer, Samuele Ronchini

Astrophysics of Galaxies

Molecular cloud dispersal traced by the ionized carbon 158 micron line

L. Bonne, N. Schneider, S. Dannhauer et al. (+14 more)

Feedback from massive stars in the form of radiation and winds impacts the associated host molecular cloud. Feedback can disperse cloud material and lead to the destruction of the cloud. Recent observations of the ionized carbon CII 158 micron line in high-mass star-forming regions have demonstrated that this line is an excellent tracer of the gas dynamics in such environments. Expanding CII shells have been detected, along with high-velocity gas escaping the natal cloud through low-density channels. Motivated by these results, we conducted a systematic analysis of spectrally resolved CII maps obtained with SOFIA towards ten high-mass star-forming regions hosting at least one O-type star. Across all regions, we identify high-velocity CII line wings with velocities that exceed the cloud escape velocity, indicating that this gas is not gravitationally confined. We show that the high-velocity gas exhibits a complex velocity structure and cannot be attributed solely to a single, coherent expanding CII bubble. The amount of material in these erosion flows depends on the evolutionary stage of the molecular cloud and its associated HII region. Once the initial bubble around the cluster ruptures, typically after 0.1 Myr, gas is expelled from the cloud. The resulting cloud erosion timescales based on these directly observed mass ejection rates typically vary between 2 and 10 Myr after the formation of the first O stars, similar to other indirect measures of molecular cloud life times. These results suggest that stellar feedback is able to remove enough molecular gas to terminate the star formation in the host cloud.
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All authors L. Bonne, N. Schneider, S. Dannhauer, E. Keilmann, J.M. Jackson, R. Simon, A.G.G.M. Tielens, E. Chambers, C. Buchbender, J. L. Verbena, S. Kabanovic, T. Faerber, L. D. Anderson, R. Guesten, A.M. Jacob, C. Guevara, F. Wyrowski

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Cross-listed from cs.MA

Artificial collectives of specialists and generalists excel at different tasks

John Meluso, Laurent Hébert-Dufresne, Christoph Riedl et al. (+1 more)

Collective artificial intelligence, where multiple agents work on shared tasks, holds potential to solve expansive problems in fields from medicine to collective governance. But while prescriptive engineering solutions abound, we lack descriptive scientific understanding of artificial collectives, and therefore principles for how to design resource efficient multi-agent systems. Through systematic experiments with optimizing agents, we characterize how agent interpretive abilities, rationality bounds, and task qualities interact to shape collective performance. Agents range from specialists, with narrow interpretive abilities, to generalists, with broad ones. Collectives of specialists correspond to sparse, centralized networks, while collectives of generalists correspond to dense, decentralized ones. We show that interpretive network properties have small performance effects on average (0.07 standard deviations of performance). However, for specific task qualities, these effects are 4.5 times larger (0.33 sd) and can reach much higher for certain task qualities (1.84 sd). This leads collectives of generalists to perform better on tasks that involve generating, choosing, and coordinating, while collectives of specialists with a few generalist mediators perform better on tasks that involve negotiating. Rationality bounds then moderate these relationships. At loose bounds, specialists outperform generalists through more effective sampling of high-dimensional decision spaces. At tight bounds, generalists outperform specialists through better gradient estimation. A fundamental trade-off between performance and convergence speed emerges at moderate bounds. These findings suggest that multi-agent design could benefit from matching interpretive networks to both task demands and agents' computational limits, with implications for the efficiency and energy costs of multi-agent systems.
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All authors John Meluso, Laurent Hébert-Dufresne, Christoph Riedl, H. Oliver Gao

Plasma Physics

Phase-Space Energy Transfer of Wave-Particle Interactions using the Field-Particle Correlation Technique and Linear Plasma Theory with JET-PLUME

Collin R. Brown, Gregory G. Howes, Kristopher G. Klein et al. (+1 more)

The collisionless transfer of energy between fields and particles through wave-particle interactions is a fundamental process in space plasmas but remains incompletely characterized because many mechanisms operate across a wide parameter range and diverse plasma conditions. The Field-Particle Correlation (FPC) technique reveals velocity-space signatures of particle energization by correlating measured electric field fluctuations with changes in the velocity distribution. Fully mapping these signatures across plasma parameters requires an impractically large number of kinetic simulations or observations. To address this challenge, we introduce JET-PLUME (Judging Energy Transfer in a Plasma in a Linear Uniform Magnetized Environment), an extension of the PLUME Vlasov-Maxwell dispersion solver. JET-PLUME uses PLUME's ability to model parallel drifting bi-Maxwellian distributions to examine phase-space energy transfer by adding an analytic Fourier-space formulation of the FPC. This approach isolates the contribution of individual resonances, separates degenerate entropy mode components, and allows systematic analysis of unstable, growing modes. Dimensionless expressions extend the results across a broad parameter range and highlight the role of off-diagonal elements of the susceptibility tensor in coupling electric field and current response. We show that during kinetic Alfvén wave damping, the perpendicular field can drive parallel ion currents among particles with large perpendicular velocity, reducing the net Landau damping. The resulting velocity-space signatures, accessible through JET-PLUME, demonstrate how analytic formulations of phase-space energy transfer can reveal novel physics of wave-particle interactions across diverse plasma environments.
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All authors Collin R. Brown, Gregory G. Howes, Kristopher G. Klein, Jason M. TenBarge

Materials Science

Magnetic Anisotropy and Metamagnetic Transitions in Er3Pt2Sb4.55 with A Distorted Square Net Lattice

Dylan Correll, Chaoguo Wang and Xin Gui

Magnetic materials with square-net sublattices are of great interest due to its potential to realize magnetic frustration. Here we report the crystal growth and structural, magnetic, thermodynamic and electronic transport properties of a new rare-earth-based intermetallic compound, Er3Pt2Sb4.55(5). The new material possesses a distorted square-net framework of Er. Magnetic properties measurements suggest anisotropic behavior, long-range antiferromagnetic ordering and metamagnetic transitions based on a Jeff = 1/2 Er3+ motif. A magnetic structure is proposed based on the observed magnetic and thermodynamic properties. This new material expands the R3Pt2Sb4+x family with distorted square-net lattice of rare-earth elements and offers a new opportunity to study the relationship between magnetic ordering, crystal-electric field effect and crystal structure in rare-earth-based compounds.
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Quantum Physics

Hierarchical separation of relaxation timescales from spectral localization bounds

Alex Stewart-Bozzo, Jakub Garwoła, Brett Min et al. (+1 more)

We investigate the dissipative dynamics of multilevel quantum systems strongly coupled either to a lossy cavity mode or directly to a bosonic environment. By deriving spectral localization bounds, we establish conditions under which strong system-bath coupling gives rise to a hierarchy of population relaxation timescales. Our approach builds on the reaction-coordinate polaron-transform framework. By mapping the original strong-coupling problem onto an effective weakly dissipative model, we analyze the spectrum of the resulting Liouvillian superoperator through localization bounds. For the generalized V model, we find that strong system-bath coupling gives rise to a bright-dark structure in the effective system-bath coupling operator: a single collective mode remains strongly coupled to the environment, while the remaining modes become progressively dark. Consequently, the dynamics separate into fast and slow sectors and, at finite coupling strengths, develop a hierarchy of population relaxation timescales. Numerical simulations based on both secular and non-secular quantum master equations corroborate the emergence of timescale separation and the pronounced slowing down of dissipative dynamics at strong coupling. Our results reveal a general mechanism underlying anomalously slow relaxation in strongly coupled open quantum systems and provide a route for engineering long-lived states through system-environment interactions.
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All authors Alex Stewart-Bozzo, Jakub Garwoła, Brett Min, Dvira Segal

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics

Radio Spectral Imaging and MHD Modeling of a CME-Driven Shock: Connecting Solar Type II Radio Bursts with Shock-Surface Magnetic Geometry

Peijin Zhang, Weihao Liu, Bin Chen et al. (+3 more)

Solar type II radio bursts are widely regarded as signatures of shock waves propagating in the solar corona and are of particular importance for understanding shock-driven particle acceleration processes. Type II radio bursts often exhibit complex multi-lane and split-band features. The detailed spectral, temporal, and spatial structures carry key information about the shock properties and evolution. However, the physical origin of the multi-lane and split-band features remains unclear, largely due to a lack of spatially resolved data and understanding of the concurrent shock morphology and its magnetic-field context. In this work, we combine radio imaging spectroscopy of a multi-lane, split-band type II burst event with a three-dimensional global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the associated coronal mass ejection-driven shock using the Alfvén Wave Solar atmosphere Model-Realtime. In this event, the burst intensity evolves from fundamental-emission dominated to harmonic-emission dominated. Meanwhile, the preferential emission source region moves from the Earth-facing side to the limb or far side, coinciding with quasi-perpendicular shock regions with enhanced Mach numbers. The observed spatial offset between the fundamental and harmonic sources is generally aligned with the projected shock-surface magnetic field from the simulation, consistent with anisotropic scattering in a magnetized turbulent plasma. These results establish a physical connection between type II radio sources and coronal shock magnetic geometry, providing new insight into the origin of the multi-lane features and their diagnostics of coronal shocks.
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All authors Peijin Zhang, Weihao Liu, Bin Chen, Ward B. Manchester IV, Surajit Mondal, Sijie Yu

Statistical Mechanics

Hydrodynamic tails in chaotic spin chains with quantum group symmetry

Luca V. Delacretaz, Victor Gorbenko, Jiaozi Wang et al. (+2 more)

The interplay between symmetry and thermalization governs the late-time dynamics of local quantum and classical many-body systems at nonzero temperature. Recently, two parallel frontiers have emerged: the search for robust anomalous hydrodynamics – such as superdiffusion – in generic, non-integrable models, and the formal effort to generalize the fundamental concept of global symmetry. In this paper, we bridge these frontiers by demonstrating that quantum group symmetry provides a novel mechanism for anomalous hydrodynamics in chaotic systems. We study the dynamics of local operators carrying $U(1)$ charge in non-integrable lattice models that also have quantum group symmetry. One example is transverse spin in the XXZ model with integrability breaking deformations. While such excitations are expected to decay very quickly at high temperature because their charge forbids overlap with conventional hydrodynamic densities, we find that protection by the quantum group symmetry makes these modes long-lived, despite the absence of local quantum group charge density or current. Furthermore, the dynamics is superdiffusive across Hamiltonian, Floquet, and classical realizations, and exhibits unusual finite size effects at very late times. We also revisit transverse spin dynamics in the integrable XXZ model.
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All authors Luca V. Delacretaz, Victor Gorbenko, Jiaozi Wang, Bernardo Zan, Aleksandr Zhabin

Strongly Correlated Electrons

Displacement-Field-Driven Semimetal-Superconductor Transition in Magic-Angle Twisted Trilayer Graphene

Bokai Liang, Jing-Yu Zhao and Ya-Hui Zhang

Magic-angle twisted trilayer graphene(MATTG) hosts versatile displacement-field-tuned correlated phenomena. MATTG consists of a dispersive Dirac cone which hybridizes with the flat band from a twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) sector. The hybridization strength increases with the displacement field $D$ and naively one may expect D-driven heavy fermion physics. However, the TBG Hubbard bands have a momentum-selective Mott gap, which is small at the $\Gamma$ point due to the band topology, and a rigid local moment description as in the familiar Kondo lattice model is invalid. Here we show that the dominant effect of the displacement field is to induce an energy shift of the Dirac cone and self-doping into the TBG sector. We illustrate this picture in a concrete calculation using a slave-particle theory at the filling $\nu=\pm 2$. We find that increasing $D$ drives a transition from a semimetal into a superconducting state. We also discuss the enhancement of the superconductivity by $D$ near $\nu=\pm2$ and the particle-hole asymmetry of the phase diagram. Our results provide a unified picture for electric-field-tunable superconductivity, Mottness, and heavy-fermion-like behavior in MATTG.
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Astrophysics of Galaxies

LEGGOS I: The JWST LEGGOS Survey – LEnsing and Galaxy Growth: Observing Substructures – Unpacks the Nature of Clumpy Star Formation and Quenching in Gravitationally Lensed Galaxies beyond Cosmic Noon

Gourav Khullar, Michael Florian, Matthew B. Bayliss et al. (+34 more)

We present first results from the JWST LEGGOS Survey (LEnsing and Galaxy Growth: Observing Substructures), aimed at studying the physics of clumpy star formation and quenching in eight lensed galaxies at $z\sim2$–4. LEGGOS combines multiple Cycle 2 JWST GO programs (GO 4125, GO 3843) and Cycle 1 archival data, and utilizes strong gravitational lensing with NIRCam imaging and NIRSpec integral-field spectroscopy. LEGGOS targets UV-bright, highly magnified systems to resolve $\sim$10–200 pc regions in both rest-frame optical continuum and nebular emission. This overview paper describes the survey design, data reduction and calibration strategy, and science-quality data products, and highlights early examples demonstrating how spectroscopy breaks key degeneracies inherent to photometry-only clump studies, including identifying recent quenching in previously-thought UV star forming galaxies. We introduce a uniform analysis framework that jointly models lensing reconstruction, multi-band photometry, and integral field spectroscopy to disentangle multiple stellar populations within individual clumps and their surrounding diffuse regions. Using maps of Balmer recombination lines and key emission line diagnostic ratios, we connect star formation histories, dust attenuation, and nebular conditions on sub-kpc scales – LEGGOS galaxies range from uniform metallicities across the whole galaxy, to having higher clump metallicities and harder ionization conditions relative to diffuse regions. The full survey dataset, with simultaneous flux and morphology constraints on clumpy source-plane regions, and a flexible spectrophotometric SPS modeling approach, provides a direct bridge between parsec-scale star formation physics and galaxy assembly at and beyond cosmic noon, offering a robust and efficient means of resolving star formation in the first galaxies.
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All authors Gourav Khullar, Michael Florian, Matthew B. Bayliss, Taylor A. Hutchison, Brian Welch, Keren Sharon, Jane R. Rigby, Dylan Berry, T. Emil Rivera-Thorsen, Håkon Dahle, Sedona H. Price, Nikko J. Cleri, Julissa Sarmiento, Guillaume Mahler, Michael D. Gladders, Rachel Bezanson, Alex Ross, Pedram Abedi, Rion Oh, John Chisholm, Keunho Kim, Katherine E. Whitaker, Aleena Ebey, Cole Panzer, Jacqueline Antwi-Danso, Catherine Cerny, Suhyeon C. Choe, Juliana S. M. Karp, James W. Kulp, Tim B. Miller, Grace M. Olivier, M. Riley Owens, David J. Setton, Irene Shivaei, Erik Solhaug, Amritaansh Srivastava, Sierra Bet

2606.20845 · 18 Jun · v2: updated LEGGOS + JWST/MAST citations based on new policies. v1: 42 pages, 13 figures, 11 tables. Submitted to ApJ. Data products, including NIRSpec IFS cubes + gravitational lens models will be released upon pub. acceptance (contact gkhullar@uw.edu). Zenodo link for LEGGOS logo files (CC-BY-NY-SA usage): https://zenodo.org/records/20721247. Intentionally submitted during LGBTQIA+ pride month

Abstract PDF $GLXY ×9$STAR ×6$LENS ×4$CSMC ×2 +4

Pattern Formation and Solitons

Single-morphogen Turing instability driven by nonlinear intracellular-extracellular coupling

Alejandro Valdés López, D. Hernández and E. C. Herrera-Hernández

We show that compartmentalizing a single molecular species into intracellular and extracellular fields, and coupling them through membrane transport or nonlinear basal production rates, can produce diffusion-driven (Turing) instabilities. By linearizing the two-field system, we derive the corresponding Turing conditions under which such instabilities may arise. We present three biologically motivated examples that satisfy these conditions and demonstrate the resulting spatial patterns through numerical simulations. These results indicate that tissue compartmentalization alone might enable pattern formation traditionally attributed to multi-species systems.
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Quantum Physics

Enhancing quantum processor capabilities during idle times

Wolfgang Dür

We advocate an alternative paradigm to operate quantum computers that utilizes multipartite entanglement generated in dedicated auxiliary systems during idle times. This stored entanglement enhances the future capabilities of the quantum processor, as it can be flexibly used to assist and speed-up computations when needed. We identify classes of multipartite entangled resource states whose computational power are related to their entanglement features, and in turn to the complexity to generate them. During idle times, one can thus continuously work towards generating more and more powerful auxiliary multipartite entangled states. Idle times include both times prior to the start of a computation, but also any step during the execution of an algorithm where parts of the processor are not actively involved. To illustrate our approach, we consider architectures with limited connectivity, e.g. corresponding to a 1D geometry. We show that $d$-dimensional cluster states allow one to flexibly perform multiple long-distance two-qubit gates in parallel, where both the complexity to generate them, as well as the number of achievable gates increases with $d$.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

Ground control to major time-lag: on-sky results of data-driven predictive wavefront control at Keck Observatory

Jules Fowler, Rebeca Jensen-Clem, Sylvain Cetre et al. (+12 more)

Directly imaging and characterizing exoplanets requires extreme adaptive optics (XAO), which achieves exquisite wavefront correction over a small (<5") field of view. Temporal errors, where the wavefront evolves faster than the lag between wavefront sensing and control, are often a leading term in the error budget for these XAO systems. Predictive control mitigates temporal errors by predicting where the wavefront will be by the time the system correction is applied. In particular, empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) learn linear correlations in a wavefront using previous states in the wavefront sensor history. We present on-sky results of a new implementation of EOF built directly into the Keck-II real time controller. On-sky engineering tests at Keck Observatory of the predictive controller show a 20% performance improvement over a classic integrator according to wavefront residuals from the Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor (SHWFS). Parameter optimization studies show that there is a clear improvement based on varying predictive filter hyper-parameters, but that within a reasonable regime, varying filter parameters does not degrade performance to notably worse than an integrator. NIRC2 imaging through the Brackett Gamma=2190nm filter shows comparable performance between an integrator and predictor, both comparing Strehl Ratio (SR) and coronagraph-free contrast. We also explore power in principal components, and find a modest improvement (on the order of 3% less area under the curve of component strength) from the predictor over the integrator. This work not only improves current observing for the Keck community, but also acts as a pathfinder for predictive control methods with extremely large telescopes.
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All authors Jules Fowler, Rebeca Jensen-Clem, Sylvain Cetre, Maaike A. M. van Kooten, Maissa Salama, Antonin Bouchez, Avinash Surendran, Charlotte Guthery, Eduardo Marin, Mahawa Cisse, Max Service, Charlotte Z. Bond, Emiel Por, Nour Skaf, Will Gauvin

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

Old and Bright: The Remarkable Radio Brightening of the Engine-driven SN 2012au Several Years After Explosion Signals the Birth of a PWN

Eli Wiston, Raffaella Margutti, A. J. Nayana et al. (+23 more)

We present the results from an extensive broad-band (radio to X-rays) observing campaign of the engine-driven Type Ib SN 2012au in the first 13 years of evolution. The early-time (${\delta}t\leq{190}$ d) radio and X-ray evolution is well-described by conventional models of a forward shock interacting with a wind-like circumstellar medium ($\rho_{\rm{CSM}}\propto{r}^{-2}$). However, starting at $\delta{t}\approx{6.7}$ yr, we detect a significant radio re-brightening. This late-time emission is dominated by a luminous component characterized by a broad and rapidly evolving spectral peak and a shallow optically thin spectral slope, $F_{\nu}\propto{\nu}^{-0.31\pm0.02}$. These properties imply a compact emitting region ($R\lesssim{10}^{16}$ cm) expanding at a remarkably slow velocity ($\lesssim{500}$ km/s) into a high-density environment ($\geq{10}^4 \rm{cm}^{-3}$), accompanied by a hard electron power-law index $p\approx{1.6}$. No soft or hard X-ray emission is detected at any epoch, indicating that high-energy radiation is either strongly absorbed or intrinsically absent. In the context of aspherical shock-CSM interaction models, these observations imply extreme properties of the CSM (geometry, density, total mass) that lack clear astrophysical motivation. Instead, we show that the emergence of radiation from a newborn Pulsar Wind Nebula (PWN) naturally explains the radio spectral evolution and high-energy limits, where the emission is governed by the adiabatic expansion of a relic pair plasma. We conclude that SN 2012au represents the most compelling candidate for a young, newborn PWN discovered to date, a scenario that can be directly tested with pending Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations.
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All authors Eli Wiston, Raffaella Margutti, A. J. Nayana, Brian D. Metzger, Kohta Murase, Dan Milisavljevic, Itai Sfaradi, Ryan Chornock, Deanne L. Coppejans, Joe Bright, Garrett K. Keating, Giacomo Terreran, Mattias Lazda, Maria R. Drout, Michael Stroh, Lauren Rhodes, Ben Margalit, Jonathan Granot, Fabio De Colle, Michael Bietenholz, Daichi Tsuna, Samantha Wu, Tanmoy Laskar, Edo Berger, Daniel Patnaude, Collin T. Christy

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.AP

Advancing fronts for the thin-film equation with null slip and repulsive potentials: the case of partial wetting

Riccardo Durastanti and Lorenzo Giacomelli

For negative values of the spreading coefficient (that is, in the so-called “partial wetting” regime), we prove that the thin-film equation with zero slip and repulsive potentials $P$ of the form $P(h)\approx h^{1-m}$ as $h\to 0$, $m>1$, admits for any positive speed a one-parameter family of travelling-wave solutions with a contact line and (as in standard slippage models) a logarithmically-corrected linear behaviour as $h\to +\infty$. These waves have locally finite rate of dissipation for any $m>1$ and locally finite energy for any $m\in (1,3)$. The result thus confirms that mildly repulsive potentials effectively resolve the no-slip paradox. The family is parametrized by a thermodynamically consistent contact-line condition which reduces to the classical fixed microscopic contact-angle one if $P\equiv 0$.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

ReLaTS: a Reinforcement Learning-based method for dynamically determining the coupling Time Step in multi-scale simulations of self-gravitating systems

Veronica Saz Ulibarrena and Simon Portegies Zwart

Astrophysical simulations frequently address multi-scale, multi-physics problems through subsystem decomposition, problem-tailored integration schemes, and coupling on fixed manually set timescales. Here we introduce ReLaTS, a reinforcement learning framework that dynamically selects the coupling time step to optimize the trade-off between accuracy and computational cost. We validate ReLaTS on star clusters containing a planetary system, and test the method by varying the number of stars $N_\star$ in the cluster and the number of planets ($N_{\rm planet}$) orbiting one of them. The method finds the optimal coupling time step that balances speed and accuracy without requiring expert knowledge. In addition, the trained network operates independently of the coupled N-body algorithms, displaying stable performance across a range of setups. We observe that the method is less reliable for cases with infinitesimal masses, as their contribution to the total energy is negligible compared to that of the massive bodies, and the network is not capable of recognizing potential errors generated while integrating them. For long-time integration of large $N$ systems, the error accumulates. The reinforcement learning algorithm, however, manages to keep the energy error below a pre-set threshold. This approach substantially reduces energy errors relative to fixed-time step baselines without substantial additional computational overhead. Once trained, ReLaTS requires no expert tuning and generalizes across diverse astrophysical domains, enabling adaptive multi-scale simulations.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

When CPT Violation Hides in Plain Sight: How CP Measurements Are Compromised and How to Fix Them

Miaochen Jin, Gabriela Barenboim, Carlos A. Argüelles et al. (+2 more)

The extraction of the leptonic charge-parity (CP)-violating phase $\delta_{\rm CP}$ from long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments rests on the assumption of charge-parity-time (CPT) conservation. We show that CPT violation, parametrized as an asymmetry $\delta\Delta m^2_{31} \equiv \Delta\bar{m}^2_{31} - \Delta m^2_{31}$ between neutrino and antineutrino mass splittings, induces an effective, energy-dependent phase shift $\phi_{\rm eff}(E)$ that is functionally degenerate with $\delta_{\rm CP}$ in the appearance asymmetry $\langle\Delta P\rangle$. This has a profound implication for long-baseline experiments, where the tension between T2K and NO$\nu$A CPT-conserving best-fit $\delta_{\rm CP}$ values can be significantly alleviated by a CPT-violating truth; and a CPT-conserving fit can miss the true CP phase entirely for $|\delta\Delta m^2_{31}|\gtrsim 0.3\times10^{-3}~\text{eV}^2$ for DUNE. We then demonstrate that atmospheric neutrino telescopes provide the natural tool to resolve this degeneracy: using existing data from IceCube-DeepCore (7.74 yr) and KM3NeT/ORCA-6 (433 kt-yr), we derive a world-leading constraint on CPT-violation at $| \delta\Delta m^2_{31}|\leq 0.57\times10^{-3}~\text{eV}^2$ at 90% CL. With the IceCube Upgrade and full ORCA detector, we can reach a $1\sigma$ constraint at $10^{-4}~\text{eV}^2$ within a decade, providing the independent CPT constraint needed to ensure that DUNE's $\delta_{\rm CP}$ measurement is unambiguous.
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All authors Miaochen Jin, Gabriela Barenboim, Carlos A. Argüelles, Pablo Fernández-Menéndez, Ivan Martinez-Soler

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

Euclid: Quick Data Release (Q1) – LensMC shear measurement catalogue for cluster lensing science

G. Congedo, M. Sereno, H. Miyatake et al. (+140 more)

We present a LensMC lensing analysis of Euclid Quick Release 1 images that were made available in March 2025. We measured shapes, positions, weights, and other morphological parameters of galaxies with a surface number density of $26\;\text{arcmin}^{-2}$ for $I_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}<24.5$, achieving 75 arcmin$^{-2}$ for $I_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}<27$, in 63 deg$^2$ of Euclid VIS images. This is the first shear measurement catalogue produced with \lensmc in anticipation of the Euclid Data Release 1. To within the scope of this work and availability of survey volume, we found no spatial dependency in the additive biases. However, we developed an empirical bias correction based jointly on galaxy sizes and magnitudes, which was applied to the measurement of the lensing signal over the whole area. In order to validate the quality of our measurements, we calculated two-point statistics and cluster profile measurements, and cross-checked results with external cluster catalogues from WISE and the Dark Energy Survey. Additionally, by stacking shear profiles of random clusters we found that the low-redshift, large radii bins may be still contaminated by residual systematic effects. Thanks to Euclid image resolution and depth and overall good control of systematic errors, we are able to constrain the lensing profiles of clusters with masses of $10^{14}M_\odot$ out to $z\approx2$ over nearly 10 Gyr of evolution history.
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All authors G. Congedo, M. Sereno, H. Miyatake, S. Guerrini, M. Kilbinger, M. Radovich, H. Jansen, F. Kleinebreil, T. Schrabback, A. N. Taylor, B. Altieri, L. Amendola, S. Andreon, N. Auricchio, C. Baccigalupi, M. Baldi, S. Bardelli, P. Battaglia, A. Biviano, R. P. Blake, E. Branchini, M. Brescia, S. Camera, V. Capobianco, C. Carbone, V. F. Cardone, J. Carretero, M. Castellano, G. Castignani, S. Cavuoti, A. Cimatti, C. Colodro-Conde, L. Conversi, Y. Copin, F. Courbin, H. M. Courtois, M. Cropper, H. Degaudenzi, G. De Lucia, C. Dolding, H. Dole, F. Dubath, X. Dupac, M. Farina, R. Farinelli, S. Ferriol, F. Finelli, P. Fosalba, S. Fotopoulou, M. Frailis, M. Fumana, L. Gabarra, S. Galeotta, K. George, B. Gillis, C. Giocoli, J. Gracia-Carpio, A. Grazian, F. Grupp, S. Hemmati, M. S. Holliman, W. Holmes, I. M. Hook, F. Hormuth, A. Hornstrup, K. Jahnke, M. Jhabvala, S. Kermiche, B. Kubik, M. Kümmel, M. Kunz, H. Kurki-Suonio, A. M. C. Le Brun, S. Ligori, P. B. Lilje, V. Lindholm, I. Lloro, M. Magliocchetti, G. Mainetti, O. Mansutti, O. Marggraf, M. Martinelli, N. Martinet, F. Marulli, R. J. Massey, E. Medinaceli, M. Meneghetti, E. Merlin, G. Meylan, A. Mora, M. Moresco, C. Moretti, L. Moscardini, E. Munari, R. Nakajima, C. Neissner, R. C. Nichol, S.-M. Niemi, C. Padilla, S. Paltani, F. Pasian, W. J. Percival, V. Pettorino, A. Pezzotta, S. Pires, G. Polenta, M. Poncet, L. A. Popa, F. Raison, A. Renzi, J. Rhodes, G. Riccio, E. Romelli, M. Roncarelli, C. Rosset, B. Rusholme, R. Saglia, Z. Sakr, A. G. Sánchez, D. Sapone, M. Schirmer, P. Schneider, A. Secroun, E. Sihvola, C. Sirignano, G. Sirri, L. Stanco, P. Tallada-Crespí, I. Tereno, S. Toft, R. Toledo-Moreo, F. Torradeflot, I. Tutusaus, E. A. Valentijn, J. Valiviita, T. Vassallo, Y. Wang, J. Weller, A. Zacchei, G. Zamorani, F. M. Zerbi, E. Zucca, T. Castro

Mathematical Physics

Gauge invariant generalizations of the Proca equation and the Yang-Mills-Proca equation

Nikolay Marchuk

The Proca equations (1936) are used in quantum field theory to describe vector bosons (spin 1) with a nonzero mass. The Proca equations are not gauge invariant. In contrast to Stueckelberg's approach (1938), this article presents a gauge invariant generalization of the Proca equation by introducing an additional vector field into the Proca equation. The results are extended to the Yang-Mills-Proca equations, leading to equations with non-Abelian gauge symmetry.
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Plasma Physics

Absolute Radar-REMPI via Two-Color REMPI and Absolutely Calibrated CMS for Diagnostics of Species in Gaseous Mixtures

Mathis Malaussena, Liam West, Kenneth Reindersma et al. (+2 more)

This work demonstrates the initial development of the Absolute Radar-REMPI diagnostic technique, a development of the Radar-REMPI technique that provides an approach for absolutely calibrated measurements, which is universally applicable to any type of tested gaseous species. Absolute measurements are achieved through the utilization of two-color Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization (REMPI) and absolutely calibrated Coherent Microwave Scattering (CMS). Two-color REMPI of molecular oxygen (O2) was demonstrated using two intersected laser beams: a 355 nm beam and a tunable parametric beam at 241-242 nm. The results confirm that the two-beam configuration can successfully generate measurable ionization associated with the targeted transition of O2 within the beam intersection region, as verified using an ICCD camera. These findings establish a foundation for the further development of Absolute Radar-REMPI, which has the potential to enable highly sensitive, real-time diagnostics of absolute species densities in unsteady flowfields such as those occurring in hypersonic shock tunnels and electric propulsion systems.
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All authors Mathis Malaussena, Liam West, Kenneth Reindersma, Nicholas Babusis, Alexey Shashurin

High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Counting axions with IAXO

Benjamín Grinstein, Carlos Miró and Pablo Quílez Lasanta

The existence of multiple axion species is a generic prediction of a number of extensions of the Standard Model. If more than one axion couples to photons, their combined signal in helioscope experiments may mimic that of a single axion with different parameters. This raises a fundamental question: if a next-generation helioscope such as IAXO detected a signal, would we be able to disentangle whether it originated from one or multiple axions? To answer this question, we first recast current CAST bounds and derive IAXO/IAXO+ projections in the two-axion parameter space, identifying the regions where a signal could be observed. Then, we analyze the spectral signatures of axion flavor oscillations in both the quasi-degenerate and hierarchical mass regimes, and point out where IAXO can discriminate a two-axion signal from the single-axion hypothesis given the expected energy resolutions of the detector. Finally, we show that these results extend to a broad class of $N$-axion systems.
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High Energy Physics (Phenomenology)

Centauric 1-Jettiness in DIS and Universal Power Corrections

Andrew Dotson, June-Haak Ee, Christopher Lee et al. (+2 more)

We introduce the Centauric 1-jettiness, $\tau_1^C$, a generalized event shape for Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) with adjustable beam and jet reference vectors and thus beam and jet regions. We demonstrate that a specific choice of weights allows this observable to exactly reproduce the geometric boundaries of the Centauro jet algorithm in the Breit frame. Within the framework of Soft-Collinear Effective Theory (SCET), we derive a factorized cross section in the small-$\tau_1^C$ region in terms of known perturbative ingredients. This allows the resummation of large logarithms to N$^3$LL accuracy, which we then match to fixed-order NLO QCD ($\mathcal{O}(\alpha_s^2)$) predictions from NLOJet++. We establish that the soft measurement reduces to a rescaled hemisphere measurement, placing Centauric 1-jettiness in the same universality class, for the leading non-perturbative corrections, as DIS thrust and jet mass. As a consequence, the leading non-perturbative shift depends on the same universal first-moment-shift parameter $\Omega_1$ and scales exactly as $1/R$ with the jet radius, thanks to the boost invariance of the Centauro algorithm along the photon axis in the Breit frame, a scaling that we test using Pythia simulations. These results open new strategies for determining the strong coupling from DIS event shapes, with $R$ providing a handle to break the degeneracy between $\alpha_s$ and the universal non-perturbative shift parameter $\Omega_1$.
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All authors Andrew Dotson, June-Haak Ee, Christopher Lee, Yiannis Makris, John Terry

Quantum Physics

Parametric correlations in non-Hermitian quantum chaos: random matrix approach

Yan V. Fyodorov and Bertrand Lacroix-A-Chez-Toine

Motivated by the surge of interest in statistics of non-Hermitian random matrices as a framework for description of universal characteristics of dissipative chaotic quantum many-body systems, we address the problem of characterizing the parametric correlations of spectral densities. Considering parameter-dependent ensemble of complex Ginibre matrices we derive an explicit, closed-form expression for the parametric number covariance in the systems of symmetry class $\mathbf{A}$ for eigenvalues in a circular domain containing on average a finite number of eigenvalues in the spectral bulk. This behavior is expected to be universal, as further supported by numerical evidence for the real Ginibre ensemble, non-Hermitian Bernoulli Wigner matrices and bi-unitarily invariant ensembles. We also discuss a relation between parametric correlations of spectral densities and the distribution of the so-called eigenvector non-orthogonality factor, which attracted considerable interest in recent years.
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Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics

WST – Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope: The Next Leap in Wide-field Spectroscopy

Roland Bacon, Olga Bellido, Philippe Dierickx et al. (+52 more)

The Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST) is a concept for a dedicated 12-m spectroscopic survey facility designed to address some of the most important questions in astrophysics in the 2040s. The WST will provide unprecedented spectroscopic survey capabilities by operating simultaneously over a 2-degree diameter field of view with 54 low-resolution spectrographs fed by 30,000 fibres, 8-16 high-resolution spectrographs fed by 2,000 fibres, and a large panoramic low-resolution integral-field spectrograph. Supported by Horizon Europe, the concept study has refined the science cases, facility architecture, operations model, sustainability strategy, and technology roadmap. The resulting reference design demonstrates that the WST is both scientifically transformative and technically feasible, while identifying the developments required to mitigate the remaining risks. The WST is designed as an ESO flagship facility for the post-ELT construction era and a key spectroscopic complement to the major imaging, time-domain, and multi-messenger facilities of the coming decades.
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All authors Roland Bacon, Olga Bellido, Philippe Dierickx, Paolo Franzetti, Roelof S. de Jong, David Lee, Vincenzo Mainieri, Sofia Randich, Richard I. Anderson, Francesco Belfiore, Henri Boffin, Julia Bryant, Kjetil Dohlen, Richard Ellis, Gaston Gausachs, Alexandre Jeanneau, Laura Magrini, Simon O'Toole, Michele Moresco, Arlette Pécontal, Anna Puglisi, Paula Sánchez Sáez, Rodolfo Smiljanic, Stefano Zibetti, Bodo Ziegler, Matthew Colless, Matt Lehnert, Pietro Schipani, Laurence Tresse, Joe Barrow, Nicolas Bouché, Dimitri Buffat, Vincenzo De Caprio, Letizia P. Cassarà, Younes Chahid, Corentin Cudennec, Bianca De Caro, Simone D'Auria, Laurane Fréour, Marco Fumana, Maria Cristina Fortuna, Adriana Gargiulo, Pascale Hibon, Alessandro Meoli, Matteo Munari, Aaron Omadutt, Dinko Milaković, Peder Norberg, Marco Palla, Sébastien Pernecker, Marco Scodeggio, Maxime Rombach, Will Saunders, Elmo Tempel, Nicholas A. Walton

Mathematical Physics · Cross-listed from math.AP

Perturbative Approach to Nonlinear Capacitance Matrix Formulations

Habib Ammari and Clemens Thalhammer

We study a nonlinear Helmholtz system with cubic nonlinearity on high-contrast inclusions in three dimensions, and the solitons that emerge as the contrast $\delta$ tends to zero. Using the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator and a capacitance formalism, we develop a perturbative cascade that expands the resonant frequency and field in powers of $\sqrt{\delta}$. Our main result is a rigorous two-way correspondence with a finite discrete nonlinear capacitance system: every discrete solution lifts to a continuous soliton (a convergent expansion, analytic in $\sqrt{\delta}$), and every continuous family with the natural subwavelength scaling reduces to a discrete one. The construction is algorithmic, giving higher-order corrections in both the subwavelength and non-subwavelength regimes, the latter via a frequency-dependent capacitance matrix. We illustrate the theory numerically and characterise a symmetry-breaking bifurcation in a symmetric dimer.
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Fluid Dynamics

Receptivity and Biorthogonal Decomposition in a Reacting Temporal Mixing Layer

Sriram P. Kalathoor and Joseph C. Oefelein

We examine receptivity and biorthogonal decomposition in a reacting temporal mixing layer using direct and adjoint eigenmodes of a finite-thickness compressible linearized operator built from the mean reacting base state. The analysis focuses on the Kelvin–Helmholtz branch and asks how the reacting base state modifies the selected temporal instability, where localized forcing most efficiently excites it, and how strongly the associated modal family is represented in time-resolved planar simulation data. Receptivity maps are constructed for mass, momentum, thermal, and mixture-fraction forcing channels using an energy-weighted adjoint projection, with biorthogonality enforced by the corresponding direct–adjoint inner product. A complementary biorthogonal decomposition provides modal amplitudes and cumulative few-mode reconstructions at the fundamental streamwise wavenumber. The finite-thickness branch is interpreted against a compressible vortex-sheet reference built from the outer-stream states. The reacting layer supports an unstable finite-thickness Kelvin–Helmholtz family over low-to-moderate wavenumbers even though the discontinuous reference is essentially neutral. Mass forcing leads the raw localized receptivity maps, mixture-fraction forcing follows through composition-pressure coupling, and chemistry-weighted thermal forcing identifies the strongest thermochemical support of the same family. The results show how distributed reacting thermodynamics reorganize compressible shear-layer instability and how that reorganized branch remains embedded in the nonlinear flow.
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